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Australia, Ships and Convicts - Part 2

Note from the author:
The Blackheath Connection website has now been on the Internet since March 2000. Since then, it has attracted a good deal of attention (and e-mail) from Britain and Scotland, New Zealand, the Caribbean and the US eastern seaboard, but much less so from Australians.
It needs to be asked, why is this? Is it because Australians still have cultural sensitivities about convict transportation that they do not wish to discuss?
By now (mid-2003), it certainly seems so, as a matter of a self-imposed truncation of cultural curiosities/historical amnesia.
For example, e-mail from the UK has been far more penetrating about England sending convicts to "Botany Bay", than e-mail from Australians about Australian colonies receiving convicts.
This website has had e-mail from some academic historians in the US/UK, and from many family history-minded people around the world, but from few, if any, historians in Australia, or their students, including high school students, though some family historians in Australia have e-mailed.
What is noticeable is that international e-mailers find the information on the website to be accurate and reliable, whereas Australians seem to be avoiding the website's information and the directions the information seeks out.
That is, people overseas find few cultural sensitivities with the material, Australians seem to be finding "cultural reasons" to avoid the material. (At last count, only one or two universities in Australian have staff who have linked to The Blackheath Connection.)
It seems then, that Australians prefer the old stories on convict transportation that they are used to, not new information which provokes fresh thinking on the topic. So the questions arise... Does this website cut too close to the bone? And if so, how and why?

THE FIRST FLEET: a preamble

Part 2 - Section 1

Despite the misidentification noted earlier of Duncan Campbell as "a crooked, corrupt contractor" for the First Fleet, the actual contractor was William Richards Jnr, some of whose descendants as noted ended up living not far from the present writer's home town, Tamworth, New South Wales, at Walcha.

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1830: 20 January, 1830, Capt. William Richards (son of the First Fleet contractor), baptized 17 December, 1784, at Church of St Mary, Walworth, son of Rebecca and William Richards, County Surrey - he later entered the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars, and by 1808 he was promoted to First Lt, to Commander by 1814. By 1827, like many naval men, writes Oppenheimer, he was "retrenched", and became a Master Mariner in ships sailing between Britain, India and the colony of NSW. On 20 January, 1830, a widower, and possibly with a son also named William he married Jane Nicholas, whose brother was a sea captain, at St. Dunstans Church, Stepney, see 1827 and ship Prince Regent. Shortly, Richards bought the 450 ton barque Roslin Castle, (See Bateson, Convict Ships) and in Sept 1834 he sailed her as master with 230 male convicts and 29 soldiers of the 50th Regt. In Feb 1835 he sailed Sydney for England. In the 1830s, there were trading in the South Pacific various Capts Richards of first names John, George, Thomas, William. On one occasion, Capt John Richards was master of convict transport Roslin Castle, owned by Capt William Richards, or, Richards and Co., who dealt with E. B. Mowle, a Sydney agent for Buckle, Buckle, Bagster and Buchanan. Richards' wife Jane was sister of Capt Albert John Nicholas who was much about New Zealand, (See R. L. H. Waugh), and Albert's activities appear to coincide with the trading of William Richards.
See Graham E. Connah, M. Rowland, J. Oppenheimer, Captain Richards' House at Winterbourne: A Study in Historical Archaeology. Armidale, Australia. Dept. Of Prehistory amd Archaeology, University Of New England, 1978. (Oppenheimer, pp. 62-66, on William Richards III).

Follows in impression of the genealogy of First Fleet contractor William III Richards Jnr:
Descendants of William William I RICHARDS Tailor
1. Tailor William I RICHARDS, sp: Miss NOTKNOWN
2. Navy broker, William II RICHARDS of Southwark (c.1786) sp: Rebecca NOTKNOWN;
3. Capt. William III RICHARDS of Winterbourne, Walcha, NSW (b.1784), sp: Jane NICHOLAS, sp: Miss WENNER.

Ironically, reinforcing Hughes' error, by 1988 had also appeared Michael Talbot's novel on the First Fleet, To The Ends Of The Earth. Which also asserts that the First Fleet was put together by a roughly-humourous, corrupt and profit-taking Duncan Campbell, Richards being "disappeared" from the story...

A novelist and a historian both making the same error about an inaugural event, might suggest that something could be wrong with the history in question!

Something can also be added on the genealogy of Duncan Campbell, since his family history has never been entered correctly into discussions of the first British efforts to send convicts to Australia...
See Charles Rathbone Low, History of the Royal India Navy, 1613-1863. In Vols. 1877. Reprinted by Royal Navy Museum, Portsmouth, in conjunction with London Stamp Exchange, nd. 1990?
About 1829: C. D. Campbell, a descendant of hulks overseer in London Duncan Campbell [1726-1803) with Commander Moresby on a survey of the Red Sea, and then to the Maldive Islands.
(C. R. Low, Vol. 2, pp. 70-72.)

1847: Commander C. D. Campbell, RN in August 1847, arrives at Aden in the Semiramis and assumes command of the Euphrates as Senior Naval Officer. (C. R. Low, History of the Royal India Navy, 1613-1863, Vol. 2, p. 134.) This Campbell man was a descendant of Duncan Campbell (1726-1803), overseer of the Thames Prison Hulks and uncle-in-law of William Bligh, captain of the ill-fated mutiny ship, HMAV Bounty in 1789.

1841: In 1841, a Letter to C. D. Campbell of Indian Navy from East India House with congratulations on his achievement in ascending the River Euphrates. (He had been with the expedition under Colonel Chesney). Campbell proved, according to Rt. Hon. H. A. Layard, that the Euphrates was not navigable, it had been an arduous undertaking in navigation, but was accomplished with great skill by Capt Campbell of the East India Company's service. Letter East India House from the Secret Department of the Court of Directors, East India House, London, 27 August, 1841, to Lt C. D. Campbell, IN, commanding the flotilla on the Euphrates:
"The President of the Board of Commissioners for the affairs of India have transmitted to us a copy of your letters of the 1st and 17th of June, and of the enclosure to the former letter, we have to express to you our congratulations on your achievement of the ascent of the Euphrates, and out satisfaction at the whole of your conduct whilst engaged on this service.
"You will communicate to the officers and men our thanks for the ability and goodwill with which they performed their arduous duties."
We are, your loving friends, (signed) George Legatt, J. L. Lushington.
C. R. Low, p. 47 writes that Lt C. D. Campbell was on Arabist, had courage, perseverance and skill, and his knowledge of Arab character, his patience and equanimity, "enabled him to most effectually to conciliate the wild inhabitants of the banks of the Euphrates; and thus it happened that the ascent of the 'Great river' made against the first rush of the annual 'rise from the melting snow', was unattended by any serious accident or regrettable occurrence, a circumstance the more remarkable as the 'Nitocris' and 'Nimrod' were armed with long iron 9-pounder pivot guns and carried two months provisions and ammunition." The steamers remained at Beles till September 15, 1841, and their presence acted as a diversion against Ibrahim Pasha in Easter Syria and also exercised influence during the war with Mehemet Ali. While there, Lt Campbell sent Lt Felix Jones across the Syrian Desert and Lebanon to Beruit where he spoke with the British fleet and obtained stores. Lt Campbell also visited Aleppo, Scanderoon and the depot of stores left by Colonel Chesney at Bir. He also surveyed the river between Bir and Beles and visited the various tribes on the river banks. The remaining steamers Euphrates and Assyria were placed under command of Lt W. B. Selby, an officer who explored the River Karoon, the river of Dizful, the Kirkah, the Hie, the Bamisheer, and proved the practicability of the navigability of the Bamisheer and that it was possible to communicate by steam with the Euphrates and Tigris by the Hie River.
(All this as reported in The Bombay Times in December 1843.) See Charles Rathbone Low, History of the Royal India Navy, 1613-1863. 1877. Reprinted by Royal Navy Museum, Portsmouth, in conjunction with London Stamp Exchange, nd. 1990? Vol. 2, p. 46.)

With discussion of the convict shipping to Australia, unless the departure and return dates of a ship are known, it is difficult to assess the decision-making processes engaged by her owner(s) concerning the next voyage. In respect of ships returning from Sydney, it is often surprising to find how quickly their owners made decisions on whether to try another Pacific voyage or not. Till the time the telegraph arrived to Australia, ships sailing London-Sydney can usefully be regarded as maritime mailmen.
See A. K. Cavanagh, 'The Return of the First Fleet ships', The Great Circle, Vol. 11, No. 2, 1989., pp. 1-16.

East India Company distaste for "Botany Bay"...

Part 2 - Section 2

It has often been suggested that the East India Company had some role to play with the creation and use of a colony at Sydney. The role of the Company however was passive, in that its co-operation was coerced. As far as possible, the Company distanced itself from the exercise of transportation into the Pacific region.

A notorious document in this context is Anon., The Influence Of The East India Company On The Colonisation Of New South Wales. Typescript (ML, Sydney). This quotes some early opinions of Prof. V. T. Harlow but it is not in itself a reliable document and one seriously questions the motives of its unknown writer(s).

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Such claims can be associated with few names of known East India Company merchants, and the names that can be associated - some of them, Company renegades - are also associated with Blackheath: Macaulay, his relatives at Blackheath, Larkins, and by association with Macaulay, Curtis. In general, the East India Company avoided contact with the new colony, or convict handling, as far as possible, to the point of angering government ministers with their attitude.

From 1786, Duncan Campbell, the overseer of the Thames prison hulks, never sent a convict ship to Australia, though he had every opportunity to do so if he wished.
(Note: Any names asterisked below are merchant names which are still resistant to genealogical or other forms of research.)
Merchants shipping convicts to Australia between 1786-1791 include: for the First Fleet: William Richards Junior, London alderman William (later Sir) Curtis, London alderman George Mackenzie Macaulay, Leightons, James Mather. For the Second Fleet to Sydney, London-based slavers supplying slaves to Jamaica at the time, Camden*, Calvert* and King. The Third Fleet, the Enderby whalers together with Calvert's firm. Later, a London whaling investor, John St Barbe.

Some convict contractors remaining intractably resistant for periods after 1791 to research include: Anthony Calvert (died 1809), of the slaver firm of the Africa Company, notorious for mismanaging the Second Fleet, Camden, Calvert and King. George Lyall (1784-1853); the firm Birch and Ward; Samuel Somes and Joseph Somes (1787-1845); and a man named Tower.
Some of the best work yet done on any early convict contracting firm, on Camden, Calvert and King, is by: Michael Flynn, The Second Fleet: Britain's Grim Convict Armada of 1790. Sydney, Library of Australian History, 1993. See also, Michael Flynn, Settlers and Seditionists: The People of the Convict Ship Surprize, 1794. Sydney, Angela Lind, 1994. Note: Anthony Calvert's addresses; London, America Square, 1784; 11 Crescent, Minories for 1795-1805.

Of the post-1800 convict contractors, Robert Brooks is the figure followed-up in greatest detail.
See Frank J. A. Broeze, Mr Brooks and the Australian Trade: Imperial Business in the Nineteenth Century. Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 1993.

1786: London Merchant Lists: Alderman Richard Clark, 10 New Bridge Street, Fleet ftr. Also on the board of Morden College, Blackheath, about 1786-1800. The Enderbys rented land from Morden College. Ald Richard Clark, alderman Broad Street Ward 1776-1798. Lord Mayor 1784-85 and London's chamberlain 1798-1831. Enderby and Clark, White lead manufactory. 9 Leoman's Pond, Gravel Lane, Southwark. Enderby and Sons, oil merchants, Paul's Wharf, Thames Street; Enderby and Sons, Oil merchant, Paul's wharf, Thames Street. In 1814, Samuel, Charles and George Enderby were local Land Commissioners. Enderby and Clark, White lead manufactory. 9 Leoman's Pond, Gravel Lane, Southwark. By 1817, Charles Enderby, 4. (Shelton contracts.)

1787: There were many British-American merchants who conceivably could have joined any group of merchants interested in the Pacific/Australasia, but most London-based merchants refrained. One merchant of interest here was friend of the first governor at Sydney, Arthur Phillip, Chapman, who sent his son William Neate Chapman out to the Australian colony.

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Gathering the First Fleet ships:

Part 2 - Section 3

By 15 September, William Richards had offered three ships to Government for "The First Fleet. By 19 September, William Richards Jnr. and Fernie (who remains still unknown) contacted the East India Company directors offering Scarborough, Brothers, and William and Mary, then Scarborough, Brothers, William and Mary, Britania (sic) and Brittania (sic) to carry tea cargoes. By 25 September, the East India Company had surveyed at least three of Richards' ships, so that he could properly tender their use. The idea had increasingly taken hold that the costs of the exercise to government - (perhaps to the king's Civil List?) - would be lessened by bringing home tea from Canton. (By 23 September, William Wilberforce had been responsible for recommending the Rev. Richard Johnson as chaplain for the new colony).

