News in July 2006