Bateson,The Convict Ships, p. 80. A ship named Prince of Wales owned by James Mather, a South whaler, built at Sidmouth, 1779, captained by a John Mason, was not the POW of Fleet 1. But the Mather-owned POW may have been the ship POW sent by John and Cadman Etches mentioned by J. H. Meares, but the second POW was also owned by Mather. Shaw, Convicts and The Colonies, p. 76, Note 2. Pitt to Wilberforce, 23 Sept. 1796. Byrnes, `Emptying The Hulks', Note 29. In 1793, James Mather, was of Cornhill, managing a wharf at Blackwall. Other whale fishery wharves were Paul's wharf, Mr. Lucas' wharf at Rotherhithe.
Information for the name Borrodaile (Borradaile) is sketchy and indeterminate. William Borrodaile (died 1826) dealt in the Australian trade and became a member of the Van Diemen's Land Company; he was perhaps the brother of a woman who married into the Lloyd family of bankers? (George Sugden Le Couteur, Colonial Investment Adventure, 1824-1855: a comparative study of the establishment and early investment experiences in New South Wales, Tasmania and Canada, of four British companies. Ph.D. thesis, Sydney University. 1978., presents a list of members of the Van Diemen's Land Company, list of 1826. Broeze, Brooks, variously). William Borrodaile of Surrey was possibly the trader who had a first fleet ship? (Burke's Landed Gentry for Lloyd of Dolorbran.) He was of Bedford Hill, Streatham, Surrey. William Money was an East India Company shipowner, active 1790. (He was probably the one in Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Boxall with a daughter who married William Percival Boxall and see also, for Chatfield,  with a daughter of one William Money noted. (Chatterton, Mercantile Marine, pp. 94ff) Richard Borradaile Lloyd (1839-1913) was a London banker, son of Richard Harman Lloyd and Isabella Mary Borradaile; he married Catherine Jean Campbell Money. (Burke's Landed Gentry for Lloyd of Dolorbran. Julia Money (died 1902), was daughter of Rev. William Money, noted in Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Ryder/Harrowby. In general, the Borradaile descent involves the later names, Money, Gurney and Lloyd the banking family. See also, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Wigram.

The shipowners Richards dealt with as he gathered the First Fleet included Leightons, Hoppers of Scarborough, William Walton and Co., the whaler James Mather and the Greenland whaler, alderman William Curtis, (though most of these merchants did not continue their involvements with the Pacific).

Whether he realised it or not at the time, Richards would develop numerous worthy ideas about servicing the new colony's needs for shipping. But also whether he knew it or not, he was inviting the competition of merchants who wished to see the Pacific explored commercially. Richards' more idealistic ideas were inimical to their ambitions.

So Richards gathered other ships: the Three Brothers, Friendship, Britannia, Scarborough, Lady Penrhyn, later Alexander in lieu of Friendship, then Golden Grove in lieu of Three Brothers; and Borrowdale in lieu of Young William (Young William may have been a whaler owned by the whaler Daniel Bennet, later of Blackheath). Later, Richards tendered Fishburne and another Friendship to complete his contract.
Oldham, his original thesis: Wilfrid Oldham, The Administration of the System of Transportation of British Convicts, 1763-1793. Ph.D. thesis. London University. 1933., pp. 415, 430, 468, 430.

Richard's own ideas for use of the ships were well in line with government policy on the colony's purpose and likely development, and would have been useful if pursued. Government, as though in contempt of its own guidelines, first pulled the rug from under him by accepting tenders much cheaper than Richards' and allowing an atrocity to occur - the Second Fleet - then allowing a consortium of whalers and slavers - the Third Fleet - to organise more shipping than Richards could organise.

But who paid for it all? It seems, the First Fleet transportation was paid for from the king's Civil List. Maxine Young, writes: "Before 1815, it was the practise to borrow money from the king's current Civil List revenues to pay the running costs of New South Wales and other expenses concerning the colony. The money advanced was repaid by parliament in the next Miscellaneous Supply Grants."
Paying for the new convict colony from the king's Civil List might be the explanation for one striking feature of the exercise - it was consistently underfunded. If so, any notion of the new colony being an Imperial venture is given a slightly different complexion - a complexion suffused with the hues of royal outrage at the continued state of crime, at men unworthy, in the king's eyes, to remain in the kingdom!
Maxine Young, 'The British administration of New South Wales, 1786-1812', pp. 23-41., in J. J. Eddy and J. R. Nethercote, From Colony to Coloniser: Studies in Australian Administrative History. Sydney, Hale and Iremonger, 1987.

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Follows an impression of the family history of London Lord Mayor (1795-1796) Sir Wiliam Curtis
Descendants of Joseph Wapping CURTIS, (b.1715;d.1771) business of sea biscuits at Wapping and sp: Mary TENNANT (d.1789)
2. London Lord Mayor, Freemason, Sir William CURTIS, Bart1 (b.1752;d.1829) sp: Anne CONSTABLE (m.9 Nov 1776;d.7 May 1853)
3. Investor in Australian Agric. Co., Charles CURTIS (b.1795;d.1878) sp: Miss NOTKNOWN
4. Charles William CURTIS sp: Miss NOTKNOWN 4. Henry Downing CURTIS 4. Maj-General DSO, Reginald CURTIS (b.1863;d.1922) sp: Hilda Margaret BARRINGTON (m.1894;d.1929)
3. George CURTIS (b.10 Sep 1784) 3. Banker Timothy Abraham CURTIS, investor in Australian Agricultural Co. (b.30 Jan 1786;d.1857) sp: Margaret Harriet GREEN wife1 (m.1809;d.8 Jun 1847) 4. Lt.-General William Frederick CURTIS 4. Colonel James Charles CURTIS sp: Frances Pitt (Browne?) CONSTABLE (m.17 May 1851) 3. Sir William CURTIS, Bart2 (b.2 Mar 1782;d.1847) sp: Mary-Anne LEAR (m.19 Nov 1803;d.1864) 4. Sir William CURTIS, Bart3 (b.26 Aug 1804) sp: Georgina STRATTON (m.18 May 1831) 4. George CURTIS (b.15 Sep 1805) 3. Rebecca Mary CURTIS sp: RN Capt. Timothy CURTIS 4. Army Capt. Constable CURTIS (d.30 Mar 1909) sp: Henrietta Mary Anne ADAMS, cousin
2. Biscuit baker, Freemason, Timothy CURTIS of Hackney (b.1743;d.1804) sp: Elizabeth WILDBORE, (a cousin) 3. William CURTIS 2. James CURTIS (b.1750;d.1835) 2. Rev. Charles CURTIS, Bengal India (b.1784;d.1805) sp: Miss NOTKNOWN 3. RN Capt Timothy CURTIS sp: Rebecca Mary CURTIS 4. Capt. (army) Constable CURTIS (d.30 Mar 1909)

December 1786: A London wit wrote:
Away with those whimsical bubbles of air,
Which only excite a momentary stare;
Attentions to plans of utility pay,
Weigh anchor, and steer for Botany Bay.
Let no one think much of a trifling expense,
Who knows what may happen a hundred years hence?
The loss of America what can repay?
New colonies seek for at Botany Bay.

Seeking Australian convict ancestors? Follows perhaps unexpected information on the ships of the First Fleet...

Lady Penrhyn was owned by Alderman (later, Sir) William Curtis. She was also chartered by alderman Macaulay once she'd left Sydney to go to Nootka Sound for seal furs under Lt. John Watts, but ended arriving at Tahiti, thence China, before Bligh arrived at Tahiti in HMAV Bounty (as noted above).

Lady Penrhyn, convict transport, females only, 333 tons, Capt William Crofton Sever of 12 Princess Square, Ratcliffe Highway. Chief mate Nicholas Anstis, (master of Surprise of Second Fleet). Took prisoners at Deptford or Spithead. Owner, alderman William Curtis. Possibly built Thames, 1786 and therefore her maiden voyage? Under East India Company Charter, departing Sydney in May 1788 after discharge from government employ in March. On leaving Sydney, taking a declaration from Gov. Phillip, proceeded east, Capt. Sever in July naming Macaulay and Curtis Islands after the owner and the alderman having chartered the vessel to obtain furs on the North-west American Coast. As the crew by then had scurvy, the ship went to Tahiti, thence China for a cargo of tea. The vessel may possibly have been named for the Lady of Richard Pennant, Lord Penrhyn, Chairman of the Planters and Merchants of the West Indies. Vessel later sold to the London firm of Wedderburns and put to the London -Jamaica run. E. A. Stackpole in "Whales and Destiny" presumes her voyage was an exploration of potential whaling grounds.
Lloyd's Lists of this period indicate - Also to China was alderman G.M. Macaulay's ship Pitt, Capt. G. Couper. Some other ships registered with Lloyds that year (1786-1787) were the First Fleet ships, Scarborough, Capt. J. Marshall, owned by Thomas Hopper, to Botany Bay, and Prince of Wales, Capt. J. Mason, for Botany Bay, owned by South Whaler J(ames) Mather of Cornhill.

Prince of Wales, Capt. John Mason. Convict transport, 350 tons. Mason died, being replaced by Samuel Moore on the voyage home. Ship built Thames in 1786. Launched 12 August after building by Christopher Watson and Co. Departed Sydney to be in England via Cape Horn and Rio, reaching Falmouth on 22 March 1788, at Deptford April 30. Owned by James Mather, South whaler, merchant of Cornhill. This vessel later continued to sail out of London.

Alexander, 445 tons, Capt. Duncan Sinclair. Convict transport. The largest ship of First Fleet. Owners, Walton and Co. of Southwark, firm headed by William Walton. Took late-arriving convicts before she sailed. Surgeon, William Balmain. Some 16 male convicts died before she sailed. Left Sydney about 13-14 July, 1788, in company with Borrowdale, Friendship and Prince of Wales.

Storeship Fishburn, 378 tons, owned by Leightons. Capt. Robert Brown, storeship, 378 tons. Acting mate, Keltie, sometime RN. First mate is [Archibald?] Armstrong. Discharged from government employ on 18 November, 1788, being delayed whilst cellars were built ashore for Fishburn's cargo of three years' supply of rum. Thence England via Cape Horn and Rio de Janeiro for England in company with Golden Grove, until losing sight of her on 11 April 1789 at Falklands for recovery of sick members. She arrived home to be discharged from HM service at Deptford on 25 May 1789.

Storeship Borrowdale owners, Leightons, 275 tons, departing 13 May 1787 as part of First Fleet. Contracted by William Richards Jnr. Crew of around 20. Capt. Hobson Reed (also perhaps known as Readihon Hobson?). Second mate was one William Richards (it is not known if he was a relative of Richards the fleet contractor). Departed Sydney 14 July, 1788 for England via Cape Horn and Rio as one of the ships in government employ for the round trip, under the direction of Lt John Shortland, agent for the Transport Department. Crew so bad with scurvy that by mid-October, her captain took her into Rio de Janeiro.

Storeship Golden Grove, Capt. William Sharp. Storeship, 375 tons, owners unknown. First mate Simms, later on William and Ann of the Third Fleet. Departing England 13 May 1787. On this vessel came colony chaplain Rev. Richard Johnson. Left Sydney on 12 October 1788 to take 21 male and 11 female convicts to Norfolk Island. On 19 November 1788, left in company with Fishburn, both storeships delayed for want of a storehouse to hold their cargo (says Gillen who lists some crew). Home via Cape Horn. Also stayed at Falklands as crew had scurvy. (Gillen says she was 331 tons.) Later she was possibly put on Liverpool-Jamaica run, disappears from records.
References various: Bateson, Gillen, Founders of Australia.

Friendship, convict transport, 274 tons. Owned by George Moorson with Thomas, George and John Hopper of Scarborough. Capt. Thos. Walton. Master, Francis Walton. Ship scuttled on way home 14 July 1788 in Straits of Macassar in company with Alexander as crew bad with scurvy, resulting in a legal battle by owners, so annoying the contractor, William Richards. The case put to Treasury for reimbursement dragged on for several years (see a later file here). Took prisoners aboard at Plymouth. Carrying some prisoners from the Mercury mutiny including John Best.

Charlotte. Convict transport, 375 tons, probably owned by James Mather. (Mathews?) Mather may have once bought Cook's old ship, Endeavour, which was sunk as part of a blockage of Newport, Rhode Island, during the American Revolution? (a story still to be properly verified). Capt. Thomas Gilbert (not to be confused with Capt. John Gilbert of the Second Fleet, first appointed to the Neptune, with whom John Macarthur duelled before Gilbert was replaced by Capt. Donald Trail).). Out of government employ by 25 March, 1788. Departed 13 May 1787, from Portsmouth, part of First Fleet. Charlotte was later sold to Bond and Co., Walbrook merchants, and put to the London-Jamaica run, according to Bateson.
1 December, 1788: Alexander Duncan at Canton, a correspondent of Sir Joseph Banks, as was Alexander's brother, mentioned to Banks one Capt. Gilbert of a Botany Bay ship, a stuffed "kon-goroo" aboard which weighed 70 lbs. Alex Duncan was surgeon to the EICo factory, sought Banks' favours, which later were granted. (Dawson, Banks Letters, p. 281)

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Scarborough. Convict transport, 430 tons, owned by Hoppers of Scarborough. Captain John Marshall. (The Hopper Islands were named for them.) Had an EICo charter for China tea. This ship was later placed in the Second Fleet for different contractors.
Shipowners Hoppers are listed in Treasury Board Papers petitioners with others letting ships to the Transport Board, T1/695, Reel 3553. They were the only shipowners letting vessels to NSW who were familiar with the Transport Board, a fact probably meaning they already knew William Richards. Capt. William Richards, son of the First Fleet contractor, later commanded the convict transports Prince Regent, I, (3) in 1827; Roslin Castle, in 1833-34-35 to NSW.
(Bateson, The Convict Ships, pp. 347ff. See also Connah, Rowland and Oppenheimer, Captain Richard's House at Winterbourne - A Study In Historical Archaeology. Dept. of Prehistory and Archaeology, University of New England. 1978. Ch. 5.
Hoppers of Scarborough whose name was commemorated in the Hopper Islands named by Marshall. Made a second trip to Sydney with the second fleet, contractor being Calvert. (Capt. Marshall also named another island after Constantine John Phipps.)

Storeship Fishburn, 378 tons, owned by Leightons. Capt. Robert Brown, storeship, 378 tons. Acting mate, Keltie, sometime RN. First mate is [Archibald?] Armstrong. Discharged from government employ on 18 November, 1788, being delayed whilst cellars were built ashore for Fishburn's cargo of three years' supply of rum. Thence England via Cape Horn and Rio de Janeiro for England in company with Golden Grove, until losing sight of her on 11 April 1789 at Falklands for recovery of sick members. She arrived home to be discharged from HM service at Deptford on 25 May 1789.

Storeship Borrowdale owners, Leightons, 275 tons, departing 13 May 1787 as part of First Fleet. Contracted by William Richards Jnr. Crew of around 20. Capt. Hobson Reed (also perhaps known as Readihon Hobson?). Second mate was one William Richards (it is not known if he was a relative of Richards the fleet contractor). Departed Sydney 14 July, 1788 for England via Cape Horn and Rio as one of the ships in government employ for the round trip, under the direction of Lt John Shortland, agent for the Transport Department. Crew so bad with scurvy that by mid-October, Capt. took her into Rio de Janeiro.

Storeship Golden Grove, Capt. William Sharp. Storeship, 375 tons, owners unknown. First mate Simms, later on William and Ann of the Third Fleet. Departing England 13 May 1787. . On this vessel came colonly chaplain Rev. Richard Johnson. Left Sydney on 12 October 1788 to take 21 male and 11 female convicts to Norfolk Island. On 19 Nov. 1788, left in company with Fishburn, both storeships delayed for want of a storehouse to hold their cargo (says Gillen who lists some crew). Home via Cape Horn. Also stayed at Falklands as crew had scurvy. (Gillen says she was 331 tons.) Later she was possibly put on Liverpool-Jamaica run, later disappears from records.
References various: Bateson, Gillen, Founders of Australia.

Note: 26 March, 1789: Francis Masson at Cape Town sends Banks 422 species of seeds and or bulbs, per Alexander transport from NSW. (Carter, Banks, 1988. Noted from pp. 560ff, Appendix XIA)

1788: Across decades, revisionist have been afoot about the first British governor of Australia, Arthur Phillip. Many writers have seen him a small man doing an inadequate job, some kind of failure. A newly-arising view (January 2002) is that he was "a man of considerable intellect, widely read, a son of the European Enlightement, a gentleman proud to dine in his home with Sydney's most powerful Aboriginal warriors and a dedicated adherent to the rule of law", and also "organisationally brillant" with commanding the First Fleet (all from NSW premier, Bob Carr). Professor in Australian History at University of New England, Alan Atkinson, rather demurs. Town planning was not one of Phillip's strengths, and the governor was "a highly imaginative authoritarian", he said. (Reported 26 January 2002, Australia Day)

Even by December 1788. decisions on "Botany Bay" were still fluid. Nepean had an idea that Nova Scotia might be settled as an alternative to NSW, that matters were flexible, that destinations could be changed. On 1 December, the Recorder of London had a long conference with Lord Sydney. The Times reported that the "The season is over for sending them [convicts] to Quebec or Nova Scotia, but assurances have been given that two ships, properly fitted up, shall be ready [within months] to carry convicts to America." There was an idea to send some men to Newfoundland in the fleet for the next season.
David L. Mackay, A Place of Exile: The European Settlement of New South Wales. Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1985., p. 58. Ged Martin, 'The Alternatives to Botany Bay', pp. 152-168 in Ged Martin, (Ed.), The Founding of Australia: The Argument about Australia's Origins. Sydney, Hale and Iremonger, 1978.

1789: Note: The Nootka Sound area seized by Spanish who curtail British activity in the area. British merchants including William Curtis (owner of Lady Penrhyn) later protest vigorously. "The Nootka crisis" ends won by British interests.

THE SECOND FLEET

Part 2 - Section 4

The term "The Second Fleet" is something of a misnomer, as this "fleet" of five ships was split into two wings. The second three ships (Neptune, Scarborough and Surprise) were solely organised by the London firm of slavers, Camden, Calvert and King, who virtually sidelined Richards for future transportation business.
Note: 17 July, 1791: Sir Joseph Banks is consigned various samples by Capt. Trail, Neptune transport. (Noted from Carter, Banks, 1988, pp. 563ff, Appendix XIB)

The other Second Fleet ships were Lady Juliana, 401 tons, given a tea cargo by EICo, contracted for by William Richards, a slow sailor which still has the reputation of being a "floating brothel". Plus the ill-fated supply ship, HM Guardian.

Lady Juliana Capt. Aitkin: Owner, William Morris (little known). Contractor, William Richards. Ship taken up by September, 1788. (In October 1788, Richards laid before Treasury an extensive plan for convict transportation, by which time he knew little of what had already transpired at Botany Bay. The first First Fleet ship to return was Mather's Prince of Wales, 22 March, 1789.) Lady Juliana had freight by Richards and Moore. By 2 February, 1789, Richards had contracted to carry 226 female convicts. A crew member was Edward Powell who later came out free settler on Bellona. She had aboard Lt. Thoms Edgar, who had been out with Cook's last voyage as master on Discovery
Bateson, The Convict Ships, variously. Sian Rees, The Floating Brothel: The Extraordinary Story of the Lady Juliana and its cargo of female convicts bound for Botany Bay. Hodder, 2001.

THE THIRD FLEET

Part 2 - Section 5

The first four ships of the Third Fleet carried freight for India, most, if not all, for Nepean's friend, Alexander Davison. Governor Phillip was to complain on their arrival that space had thus been used which could have been filled with goods for the colony.
Phillip to Lord Grenville, 8 November, 1791, and to Navy Board, 9 November, 1791, HRA, I, I, pp. 295, 300-301.

So the vexed issue arose again, of private trade in a colony which had not been intended to develop an economy - a patently unworkable policy. Strategically, on a global front, it appears the London whalers were testing the usefulness of Sydney as a refreshment base, and also experimenting with the carriage of convicts and/or stores as a way of paying part of the voyage out. Certainly, the Third Fleet revealed deliberate exploratory strategies useful for the whalers.
Information given here comes from various sources. On freight, Navy Office Accounts, HRNSW, Vol. 2, as cited above. See Byrnes, 'Outlooks', variously. Otherwise Bateson, Cumpston, Stackpole, Dakin, Steven and footnotes in other sources too numerous to list. On the fate of Matilda, foundering near Tahiti, see Kennedy, Bligh, cited above. See also, R. Hodgkinson, Eber Bunker. Canberra, Roebuck, 1975.

Hitherto, reliance on an alleged but never-proven role of the East India Company in the establishment of New South Wales has prevented useful questions being asked about the strategic deployment of shipping by the Southern whalers. Contemplation of the East India Company attitude to the activities of Macaulay, Calvert, and other convict contractors to Sydney before 1800 is for the most part a study in the muttering acceptance of the inevitable. A Company chairman, Francis Baring, quite early remarked on "the serpent we are nursing at Botany Bay".

On 18 November, 1789 Camden, Calvert and King were awarded a contract for the Third Fleet, specifying 1,820 English convicts and 200 Irish. In mid-December Treasury informed the Navy Board that some of the ships to be sent were nearly ready to take their stores and provisions aboard.
J. C. Garran, 'William Wright Bampton and the Australian Merino', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. Vol. 58, Part 1, March, 1972., p. 2. Other details are in Byrnes, 'Outlooks', variously. Garran has followed up his views on Bampton, and on Macaulay's Capt Edward Manning on Pitt, in J. C. Garran and Leslie White, Merinos, Myths and Macarthurs: Australian Graziers and their Sheep, 1788-1900. Canberra, Australian National University Press, 1985. Garran is interesting also on maritime outcomes after Phillip chartered Atlantic to purchase stores at Calcutta, and his views seem valid. And ibid., pp. 20, 31ff, 126ff.

Convict transport Mary Ann, 298 tons, carrying 150 female convicts, part-owned by her captain, Mark Monroe, according to Bateson may or may not be regarded as a Third Fleet ship. She sailed "independently" in 1791 (February 1791) with HM Gorgon, a storeship which also carried convicts. Mary Ann went whaling via Norfolk Island/Peru; she was owned by Mark Monroe and/or Lucas & Co.

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Lists: The Third Fleet of convict ships to Australia:

Transport and storeship, Matilda, 460 tons, also whaler. Freight by Alexander Davison. Whaler. Contracted by Camden Calvert and King (CC&K). Possibly owned by Calvert. Capt. Matthew Weatherhead. Usually a south whaler but wrecked near Tahiti and some crew picked up by Bligh in HM Providence on his second breadfruit voyage. To Sydney by 1 August 1791. Thence fishery. Originally intended to Peru and/or India.
Note: Apparently mysteriously, 26 March 1792 a small vessel touched at Tahiti, Prince William Mary, and took some of wrecked Matilda's crew thence N/W coast America/Nootka Sound. In 1793: Whalers Jenny and Britannia called at Tahiti and picked up some of Matilda's crew. Presumably, the owners of these ships were in touch with each in London.

Convict transport and storeship, not a whaler, Atlantic, 422 tons. Some freight by A. Davison. Transport. Contracted for by CC&K. Capt. Archibald Armstrong. Went various trading voyages for Gov. Phillip to Calcutta . On return from India to Sydney in 1792, Phillip went home on her. Also went later to Norfolk Is.

Transport/whaler Salamander, 320 tons, Freight by A. Davison. CC&K contracted. Capt. William Irish. Owned by Joseph Mellish. Surgeon J? Nichol. To Sydney by 21 Aug., 1791. Thence Norfolk Island. Fishery - Norfolk Island/India.

Usually a whaler, William and Ann, 370 tons. Convict transport. Freight by A. Davison. Owned by Enderbys or Enderbys/St Barbe. Usually a South Whaler. Contracted CCK. Capt. Eber/Ebor Bunker. Portsmouth Division of fleet. Crew inc. Simms, first mate on Golden Grove of First Fleet 1. To Sydney, 28 August, 1791. (Bateson)
Eber Bunker (1761-1838, died NSW). The Bunker clan of Nantucket was extremely large, and today, much of their genealogy is available on the Internet. See Hodgkinson on Bunker, p. 4, p. 47 and elsewhere. See Newsletter of the Royal Australian Historical Society (RAHS), July 1972 p. 8, and June-July, 1976, p. 4-5. See Dakin, Whalemen Adventurers, p. 19, p. 30ff re Albion. Hainsworth, Sydney Traders, p. 239, p. 242. Eber's mother's name was Hannah, see R. Hodgkinson, 'Eber Bunker-Whale-Ship Captain of Parramatta', Newsletter Royal Australian Historical Society, June-July, 1986, pp. 4-5. Birthdate in Newletter of RAHS, July 1972, p. 8, in an article by Olive Havard which says Bunker had sheep on the Namoi at Keepit when he died in 1836, but this sheep matter cannot be verified by Tamworth's local historians. (Tamworth is the present writer's home town.) There is a genealogical tree of Eber's wife in the ML prepared by Marie Fearn, See Hogkinson, 'Eber Bunker - A New Look', Journal RAHS, March 1979., pp. 252ff. See Hodgkinson's treatment of Bunker at Liverpool, Sydney etc. In 1795 he sailed for Alexander and Benjamin Champion. Then Eber sailed for Enderbys. He had left Nantucket for England in 1786. His lineage as given by Hodgkinson, 'New Look', pp. 253-254, goes back to the Mayflower via his grandmother, Desire Gorman, and he was related to John Howard and Elizabeth Tilley. About the time of the American Revolution, James Bunker and his brother Simeon Bunker took a whaling lease in Barrington, Nova Scotia, but the effort failed as the British Government promoted her home ships (that is, Enderby ships of London).

Transport, Active, 350 tons, Capt. John Mitchinson. Arriving Sydney 26 Sept. 1791.

Transport and storeship, non-whaler, Queen, 380-400 tons. Owned by Enderbys whalers. Stores by A. Davison. With Irish convicts. Contractors, CC&K. Capt. Richard Owen. Only vessel sailing from Ireland. Arriving Sydney 26 Sept., 1791. Thence Norfolk Is/New Zealand. Fishery, Calcutta/India.

Transport/storeship, non-whaler, Albermarle, 530 tons. Grossly overcrowded. Freight by A. Davison. Contractors, CC&K. Capt. George Bowen. Arriving Sydney 13 Oct., 1791. Thence Bombay via Norfolk Is.

Transport, storeship, whaler, Britannia, owned by Enderbys. Freight by A. Davison. Other freight by St. Barbe and Green by account dated 15 Dec., 1791. Contractors, CC&K. Capt. Thomas Melville who had recently on Friendship been into the Pacific via Cape Horn and by South America for Enderbys. Arriving Sydney 14 Oct., 1791. Thence pioneered Australian whale fishery on NSW coast/Norfolk Island area.

Transport, non-whaler, Admiral Barrington, 527 tons, grossly overcrowded. Freight by Alex. Davison. Contractors CC&K. Capt. Robert Abbon Marsh/Petter Gossan. Surveyed by EICo re experiment in new method of surveying. Ship may have been earlier connected with Greenland Fishery. Arriving Sydney 14-16 Oct., 1791. Thence New Zealand, Bombay. In 1792 she was driven from her Bombay anchorage by gale to the Malouine Islands and wrecked. Some crew were slain by natives.

Transport William and Ann, 370 tons. Freight by A. Davison. Owned by Enderbys although Stackpole suggests owned by Calverts. Usually a South Whaler. Contractors CC&K. Capt. Ebor/Eber Bunker. Crew includes Simms, first mate on Golden Grove of First Fleet. Arriving Sydney 28 Aug., 1791.

SHIPS AFTER THE THIRD FLEET

Part 3 - Section 1

A variety of issues arise with discussion of the movement of convict and other ships between the Third Fleet and 1800. Some issues are with the question, how was the trading of the NSW Corps officers funded? Other issues arise regarding the dominance, if any, of any particular London merchants interested in the new Australian colony. Thirdly, were any London merchants interested in financing the officers of the NSW Corps? (The answer to which seems to be, no. The officers of the NSW Corps are treated in The Blackheath Connection Chapter 40).

For example, between 1792-1800, John Macarthur, the paymaster of the NSW Corps, Sydney, drew Bills on the Corps' London agent (Cox, Cox and Greenwood) for more than £46,000 for investment in imported goods. (Are Hainsworth's entertaining speculations here erroneous or not?)
See D. R. Hainsworth, The Sydney Traders: Simeon Lord and his Contemporaries, 1788-1821. Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 1972., pp. 25ff.

Attention will be given here to the dates of the departures of convict ships, due to the matter of assessing the earlier decisions and motives of the shipowner involved - and any groupings amongst them. Australian historians have never given this matter attention, which is partly why we lack treatments on the population of merchants involved. Especially before 1800, whenever a ship was being prepared by her owners for a voyage to Botany Bay, news from the ship(s) most recently arrived from Botany Bay was still filtering through London. Especially at Blackheath. Each ship sailing for Botany Bay sailed first through a context of opinion developing in London about the new Australian colony.

Also it needs to be explained that in order to transport convicts, a shipowner had to tender his ship to the Navy Board/Transport Board, have her surveyed and accepted, and then he or his agent were required to sign a contract for the transportation with the only official in London empowered to make out such contracts, Thomas Shelton at the Old Bailey. (Shelton answered to the Home Office and by 1807 if not before, all his contracts listed the counties and areas the convicts came from.) Whether a ship was accepted by the EICo to take a cargo from ports under their control was a separate matter. All such business can be well illustrated by the departure of Pitt, owned by alderman George M. Macaulay.

In Navy Office Accounts (1793), found in Historical Records of NSW, are found lists of merchants taking contracts regarding ships for Botany Bay. For Pitt's voyage, the contract takers are listed as G. M. Macaulay and a man who was actually his neighbour, John St. Barbe. Both men at Blackheath lived close to the whalers Enderby. St Barbe was a whaling investor, Macaulay had earlier been interested with Lady Penrhyn in exploring prospects for sealing at Nootka Sound, and both Macaulay and St Barbe were underwriting names at Lloyd's in the City.

Shelton's Contract No. 5, was dated 15 June, 1791, with George Mackenzie Macaley (sic) for the Pitt, which usually sailed as an East Indiaman to China for tea and was wholly owned by Macaulay. (Inside Pitt was a small ship-in-frame, Francis, which was used on the coast about Sydney, reputedly put together and launched by Capt. William Raven - who was a partner with St Barbe in Britannia, a ship notable in its day in Sydney Harbour. (Unusually, it appears an original contract for Pitt remains with the NSW State Archives.)

15 June, 1791:
Indenture for the Pitt, copy of original, made on June 15, 1791, thirty first year of Geo III, ....between Thos Shelton of the Sessions House in the City of London, and George Mackenzie Macaulay of Chatam Place London, [transportable felons] 224 cons, 227 [names], And Whereas His Majesty by His Royal Sign manual bearing date at His Court of St James's the [15 June] 1791, [by act of parlt in 28th year of reign], initiated "an Act to continue several laws relating to the granting a bounty on the exportation of certain species of British and Irish linens exported, and taking off the duties on the importation of foreign [?] and yarns made of flax and to the preventing the committing of frauds & bankrupts and for continuing and (?) [of] several laws relating to the imprisonment and transportation of Offenders and has graciously thought fit to authorise and empower the above-named Thomas Shelton to make a Contract or Contracts with any person or persons for the effectual transportation of all the above named Offenders and to take securities from that person or persons so contracting for the effectual transportation of them pursuant to the sentences and orders aforesaid concerning them respectively And Whereas the said Thomas Shelton by virtue of such power and authority and in consideration of the Contract and Agreement of the said George Mackenzie Macaulay hereinafter mentioned and of the security to be given by him the said George Mackenzie Macaulay .................... by Bond or Writing obligatory for the effectual performance thereof hath agreed to and with the said George Mackenzie Macaulay (he being a fit person to transfer all the several before named Offenders unto him the said George Mackenzie Macaulay and his Assigns for such and the same terms for which they were ordered to be transported as herein abovementioned And the said George Mackenzie Macaulay in consideration thereof and of the property which he and his Assigns will have in the service of the said Offenders for and during the remainder of such terms and for divers other good and valuable Considerations him (?) (?) hath contracted and agreed to and with the said Thomas Shelton for the effectual transportation of the said Offenders pursuant to the sentences and orders aforesaid concerning them respectively Now This Indenture witnesseth that the said Thomas Shelton (?) of the power and authority given to him in this behalf as aforesaid and in pursuance of his said agreement with the said George Mackenzie Macaulay ...doth transfer all the several before named Offenders unto him the said George Mackenzie Macaulay and his assigns for such and the same terms for which they were ordered to be transported as herein before mentioned - And the said George Mackenzie Macaulay for the considerations aforesaid hath contracted and agreed and by their presents for himself his executors and Administrators and Assigns Doth contract and agree to and with the said Thomas Shelton in manner following, that is to say, that the said George Mackenzie Macaulay and his Assigns shall and will forthwith take and receive all the several before named Offenders and transport them or cause them to be transported effectually as soon as conveniently may be to the Eastern Coast of New South Wales or some one or other of the Islands Adjacent pursuant to the sentences and orders aforesaid concerning them respectively And shall and will procure such evidence as the nature of the case will admit of the landing there of the said several before named Offenders (death and casualties by Sea excepted) and produce the same to whom it may concern when lawfully called upon And shall not nor will by the wilful default of him the said George Mackenzie Macaulay or his Assigns suffer the said Offenders or any or either of them to return to Great Britain or Ireland during the respective terms .....
sgd in presence of ? Fitzpatrick and one other illegible, Thomas Shelton and George M Macaulay. Macaulay on 11 July, 1791 then agreed to assign [the prisoners] tho Gov. Phillip and his assigns, and all his rights in them, on 11 July, 1791.
(Probably, after the convicts had been loaded?)

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Pitt, 775 tons, sailed under Capt. Edward Manning, arriving Sydney 14 Feb., 1792. Lloyd's Register for 1789 says she sailed 26 December, 1788, under Capt. Manning "for St Helens and Bencoolen, built 1780, husband G Macaulay". Carter in his biography of Banks says that by 2 January, 1793, botanist Colonel Robert Kyd at Calcutta, only months before his death, put on Pitt Capt Manning various samples including a mango tree for Banks. This then was on Pitt's return voyage from Sydney/China.
Carter, Banks, 1988, noted from pp. 563ff, Appendix XIB.

On 15 July, 1791, the surgeon on Pitt reported smallpox aboard. Opinons on the matter differed.

The general context of Pitt's departure can be guaged from the following ...

By April 1791, after squabbles with the Spanish, Vancouver was being sent from England to Nootka Sound to restore the trading post there and to further survey the Sandwich Islands.
K. M. Dallas, Trading Posts or Penal Colonies: The Commercial Significance of Cook's New Holland Route to the Pacific. Hobart, Fuller's Bookshop, 1969., p. 43. Margaret Steven, Trade, Tactics and Territory: Britain in the Pacific, 1783-1823. Carlton, Victoria, Melbourne University Press, 1983., pp. 82-83.

Interests in the Pacific had become more intensely concentrated since early in 1791. In January, London's South Whalers led by Enderbys had submitted a Memorial to the Committee for Trade asking for legislation on proposals that their vessels be allowed to proceed from the South Pacific to the Nootka Sound area, north of NW America. Enderby had expected that the whalers would use the new convict colony as a refreshment base. Of course, if interested in furs from Nootka Sound, the South Whalers were also interested in sales to the Chinese merchants at Canton - which might have made EICo hackles rise.

During April 1791, a new Bill was being drafted - for opening a trade through the South Seas to China. The EICo was firm that India-registered ships should not be permitted to trade between Asia and the north-west sealing coast of America and the adjacent islands. It was no accident here that St Barbe would also send his partner on Britannia, Capt. William Raven, to seek seal fur at Dusky Bay, New Zealand. (Cook had earlier noted the number of seals at Dusky Bay.) Nor an accident that the Bristol whaler Sydenham Teast sent mariner Charles Bishop into the mid-Pacific. It was also as a matter of whaler politics, no accident that after the second fleet had departed, Anthony Calvert and the whalers organised a third fleet, of course excluding William Richards and his interests. The third fleet after delivering its convicts to Sydney would split into two arms. One arm went into the Pacific, whaling. The other ships, with trading contracts for the Calvert firm, went either to China or India. The inspired whaler in the planning operations for this convoy was probably John St Barbe, who after the Third Fleet had left, personally arranged with George M. Macaulay for Pitt to carry out convicts. After the Third Fleet operation, the whalers continued to carry out convicts and their continuing interest in the Pacific whaling grounds was perfectly illustrated when after 1798 (during which wartime year, ships for their own protection were required to sail in convoy), they sent out the first really well-organised flotilla of whaling ships since the Third Fleet.

With whaler politics, the situations facing the EICo were that whalers and their associates (by the Whalers Bill of 1791) would be allowed to utilise EICo banking facilities at Canton - as a "new and independent traffic in their own preserve", meaning, freelancers could come into Canton with mixed cargoes and sell to the Hoong merchants. According to whaling historian Stackpole, the EICo directors recognised that the South Whalers had mustered "overwhelming political support", so the EICo had "conceded tho retaining their control of the China Trade at Canton." The Bill's passage was not quick, but later, Pitt had some patience vindicated by success of a Bill allowing whalers greater freedom to fish in Australian waters.
Eduoard A. Stackpole, Whales and Destiny: The Rivalry between America, France and Britain for Control of the Southern Whale Fishery, 1785-1825. University of Massachusetts Press, 1972., p. 155 Refer: Act 32 Geo III. c. 73 and Act 33 Geo III c. 90.

So while Bligh's second breadfruit voyage to Tahiti was being arranged, a great deal of other British shipping moving into the Pacific was also being contemplated. Bligh's latest ship, HM Providence (a new West Indiaman) was launched on 25 April. Bligh had received his comission for her by 16 April. Francis Godolphin Bond was appointed First Lt to Providence (420 tons launched at Blackwall, purchased from Mr Perry, ship to have marines from Chatam, a complement of 134 men.)

Contractor to government and a friend of Evan Nepean at the Home Office, Alexander Davison, by 4 May, 1791, had dated an account to Navy re Pitt, for £8846/10/8d for supplies. So Davison must have been prompted to act as supplier somewhat earlier. Also loaded in Pitt would be the 41-ton ship, in frame, with stores and furniture, Francis, valued at £901. Presumably then, Macaulay had decided by early May or even earlier to send her to Botany Bay, and presumably the Navy had unofficially decided already to use her. Assessment here may depend on conversations Macualay had with other residents of Blackheath, probably Enderbys and St Barbe.

In fact, a variety of word was about. By 18 May, 1791, (Grenville to Sir George Yonge), two extra companies of the newly raised NSW Corps were advised to go on Pitt, then lying at Gravesend. Two such companies were at Chatam Barracks, (the other company of the NSW Corps would remain in England until further ships were taken up.)

By 20 May, 1791, Lt. Richard Nairne was appointed as naval agent to Pitt, confirmed by Treasury. By about 21 June, 1791, Pitt was possibly at Portsmouth. On 23 June, an anonymous letter regarding convicts on Pitt was received by government officers, to be referred to by Henry Dundas, who the same day wrote to Treasury on convicts to be put aboard her. The later-wealthy Sydney colonist, John Piper (youthful in the NSW Corps), was on her at Portsmouth by 23 June. As was the later convict artist at Sydney, Watling, "the limner of Dumfries", sent from the Lion hulk at Portsmouth to the custody of Capt Manning of Pitt. Piper had entered the army (NSW Corps) as an ensign only the month before, in April.
Lloyd's Register for 1792-1793, East Indies list, noted: Sailed late 1791, Pitt 775 tons Capt Manning for NSWales and China, built river 1780, husband G Macaulay.

More news of Botany Bay would also soon come to hand, since by 5 May, 1791, Albermarle of the Third Fleet had arrived at St Jago; she sent a letter by a French ship which mentioned other Botany Bay ships, HM Gorgon, Admiral Barrington and Britannia.

Also, by 12 May, 1791, the First Fleet contractor, Richards, still hopeful for more business, wrote to Chas Long, Esq (at Treasury), offering to manage 300 convicts on a hulk - in England. (That is, Richards had conceived notions of competing with the major contractor then managing hulks prisoners, Duncan Campbell.)

News would also spread of William Bligh preparing for a second breadfruit voyage. Bligh by 17 May, 1791, was wanting supplies for HM Providence - in a letter he wrote, could Mr Larkins at Mr Perry's Dock at Blackwall supply wood? (And was this Mr. Larkins part of the Larkins family of Blackheath which owned Royal Admiral, which would soon follow Macaulay's Pitt to Botany Bay? A question on early British interest in the Pacific might be: just how cohesive - even, inspiring - were the interests of the mariner families of Blackheath?
This letter is noted in George Mackaness, (Ed.), 'Fresh Light On Bligh: some unpublished correspondence', Australian Historical Monographs, Vol. 5, (New Series). Review Publications, Dubbo, NSW, Australia, 1976 (Reprint). Lloyd's Register for 1791 indicates: Ships in EICo service, sailed 17 April, 1790, Royal Admiral Capt. E. H. Bond, for China, built River in 1777, husband T Larkins, 914 tons.

Follows an impression of the family history of London Lord Mayor 1759-1760 Sir Thomas Chitty with reference also to the Bond family of Newbury - blut
Descendants of Josiah Joseph CHITTY (b.1658;d.1713) and sp: Sarah HUSE (b.1681;d.1727)
2. Director Bank of England, London Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas CHITTY (c.1760;d.17 Oct 1762) sp: Eleanor HUBAND 3. Joseph CHITTY sp: Sarah CARTWRIGHT (d.4 May 1820) 4. Charles CHITTY (b.1804;d.1886) sp: Susannah Elizabeth Jordan JOURDAN (b.1786;d.1876) 5. Maj-General Walter Theodore CHITTY (b.10 Aug 1826;d.1904) sp: Helen Alves JAMESON (b.25 Nov 1834;m.1855;d.28 Jan 1884) 6. Helen Alves CHITTY (Helen II) sp: Senior NOTKNOWN 5. Arthur Whatley CHITTY (b.1824;d.1905) sp: Mary Anne JAMESON (m.1862;d.11 Jul 1823) 6. Ernest Richard Inglis CHITTY sp: Dorothy Ida Ada RAMSAY (m.1894) 7. Arthur Alexander Ernest MERLOTT-CHITTY sp: Anna Theodora OGILVY (c.1921;m.1922) 4. Barrister Joseph CHITTY (b.1776;d.1841) sp: Miss NOTKNOWN-9711 5. Thomas CHITTY (b.1802;d.13 Feb 1878) sp: Eliza CAWSTON 6. Thomas Edward CHITTY (d.4 May 1888) sp: Mary Ann WILLES 7. Barrister Sir Thomas Willes CHITTY, Bart1 (b.24 Jun 1855;d.15 Feb 1930) sp: Emily NEWBOLT wife1 (d.17 Aug 1903) sp: Beatrice Maud HALE 3. Eleanor CHITTY (c.1762) sp: Dockmaster George BOND (c.1762;d.1851) 4. Rev. Charles Frederick BOND sp: Miss NOTKNOWN 5. Essex Henry BOND (c.1772) sp: Miss NOTKNOWN (c.1780) 6. Capt. Essex Henry BOND (No. 2) (c.1792)
5. Essex Henry BOND (c.1772) 4. EICo, Capt. Thomas BOND (c.1788) 4. Miss BOND sp: Mr BROWN 4. Barrister George BOND sp: Kitty COOKE 5. Capt. Essex Henry BOND (b.Sep 1762)
(He is Capt of Royal Admiral I, convict transport to NSW in the early 1790s, owned by the Larkins family of Blackheath (He entered EICo service and made several voyages as a mate, then became captain. His first command seems to be as Capt of Royal Admiral on its fifth voyage to China, between 17/4/1790 and home 26/9/1791. On this voyage, a call at St Helena meant Bond married Mary Young on 1 May 1791. Some of their sons served with EICo also. After this, Royal Admiral's next voyage was to NSW thence China.) sp: Mary YOUNG
5. George Phillips BOND (d.1875) sp: Caroline Selina WOODWARD (m.1840)
6. Genealogist Peter Joseph Entwistle BOND
2. Josiah CHITTY (b.1691;d.1756) sp: Margaret THORNTON 2. Jacob CHITTY-20626 (b.1693)

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Dark mutterings

Part 3 - Section 2

The scuttling of the Friendship: There were darker, unhappier mutterings about disaster ships going into the Pacific. Mentioning Richards, and regarding the earlier-dated charter party for the First Fleet, the owners of Friendship, after they had heard of her scuttling, had correspondence around 15 July, 1791. Mr Secretary Long of the Treasury wrote to Comm of Navy re the memorial of Samuel Hopper and other owners of Friendship; the owners (including Samuel Hopper) wanted to charge government for the loss of the ship, not the owners of Alexander. (Walton and Co. of Southwark.) Opinions on legalities were to be sought from the attorney-general. (Letter of 19 August, 1791.)

In a letter of 9 August, 1791, William Richards to the Navy Office referred to the scuttling of Friendship and freight of the ship; Richards at least was reimbursed for his own losses by Friendship (some £350/18/9d.)
See Historical Records of Australia, i, i, 1792-95, pp. 38-40. Treasury Board Papers, T1/695 Reel 3553, ML.

Convict ships listed by date of departure

Part 3 - Section 3

Note: Bateson lists ships by date of arrival at Sydney. They are re-listed here by date of departure.

HM Gorgon: A naval ship, basically a storeship but carrying 31 male convicts. She sailed 15 March 1791, arriving Sydney 21 September. Best seen as a "loner" ship.

Another convict ship for Australia - Pitt: Departing June-July 1791 for Sydney, arriving 14 February, 1792. Capt. Edward Manning. Owned by London alderman George Mackenzie Macaulay.

Another convict ship for Australia - Kitty, Capt. George Ramsay. Departing March 1792 - Arriving 18 November, 1792.

Another convict ship for Australia - Royal Admiral 1: Departing 30 May 1792 - Arriving October 7, 1792.
Re: 1792 - Capt. Essex Henry Bond on convict transport Royal Admiral... Owned by Thomas Larkins, according to Bateson (p. 140), "a member of perhaps the most prominent family associated with the EICo's shipping"...
Cathy Dunn, Ladies of the Royal Admiral, 1792. Milton NSW, Cathy Dunn, c1996.

Follows a list of some descendants of EICO dockowner/ships husband Thomas LARKINS
1. Dockowner/ EICo ship's husband Thomas LARKINS (b.1746;d.1794) sp: Miss NOTKNOWN Miss 2. William LARKINS of Point House, Blackheath (b.1756;d.1800) 2. EICo shipowner John Pascal LARKINS (b.1765;d.1818) sp: Mary Ann SAMPSON 3. Georgiana LARKINS (IGI data only) (b.Mar 1802) 3. John Pascal LARKINS (IGI data only) sp: Mary Anne NOTKNOWN (IGI data only) (c.1827) 4. John Pascal LARKINS (IGI data only) (b.Jul 1827) 3. Susannah LARKINS wife1 (d.14 Jan 1832) sp: Sir Frederick CURRIE, Bart1 (In India) (b.3 Feb 1799;m.7 Aug 1820;d.11 Sep 1875) 4. Rev Sir Frederick Larkins CURRIE, Bart2 (b.18 Apr 1823) sp: Eliza Reeve RACKHAM wife1 (d.14 Apr 1861) 5. Sir Frederick Reeve CURRIE, Bart3 (Unm) (b.13 May 1851;d.27 Feb 1830) 5. Sir Walter Louis Rackham CURRIE, Bart4 (b.16 Mar 1856) sp: Bertha FREEMAN (m.28 Jun 1892;d.15 Jun 1951) sp: Mary Helen CORRIE wife2 4. Major Mark Edward CURRIE (b.10 Sep 1824;d.14 Dec 1868) sp: Jane wife1 UPWOOD 5. Lt-Col Frederick Alexander CURRIE sp: Geraldine Lucy GRAVES sp: Catherine GRAVES 4. Katherine Louisa CURRIE (d.26 Mar 1914) sp: Rev Edwin Francis Mersham DYKE of Kent (b.27 Sep 1842;m.22 Nov 1870;d.26 Aug 1919) 3. Jane Emma LARKINS (IGI data only) (b.Feb 1810) 3. George LARKINS (IGI data only) (b.Dec 1807) sp: Miss NOTKNOWN 4. J. P. LARKINS - at Calcutta sp: Miss NOTKNOWN 5. John Johnny LARKINS (c.1815) 3. Capt . Thomas LARKINS of London (c.1805) sp: Miss NOTKNOWN 4. EICo sailor William LARKINS Died Young (b.1770;d.May 1786)
See E. W. Bovill, 'Some Chronicles of the Larkins Family: the convict ship, 1792', The Mariner's Mirror, Vol. 40, No. 2, 1954., pp. 120-121. George Thompson, 'Slavery and Famine: Punishments for Sedition, or An Account of the Miseries and Starvation of Botany Bay, by George Thompson, who sailed in the Royal Admiral May 1792 with some Preliminary Remarks by George Dyer, BA. Edited by George Mackaness, Sydney, Australian Historical Monographs, Vol. XXXI, New Series, (Orig. 1947).

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Another convict/storeship for Australia - Bellona:
Departing? Arriving 16 January, 1793. Capt. Matthew Boyd. Carrying 17 women convicts.

Another convict ship for Australia - Boddingtons, 331 tons:
Departing Cork ? Arriving Sydney 7 August, 1793 carrying Irish convicts. Contractor William Richards. Capt. Robert Chalmers. Ship had "alarms" of convict mutiny risks. Boddingtons and Sugar Cane were the last two ships ever organised by Richards, who was not heard of again. His son William III later became a convict ship captain, and a NSW settler, but rather mysteriously, and despite William III's status as a pioneer, little survives of the family history, which located at Walcha NSW at a property, Winterbourne.

Another convict ship for Australia - Sugar Cane, 403 tons:
Departing Cork, 12 April, 1793 - Arriving 17 September, 1793 carrying Irish convicts. Contractor, William Richards. Capt. Thomas Musgrave.

Another convict ship for Australia - William:
Owned by Enderbys, a whaler. Departing ? - Arriving 10 March, 1794. Capt. William Folger.

Enderbys had a white lead factory (paint factory) at Gravel Lane, Southwark - an industry based on whale oil. George Enderby to his grandchildren in 1875 produced a debatable quote which ought to be famous... "You will I think on consideration be of the opinion that unless there had been whaling ships to carry out the first convicts to Sydney, that the Government would have been obliged to select some nearer spot for the convicts..."
Samuel Enderby Junior of Croom Hill, Blackheath was by 1820 recommending the annexation of New Zealand as a way to control whalers and traders on its coasts, although by 1819, Australasian whale oil was virtually barred from London. D. R. Hainsworth, The Sydney Traders: Simeon Lord and his Contemporaries, 1788-1821. Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 1972., p. 139. See AGE Jones, Ships Employed, pp. 266ff.

Charles Enderby (d.1876), promoted the development of coastal New Zealand. His parents' generation had been part of The Blackheath Connection. The younger Enderby generation was notable for letting their whaling industry slip from their grasp, and failing to re-establish a new South Whale Fishery ranging New Zealand waters by 1849. A letter of 16 September, 1823, from S. Enderby and Son, William Mellish and Daniel Bennett and Son, to Lt. Col. Edward Nicolls, Royal Marines, outlined the advantages of whalers operating from New Zealand if a settlement existed there.
The names Enderby-Mellish-Bennett in this 1823 context are seen in pp. 28-31 of Phyllis Mander-Jones, (Ed.), Manuscripts in the British Isles Relating to Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific. Canberra, Australian National University, 1972. Adams, Fatal Necessity, listings. Broeze, Brooks, p. 227 on the 1849 South Whale Fishery failure. Note: When he returned home from examining New South Wales, Commissioner Bigge had used an Enderby home at Greenwich/Blackheath to write his three reports on the state of New South Wales. P. P. King a commissioner to the AA Co. had his shares in the AACo jointly with the Enderbys who acted as his agents. (Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 48., citing AA Co. Minutes, 4 July, 1833.) Such details suggest that with any suggestions concerning New Zealand development, Enderby interests were assuming the continued satisfactory progress of New South Wales. See also Historical Records of New Zealand, pp. 608-609. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 205, Note 2.

By 1832, the complexity of merchant associations acting on Australasia was pronounced. From 1832, Robert Brooks, by then a convict contractor also, became interested in promoting an Australian whale fishery. He was still interested by 1848 when other London owners were Young, and Parbury, By 1846, Towns also was interested in whaling. Oil prices however collapsed in England in 1847-1848, In June 1849, Brooks actually joined the revised Southern Whale Fishery as a director. By January 1849, Charles Enderby with £100,000 capital initiated the Southern Whale Fishery to operate from the Aukland Islands south of New Zealand, and Enderby himself went out to Port Ross. Brooks was an investor, but all this was liquidated in a few years. Some investors in the venture were Frederic Somes (a convict contractor), John Gilmore, shipbroker W. S. Lindsay; and other shareholders included Thomas Baring and his partner Thomas Bates (who originally was an American), oil merchants William Beale and Elhanan Bucknell, shipowner Money Wigram (yet another convict contractor ), and a New Zealand shipbroker Willis. In Sydney, Robert Towns became agent for this whale fishery.
Broeze, Brooks, p. 227 and Ch. 12, p. 109, p. 248. Robert Cambell to 1841 eased out of sperm whaling for sperm when the business began to sag from 1837. Whale oil prices collapsed in England in 1847-1848.

What might Enderby's father have thought of these failing ventures? Samuel Enderby Senior died in London in 1797, and in a sense, his passing marked the end of Phase One of The Blackheath Connection.

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Some descendants of Samuel Enderby Senior (1718-1797) and his wife Elizabeth Buxton were:
2. Samuel Enderby Jnr., a whaler (b.1754;d.1829) sp: Mary (Gladwyn?/Goodwin
3. Elizabeth Enderby sp: Lt-General Henry William Gordon, the parents of 4. Major-General Charles George "Chinese" Gordon of Khartoum (b.1833;d.1885)
3. Mary Enderby who married Bostonian, Nathaniel Wheatley
3. William Enderby, 3. Henry Enderby (Gentleman, d.1876)
3. Mary Enderby who married Rev. G. Matthews of Blackheath.
3. New Zealand Co. investor Charles Enderby (d.1876),
2. George Enderby who married Miss Sampson, who remains unknown, but was probably related to Mary Ann Sampson, who married John Pascal Larkins of Blackheath, of the family owning convict transport, Royal Admiral.
2. Charles Enderby (b.1753;d.1819) sp: Elizabeth Goodwin
2. Whaler George Enderby (b.1762;d.1829) sp: Harriott Sampson ,
2. Confusingly, Mary Elizabeth Enderby married Charles Buxton (m.1783), son of George Buxton (d. 1805) FRS and Maria Chandler, while her sister 2. Hannah Enderby married Charles Buxton, son of Isaac Buxton and Sarah Fowell..

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The family was solidly of the Blackheath area.

Amongst the Buxtons, some notable names were the Blackheath oil cooper, of Croom Hill,
, also a partner in a business at St Paul's wharf...
Charles Buxton (b. 1703), married Hannah Read; 2. Dr George Buxton, FRS (b.1730;d.1805), 3. Charles Buxton sp: Mary Elizabeth Enderby (m.1783) 2. Isaac Buxton (b.1733) sp: Sarah Fowell (m.1755),
4. MP Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, Sir, Bart1 (b.1786;d.1845) sp: Hannah Gurney of Norfolk (m.1807;d.1872) of the Gurney financier family;
5. Sir Edward North Buxton Sir, Bart2 (b.1812;d.1858) sp: Catherine Gurney (m.1836;d.1911),
5. Thomas Fowell Buxton (d.1908) sp: Rachel Gurney (m.1845;d.1872) 5. Brewer, MP, Charles Buxton (b.1822;d.1871).

Follows, material from the will of Enderby Snr...
PROB 11/1297.

Samuel Enderby's will, today partially illegible, was proved at London on 31 October, 1797. He was of Earl Street in the City. His eldest son was Charles, whose much-mentioned sister Mary Elizabeth would inherit goods, furniture, plate china & glass, linen, books, pictures... a coach and two coach horses, plus coach furniture...various silver plate and linens, best chest of drawers, table, looking glass with wash hand basin, bed and bedsteads and all new furniture, white counterpanes, bedsteads. Son George inherited dining tables, two "Elbow Chairs" and other chairs in a new dining parlour, a mahogany bedstead, furniture various, and maybe some card tables. Wine and liquors were to be "equally divided".

Two sons got outbuildings, "a building yard and appointments thereto belonging and now in my occupation... Sons Charles, Samuel and George got amongst other things, due to an arrangment of 25 March, 1787, a co-partnership between their father, "Ships Debts Goods so as merchandise or otherwise to the amount & value of Eight Thousand Pounds apiece... I have since taken my son George into such copartner[ship] and "give him in like amount of Eight Thousand Pounds Now I do Hereby Confirm such gift respectively in favour of my said three Sons and further give to my Son's son Charles the sum of two thousand seven hundred pounds and to my sons Samuel & said George two further sums of five thousand pounds ... "

... "and Whereas I did by my Bond say on or about" [in 1787] ... he gave Mary Elizabeth £2000 [and perhaps an extra £5000] independently of husbands she might marry. And/or, money for her daughters Elizabeth and Mary on their majority.

There was also dated 29 January 1789 a complicated-but generous arrangement for Hannah, who had married Charles Buxton (or for Charles himself? It is unclear.). There was also mention of Reverend Mr Hugh at Salter's Hall, Mr Worthington, Mr Pastor Bowes Minister at [Dorchester or Surrey?], the Governors of Saint Thomas, Southwark, "my Brother in Law John? George Buxton and his wife, Sarah Buxton and John Buxton, Charlotte Ellison [servant?] if living, Sarah Buxton, George Buxton, and his wife, William Goodwin and his Wife, Mr Winter, Mr Bond.

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Such was the will of an affluent, energetic man who had done something to provide ships to government for convict transportation. But the whalers would largely abandon the NSW fishery. For 8-9 November, 1799, Saunders Newsletter in London reported on 15 whalers "taken by Spanish cruisers" off the coast of South America.
HRNSW, Vol. 3, p. 741. See also Dakin, Whalemen Adventurers, p. 17: London was informed that fifteen whalers off the Pacific Coast of South America had been captured by the Spaniards.

This newsletter had reported that early in 1799, the vessels Sally, Bligh, Cornwall, Swain, Pomona, Clark, Diana, Lock, Britannia and Nautilus had left Sydney for employment in the NSW fishery. There were far more vessels working west of South America... About the time Enderby Senior died, only one more fleet of whalers would visit Sydney Harbour.
NB: Mention of Nautilus suggests Teast had her properly listed by the London-based whalers.

Another convict ship for Australia - Surprize 2:
Departing 2, May 1794 - Arriving Sydney 25 October, 1795. Capt. Patrick Campbell. Ship carried the "Scottish Martyrs".
Michael Flynn, Settlers and Seditionists: The People of the Convict Ship Surprize, 1794. Sydney, Angela Lind, 1994.

Another convict ship for Australia - Sovereign: Capt. George Storey.
Arriving Sydney 5 November, 1796.

Another convict ship for Australia - Marquis Cornwallis: Capt. Michael Hogan, master/owner.
Departing Cork, 9 August, 1795. Arriving Sydney 11 February, 1796. Had risk of mutiny by prisoners-guards (part of the NSW Corps).

The latest on Hogan is as per this e-mail to The Blackheath Connection of 14 January 2004 from Virginia, USA
Dear Dan, I was a frequent user of your Blackheath Connection when researching a non-fiction book now published as "Captain Hogan: Sailor, Merchant, Diplomat on Six Continents."
It tells the true story of Michael Hogan (1766-1833) who traveled the world's oceans and lived in and traded with all six continents. Among other things, it tells the full story of his carriage of Irish convicts to New South Wales on his ship, the Marquis Cornwallis, in 1796. Full details are at: (now a broken link): http://SixContinents.home.att.net/
Kind regards, Michael H. Styles, 7004 Sylvan Glen Lane, Fairfax Station, VA 22039 USA
Follows some detail on the book: Captain Hogan: Sailor, Merchant, Diplomat on Six Continents, by Michael H. Styles - The true story of Michael Hogan, an adventurous "seaman, merchant and diplomat" who traveled the world's oceans and lived on six continents during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Set in the rich historical context of the times, the action takes place in Ireland, London, Bombay, Calcutta, Canton, New South Wales, Cape of Good Hope, New York, Havana, Valparaiso and Washington, D.C.
Critically acclaimed - ISBN 0-9744347-0-1 * 434 pages * Bibliography/Index Biography/18th & 19th Century History * Paper * US$22.95
Also by Michael H. Styles - Michael Hogan: A Family Addendum: A companion booklet with additional background about the book, Capt. Michael Hogan's children and grandchildren through about 1900, and a genealogical record of all his descendants. Of principal interest to Hogan family descendants. ISBN 0-9744347-2-8 * 71 pages * Second Edition * Paper * US$6.00 JUST PUBLISHED! (January 2004). Email to Six Continent Horizons, at: SixContinents@att.net

Another convict ship for Australia - Indispensable: Capt. Wilkinson.
Arriving Sydney 30 April, 1796. Carrying female prisoners.

1796: Campbell and Co. of Calcutta in 1796 begin to deal to Sydney, New South Wales. Campbells also wanted to ship saltpetre to Sydney for salting meat, which was allowed.
Singh, Agency Houses, p. 154-158. 1797: Reference item: Michael Nash, Cargo for the Colony: The 1797 Wreck of the Merchant Ship Sydney Cove. Navarine Publishing Co., Woden, ACT, 2002, 199pp.

1796: As the British take the Cape of Good Hope, EICo fears arise of of illicit trade, so that deputy-chairman David Scott discounted ideas that Botany Bay (convict) ships might engage in smuggling; he noted that such ships had a freight out with government, freights for EICo if any were regulated by the Court of Directors.
(See Alan Frost, Convicts and Empire: A Naval Question, 1776-1811. Oxford University Press, 1980., p. 192.)

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1796-1802: Publication of a Report (1796) on Providing Accommodation for the Trade and Shipping of the Port of London: Capt. Thomas King (earlier of slaver firm Camden, Calvert and King and said to be of Blackheath, London, with a wife, Sarah Unknown), an Elder Brother of Trinity House, pp. 274-283; John St Barbe (of Blackheath), pp. 280ff. King, p. 283, deposing to a committee of inquiry, said he had been acquainted with the River Thames for more than 30 years, the last 12 of which he had been residing in London and concerned with shipping. St. Barbe deposed on 18 April, 1796, and was described as a ship broker. A ship owner, Mellish, also concerned with whaling, gave evidence on 18 April.
(In Reports From Committees of The House of Commons, Vol. XIV. 1793-1802. Reprinted by Order of the House in 1802., Port of London Authority Library, Poplar, Isle of Dogs, from p. 276.)

1798-1800: David Scott Snr, director of EICo, David Scott Jnr, traded 1800-1810 with Robert Campbell at Port Jackson/Sydney.

Another convict ship for Australia - Lady Shore, Capt. James Willcocks.
Ship had mutiny and did not arrive Sydney in 1797. Carried the notorious swindler, Major Semple/Major Semple Lisle (who later ended in Australia as a convict). Departing May 1797. Had earlier been used as an East Indiaman. Owned or part-owned by her master, James Willcocks, who was killed by a Frenchman, Jean Baptist Prevot. Ship seized by military guard and sailed to South America (ended at Montevideo). Carried one male and 66 women convicts.

Another convict ship for Australia - Britannia, 500 tons:
Capt. Thomas Dennott. Departing Cork 10 December 1796 - Arriving Sydney 27 May 1797. Dennot admonished for harsh treatment of convicts. Regarded as "a hell ship" with mutiny risks, a high death rate. Surgeon was Augustus Jacob Beyer, who by now has his third voyage on a convict ship to Australia, and his last.

1797-1798: Another convict ship for Australia - Ganges, 700 tons: Capt. Thomas Patrickson.
Arriving Sydney 2 June 1798.

1797-1798: Another convict ship for Australia - Barwell, 796 tons: Capt. John Cameron.
An attempted mutiny. Departed Portsmouth 7 November, 1797 - Arriving Sydney 18 May 1798.

1797-1798: Another convict ship for Australia - Britannia, 301 tons:
Capt. Robert Turnbull. A whaler owned by Enderbys. Arriving Sydney 19 July 1798.

1798: Benjamin Page is captain in October 1798, of trader Ann and Hope from Providence, for Brown and Ives, to Sydney, then China, noted by Dunbabin 1950 and 1955 and Churchward in 1948a. And in 12/1807 and 4/1808, Brown and Ives are owners for trader Eliza, from Providence, Capt. E. Hill Correy, to Fiji, wrecked.

1798-1799: Another convict ship for Australia - Hillsborough, 764 tons:
Capt. William Hingston. "Fever ship". Departing ? Departing after 17 November, 1798, on 23 December - Arriving Sydney 26 July 1799. Voyage organised by London Missionary Society (LMS). Noted convict aboard was William Noah.

1799: Another convict ship for Australia - Minerva, 558 tons: Capt. Joseph Salkeld.
Usually an East Indiaman, owned by Robert Charnock, an associate of the LMS, also of the EICo., assisting the LMS arrange voyages to the Pacific. Departing Cork 24 August 1799 (delayed by outbreak of Irish rebellion) - Arriving Sydney 11 January 1800.

London families

Part 3 - Section 4

1799: Another convict ship for Australia - Friendship, 430 tons: Capt. Hugh Reed.
Owned by "prominent London shipowners", John and James Mangles. Departing Cork with Minerva, August 1799 - Arriving Sydney 16 February 1800. It is not generally appreciated that the first governor of Western Australia, James Stirling, had married to this same Mangles family, who thus had more connections to Australian pioneering than has been realised!

Robert Mangles (1731-1788) of London was of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, and had sons John and James. About 1750 he went to London and set up as a ships chandler. (In litt per Ian Berryman in WA in March 1996.)
The Mangles genealogy given here has been sourced from the following references: ADB entry for James Stirling, governor of Western Australia. The IGI. Burke's Landed Gentry for Norman of Bromley Common. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Onslow. Cameron, Ambition's Fire, pp. 38-44. Hasluck, Thomas Peel, pp. 18-21ff. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 421 and elsewhere. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, pp. 258-259. On the banker family, Norman; Sir Henry Clay, Lord Norman. London, Macmillan, 1957. pp. 1-12. Youssef Cassis, `Bankers in English Society in the late eighteenth century'', p. 215. Cassis, City Bankers, p. 226. Kynaston, City of London, p. 29, p. 84. Burke's Landed Gentry for Lubbock formerly Bonham-Carter. ADB entry for General Sir Henry Wylie Norman, (1826-1904), governor of Queensland. Autobiography of George Wade Norman, Completed 3 September, 1857, Kent County Archives, Microfilm U310-F69. [Copy, Dixson Library, UNE]. On the genealogy of bankers Stone, see Clay, Norman, pp. 6-7. Lennard Bickel, Australia's First Lady: The Story of Elizabeth Macarthur. North Sydney, Australia, Allen and Unwin, 1991., pp. 175ff. Ralph W. Hidy, The House of Baring in American Trade and Finance: English Merchant Bankers at Work, 17630-1861. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1949., p. 15. Burke's Landed Gentry for Holland-Martin of Overbury.

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1832++ James Mangles, a Whig MP For Guildford 1832-1837, son of Robert Mangles, was a ships chandler and an East India proprietor, also a director of the East India Company. He was part of the firm, F&C Mangles of London. (From a discursive citation we find that in Trevelyan's life of Macaulay, Vol. 1, p. 431, some of Macaulay's circle in India included Cameron and MacLeod the law commissioners, Mangles, Colvin and John Peter Grant, the latter three of a younger circle.) James Mangles seems to have married a woman Camden, who was maybe related to the family of Camden linked to the early convict contractors, Camden, Calvert and King? James the MP, married to Mary Hughes, had a nephew, Capt. [John?] Mangles, RN. James' address was 6 Cannon Row, London, and Woodbridge, Surrey. He was high sheriff for Surrey in 1808. This family, Mangles, is supposed to have once have had much discussion with James Stirling, later governor of Western Australia, on "colonising matters".
Some arcane ship-buying matters on Mangles' part are noted in Bateson, The Convict Ships, pp. 232ff and notes thereto. Confusingly, from 1816, the convict transport Mangles was owned not by Mangles, but by the Buckle firm.

Charles Edward Mangles, MP, "of the Australia trade" (1798-1873) also pursued East India interests. He was son of MP James Mangles, of F. G. Mangles and Mary Hughes, and was married to Rose Newcombe, Broeze, Brooks, p. 80, has Charles on the Board of the Union Bank of Australia (UBA), and as a senior partner of Mangles, Price and Co. (From 1834, Mangles Price and Co. were at New Broad St as names with Lloyd's.) It should be noted that the bank, Herries/Farquhar, became part of the UBA. Broeze, Brooks, p. 314, Note 56 has a man Mangles as treasurer of the Australasian Church Missionary Society by 1838. Pemberton, London Connection, p. 421. Charles was also chairman of the London and South-Eastern Railway, 1859-1872. Butlin, Australia and New Zealand Bank, p. 56 has him on the early board of the UBA.
I am grateful to Ian Berryman for discussion of some points here in litt. Broeze, Brooks, p. 80: by the 1830s the WA trade was dominated by Mangles Price and Co and the firm's senior partner Charles Edward Mangles was on the board of Union Bank of Australia.

1833: Circa: One element in the Mangles family story is of the "small world" variety, since two Mangles men married to sisters Newcombe - who were daughters of George Newcombe of the Audit Office. If working at the Audit Office by 1830, Newcombe may well have known of the auditing of the papers associated with the contract-making for transportation by Thomas Shelton, and of the bureaucratic arguments on that strange matter. Emily Mangles married to Norman, of the Norman banking family of Bromley Common, London. The Norman family connection meant some connection to the family Stone, of the bankers Stone-Martin, whose (financial ) history is linked to the origins of the bank begun by Francis Baring - although this financial history is not yet in useful detail. Further to the mysteries of the Stone banker family, Caroline Mangles married Rev. Arthur Onslow, who by his second wife, Marianna Campbell, had a son, Arthur Alexander Onslow, who married Elizabeth Macarthur, daughter of James II Macarthur and Emily Stone. Emily, who was from the same Stone family; Emily being daughter of banker, Henry Stone.
Here, in brief, one Harriet Herring married the later Sir Francis Baring. Her sister Mary married banker Richard Stone. Richard had a son, Henry Stone, banker of Lombard Street. In Clay's book on the bankers Norman, Henry Stone seems to be a partner in the bank Stone and Martin, later Martin and Co. From 1764, Francis Baring banked with his brother-in-law Richard Stone. Later, John Martin MP can be noticed in these family linkages, since the name Martin became linked with that of the Norman banker family of Bromley Common.

1833: Ross Donnelly Mangles (1801-1877) was an India Merchant, director of the East India Company, MP, son of MP James Mangles and Mary Hughes; he married Harriet Newcombe. Ross Donnelly was of 9 Henrietta St., Cavendish Sq., London, and of Woodbridge, Surrey. He had spent time in the Bengal Civil Service. He became a director of the New Zealand Co. and once visited New Zealand on banking matters, about 1841. He was a deputy-lieutenant of London. A liberal, he was also anti-Papist. He was appointed a Member for the Council of India in September 1858, to 1866.
Ellen Mangles of Woodbridge, Surrey, (1807-1874), married James Stirling, first governor of Western Australia. She once offered her own money to help failing Stirling businesses. She had five sons and six daughters.
Rev. Arthur Onslow (b.1773), rector of Crayford, Kent, was son of Lt-Col George Onslow MP and Jane Thorp. Arthur's first wife was Marianna Campbell, his second, Caroline Mangles.

1833: George Mangles is noticed in Catalogue of the Australian Historical Exhibition, 1-26 Feb., 1938. Australia's 150th Anniversary Celebrations Council. 1938. Copy Dixson Library, UNE. The West Australian settler arriving 1829, a stock manager, George Mangles was a cousin of Ellen Mangles, wife of Sir James Stirling. George left WA in 1833-34 to begin a shipping service.
Pamela Statham, (Compiler), Dictionary of Western Australians, 1829-1914. Two Vols. Vol. 1, Early Settlers, 1829-1850. Nedlands, Western Australia, University of Western Australia, August, 1979.

On the West Australian coast is a spot called Mangles Bay. Why is this? It is due to the marriage between Stirling, the first governor of Western Australia - as follows:

At first sight, it appears merely that the first governor of Western Australia, James Stirling, instrumental in moves to establish a colony there, had married Ellen Mangles. There was more to it than that, and the well-connected Mangles interests, mainly known as "an East India house", became a large investor in Australasia. Follows an impression of Mangles family history:
1. Robert MANGLES of London (b.1731;d.1788) sp: NOTKNOWN
2. Shipowner John MANGLES (b.1760;d.1837) married (probably) Harriet CAMDEN (c.1781;m.1781)
3. Capt RN James MANGLES (b.1786;d.1867)
2. MP for Guildford, James MANGLES (c.1800;d.1837) sp: Mary HUGHES (c.1823); 3. Australia trade merchant Charles Edward MANGLES (UBA) (b.1798;d.1873) sp: Rose NEWCOMBE (m.1832)l 4. Rose MANGLES (b.1835), 4. James Henry MANGLES (b.1832);
3. New Zealand Co member, Ross Donnelly MANGLES (b.1801;d.1877) sp: Harriet NEWCOMBE (m.1830), child, Louisa Malkyn MANGLES (b.1840) who married sp: Rev Henry Alexander MACNAGHTEN (b.1850;m.1873);
4. Emily MANGLES wife2 (d.1927) who married banker Charles Lloyd NORMAN (b.1833;d.1889);
4. Ellen MANGLES sp: John FENDALL (of a family active in British India) (b.1827;m.1854), child, 5. Louisa FENDALL who married Member of Supreme Court of India John LOWIS (d.1870), child 6. John Mangles LOWIS;
3. Ellen MANGLES of Woodbridge, Surrey, (b.1807;d.1874) sp: Governor WA Sir James STIRLING (b.1791;m.1823;d.1865), children including 4. Australian naval commander Frederick STIRLING (b.1829), 4. Andrew STIRLING (b.1826), 4. William STIRLING (b.1831), 4. Agnes STIRLING (b.1835), 4. Elenor STIRLING (b.1838) who married sp: James Alexander GUTHRIE (b.1823;m.1856;d.1873) and also to Orientalist/Writer, Forster Fitzgerald ARBUTHNOT (b.1833;m.1879;d.1901);
4. Soldier in India, Walter Albert STIRLING (b.1837;d.1857);
3. Emily MANGLES (b.1799), 3. Caroline MANGLES (c.1793) wh married Rev. Arthur ONSLOW (b.1773;m.1815), child (?) 4. Rev. Thomas George ONSLOW (b.1826) who married Edith Augusta HAWKINS wife1 (m.1853;d.1857) (Earlier, Lt-General Richard Onslow (1697-1760) was governor 1752-1759 of Fort St William in India His wife1 was Rose Bridges (died 8 Feb 1827-28) daughter of John Bridges. (Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Onslow. Namier/Brooke, Vol. 3, p. 230);
5. Edith Fanny HAWKINS (d.1944), sp: Charles Constable CURTIS (m.1882;d.1936)
3. MANGLES Hamilla Mary sp: William PRESTON RN, child 4. Ellen Jane PRESTON who married Stannard MCADAM;
4. D'Arcy Harrington PRESTON (b.1844), sp: Harriet UPAN; 4. Rev. (Prebendary of York), John D'Arcy Jervis PRESTON (b.1738) who married Jane CONSETT; 5. Admiral D'Arcy PRESTON (d.1847), sp: Sophia NARES; 6. RN, Unm, Edward Preston;
6. William PRESTON RN, sp: Hamilla Mary MANGLES, child, 7. Ellen Jane PRESTON;
7. D'Arcy Harrington PRESTON (b.1844), 7. Rev, Prebend York PRESTON John D'Arcy Jervis-108876 (b.1738);
6. John D'Arcy Jervis PRESTON (b.1795), sp: Wife1 Elizabeth SPENCE (m.1821), child, 7. John D'Arcy Warcop PRESTON (b.1795), sp: Emily Anne Augusta BROWNLOW; 7. Major Charles Edward PRESTON, sp: Ennisline MARTIN (m.1875);
7. Rear Admiral D'Arcy Spence PRESTON (b.1827), 7. JP William Warcop Peter PRESTON (b.1823) sp: Harriet Georgina Edith KERR (m.1864);
8. D'Arcy PRESTON, 8. Montague PRESTON;
7. Sophia Elizabeth PRESTON, sp: Rev. John BLOMEFIELD, 7. PRESTON Margaret Laura PRESTON, 7. Emily Ann PRESTON; and 7. Fanny PRESTON who married Sir Rev. Thoms Eardley BLOMEFIELD Bart3, (b.1820;m.1853). There was also a Western Australia settler, 3. George W. MANGLES, active about 1829.
//////// Ends list on Mangles family ////////

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1799-1800: Another convict ship for Australia - Speedy, 313 tons: Capt. George Quested. Whaler owned by Enderbys. Arriving Sydney 15 April 1800.

Convict and other ships 1800-1810 to Australia

1800: 7 March: Court of Directors of EICo consider ships to be taken up for EICo service, offered by Mr Mangles, Mr Wilkinson, Hamilton and Co, Mr Wigram, Lyatt and Co.
(Parkinson on the East, p. 142)

1800: Shelton's Accounts, No. 19, Contract taken 29 March, 1800, with Mr Gabriel Gillett in the Royal Admiral. (Note re Scotland, procuring and perusing the documents and writings related to seven convicts sentenced to be transported at the Courts of Justiciary respectively for Perth, Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Ayr.) 426 convicts, Shelton charged £309 plus tuppence, By 1800, Gabriel Gillett, 1 contract (with William Wilson). (See H. E. Maude, Of Islands and Men: Studies in Pacific History. Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1968., p. 185), Royal Admiral II got 400-500 hogs at Tahiti (cites HRA, III: p. 334; p. 432.) 29 March, 1800, re Royal Admiral II, the voyage of Royal Admiral I is detailed in:
E. W. Bovill, 'Some Chronicles of the Larkins Family - The Convict Ship, 1792', Mariner's Mirror,, Vol. 40, No. 2, 1954.
John Pascal Larkins lived at alderman George Macaulay's former residence, Dartmouth Hill House, from 1798. Thomas Larkins was a Blackheath resident.
(Bateson, Convict Ships, variously, on this ship, which was later bought by William Wilson; and Gabriel Gillette of Blackheath. On Gillette, see HRNSW, Vol. 4, p. 469; HRA, Series 1, Vol. 2, pp. 470, 483. Gabriel Gillette is listed in Shelton's Accounts as being the contract taker for Royal Admiral II: Contract No 19, dated 29 March, 1800.)
See also, H. E. Maude, 'In Search of a Home: from the mutiny to Pitcairn Island (1789-1790)', Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 67, 1956., pp. 104-131.

1800: Another convict ship for Australia - Royal Admiral 2, 914 tons: Owned and commanded by Capt. William Wilson, earlier an associate of the LMS, having been nephew and employee of Capt. James Wilson of the first-sailing LMS ship carrying missionaries to Tahiti, Duff. Departing 23 May 1800 - Arriving Sydney 20 November 1800. Regarded as a "fever ship"; surgeon was Samuel Turner, earlier to Tahiti on the first LMS into the Pacific, Duff. William Wilson later became a commercial associate of Sydney merchant, Robert Campbell. Royal Admiral 2 carried eleven missionaries. She had mostly been used by the Larkins family as an East Indiaman, she had been bought from them by William Wilson and his partner Gabriel Gillette, who were recorded as her owners by authorities at Sydney. There is an incorrect legend that when she returned to London she was used as a prison hulk on the Thames, but her name turns up in no listings of such prison hulks.

1800: 1 August, Re whalers Greenwich, Venus, Britannia. Enderbys and Champions wrote to Lord Liverpool that they had established there was a valuable sperm whale fishery on the NSW coast; suggesting that the frequency of visits of whaling ships to there would assist the colony; that exorbitance in the colony might be avoided if whaling ships were used to there; that the Americans were taking advantage of the restrictions they knew the English whalers were bound by.
W. J. Dakin, Whalemen Adventurers in Southern Waters. Sydney, Angus and Robertson, 1977. [Angus and Robertson Non-Fiction Classics Edition], p. 15; Margaret Steven, Trade, Tactics and Territory: Britain in the Pacific, 1783-1823. Carlton, Victoria, Melbourne University Press, 1983., p. 98.

1800: 28 September, Gov. Hunter relinquishes command at Sydney and hands over to P. G. King. P. G. King at NSW wrote to the Duke of Portland concerning English merchants being satisfied with the prospects of the fishery off NSW; recommending the whalers bring out convicts and stores; noting that the whalers had restrictions. Dakin noted that "it was some years before New South Whales ships could trade between the colony and the East."
Dakin, Whalemen Adventurers, p. 16.

1800: NSW: Gov. King's General Order of 1 October, 1800, forced Sydney's private traders to first apply to the Governor for permission before landing spirits. This struck directly at John Macarthur, one of the largest importers.

1800: November: Delivery of copper coinage to the colony at NSW.

1800: 6 November, William Raven admitted a Younger Brother of Trinity House. Made an Elder Brother in 13 Nov., 1806. Raven had earlier often been about the early NSW colony as a respected mariner, sometimes in partnership with John St Barbe.

1800: 17 November: A despatch dated 17 Nov., 1800, to Gov. King, Sydney, brought by Enderby whaler Greenwich, see May 1801; despatch gave impending proclamation of union between Britain and Ireland to be effective January 1801.

1800: Between the First Fleet and the end of 1800, 43 convict ships had been sent to Sydney, including the wrecked HM Guardian and the hijacked Lady Shore.
Bateson, Convict Ships, p. 170.

By 1800: Some English merchants concerned with East India Company business included: Mangles, Wilkinson, Hamilton and Co. Mangles were contractors who operated in low-key fashion, sending convict service ships regularly from 1800. More successful from 1800 than Prinsep, Mangles can be regarded as having been a force in trade to India, and they also had one family member a director of the East India Company.

1800 poste: India Insurance Co., represented by Hogue, Davidson and Co. of Calcutta. David Scott a director of EICO. Charles Grant a director of EICO. 1800: some merchants concerned with EICo include Mr Mangles, Mr Wilkinson, Hamilton and Co, Mr Wigram, Lyatt and Co.

1800: Lloyd's Green Book, Underwriters. Committee is Angerstein, William Bell, John Bourke, John Campbell, Alexr Champion, George Curling, Charles H. Dubois, William Hamilton. Rbt Hunter, Rbt Pulsford. Edward Vaux. Members include: Angerstein and Rivaz, Thomas Backhouse and Co., Baillie Thornton and Campbell, Leonard Barnard, John Barnes, Thomas Bell and Son, William Borradale, James Boydell, Brown Welbank and Petyt, Richard Buller and Co., John Campbell, A. & B. Champion, George Curling, EICo, Rbt Hamilton, Rt Hon Thomas Harley, Hibbert, Fuhr and Purrier, Rbt Hunter, Yves Hurry and Co., James Inglis, Robert Ingram, J. P. Larkins, Paul Le Mesurier and Haviland. London Assurance Co. William Lushington and Co. Thos Plummer Jnr and Barry. St Barbe Green and Bignell. Smith, St Barbe and Marten, John Shoolbred; Turnbull, Forbes and Co., Brook Watson.

1800: Lloyd's Register (Green Book), Underwriters 1800. 19 June, 1799, Asia Capt. R. Wardlaw for coast and bay built Liverpool in 1798 for R. Charnock, 819 tons. G. Gillette husband sent 6 Nov, 1797 ship Bengal Capt A. Cumine, 818 tons. 8 June, 1798, R. Charnock sent Calcutta Capt W Maxwell, to St Hels and Bengal, 819 tons, and Caledonian, Capt. S. Hawies, China and Bengal. Husband W. Curtis 8 Jan sent ship City of London Capt. A. Green, to Bengal and Bombay, 800 tons. 1 Feb, 1798, J. Duncan sent Earl Spencer, Capt. C. Raitt, 645 tons but not taken up. J. Prinsep on 18 June, 1799 sent Lady Burgess Capt. A Swinton to coast and china, 820 tons. R. Charnock 24 April, 1799 sent Lord Nelson Capt. R. Spottiswood, coast and china, 819 tons. T. Curtis sent Nottingham as usual, but not taken up.

1800: Lloyd's Register 1800, (Red Book). Shipowners. Secretary on 1 Jan, 1800 was Peter Foot. Committee is Norrison Coverdale, Charles Kensington, Robert Curling, Thomas King, Joseph Dowson, William Leighton, Thomas Horncastle, John Lyall, Ives Hurry, J. J. Oddy, Ralph Keddey, William Sims, Thomas Keddey, William Thompson. List of 1800 subscribers includes: Thomas Backhouse, Aston, King and Co., Jonathan Beilby, Robert Bell, Robert Allen Boyd, Jonathan Chapman, John Chapman and Co., N(orrison) Coverdale, Cox and Curling, Robert Curling, James Davies, Thomas Hall, T. Hunter 8 books, Ives Hurry and Co., Thomas Jackson Jnr, James Inglis, Ralph Keddey, Thomas King, Robert Laing, William Leighton, John Lyall, William Martin, Mount and Johnson, Thomas Newnham, J. S. Oddy, Reeve and Green, (John) St Barbe, Green and Co., Robert Wilson.
New Lloyd's Red Book 1799-1800": Subscribers included: Rbt Hunter Jnr, Rbt Grieve, Brown Welbank and Co, The Transport Board, Corporation of Trinity House, George McCall 12 books.

1800: Thomas William Plummer MP died 1817, MP for Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, 1806-1807, Plummer in 1800 married Elizabeth Margaret Thompson daughter of Thomas Thompson, army agent, of 24 Castle St, Leicester Square, later Thompson and Son, later Charing Cross Road, later the house became Thompson and Fell, India and Australia agents, with whom the Macarthurs of NSW stayed when in London. Partner in West Indies house of Plummer, Barham and Co, London agents for Simeon Lord and Co. of Sydney
Hainsworth, Sydney Traders; Pemberton, London Connection, pp. 126-129.

1800-1801: Reporting "the second vessel to pass through Bass Strait" after Grant traversed it in Lady Nelson was the Harbinger, commanded by John Black; he arrived at Sydney on 11 January, 1801. Black named a group of islands after his employer, Hogan.
Andrew Sharp, Discovery, p. 228.

1800: Holden's Directory referring to 1799 addresses, D. & J. Campbell, Merchants, 3 Robert St, Adelphi; Duncan Campbell, merchant, 3 Robert Street, Adelphi; William Currie Esq, MP, 26 George St, Westminster. Leonard Currie Esq, Bromley. John Currie Esq, Bromley. Isaac Currie private, 35 New Broad Street. Timothy and William (Curtis) and Clarke, (ship's) biscuit makers, 236 Wapping. Alderman William Curtis, merchant and MP, Old South Sea House. Charles, Samuel and George Enderby, Oil Merchants, Paul's Wharf, Upper Thames Street in 1799; Samuel Enderby one of men listed under the heading of the Office of Commercial Commissioners for City of London and its Vicinity at 7 Austin Friars. Charles Enderby at 10 Earle Street, Blackfriars. G. & F. Kinlock, merchants, 6 Dyers Ct, Aldermanbury. Richard Mumford, Tottenham Green in 1799. John Nutt; Merchant, Broad St. Buildings, in 1799; John Nutt, merchant, 33 Old Bethlem. Arthur Shakespear Esq 108 Pall Mall in 1799; William Shakespear private 37 Hart St, Bloomsbury.

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1800: Circa: Sydney merchant Robert Campbell informs NSW's Gov. P. G. King he has accepted an agency from the London commercial house of David Scott Jnr and Co., that if that firm sent its whaling ships out he, Robert Campbell would be looking after them; there was mention also of an entry into there sealing industry. [This is a new element in NSW whaling industry information to date]. With Gov. King's permission, Campbell settled as a merchant in Sydney.

1800: After 1800, a new set of names began emerging in convict carriage, as Shelton's Accounts/Contracts show. These names - such as Mangles - reflect East India Company links at a time when the whalers were waning in strength. Nor do Lloyd's records appear to support any conclusion that the market had any particularly strong opinions about the Pacific at all. Lloyd's as a market stayed aloof, and if any underwriter, associated with any specific group of shipping interests, generated business by any method at all, that was his business. This it appears Lloyd's as a market merely looked on with a typically abstract disinterest as the whalers and the East India Company between 1786 and 1810 fought their battle over the right to sail the Pacific. In the battle, the East India Company lost the political and practical battle, and if there was any result there discernible in Lloyd's ship registers, it was that after about 1795, no barrier or prejudice was erected, that prevented any pro-whaler or pro-Pacific merchant, if he had the wherewithal, also sending ships into East India service. (Views of Dan Byrnes here).

1800: Anne 1 (Luz St Anna), 384 tons. Capt. James Stewart. Owned by Prinsep and Saunders. Arriving Sydney 21 February 1801.
Note: 1800: To 1830, one Robert Saunders, probably of Mincing Lane, with partners, was a London-Calcutta indigo dealer; he was probably son of the otherwise-unknown partner, Saunders, of John Prinsep, from about 1800. To 1826, a J. Saunders appears as a wool trader and is listed by Le Coteur as a member of the Van Diemens Land Company; but there is no proof he was connected with the original partner, Saunders, with Prinsep.

... The next files treats more ships post-1800

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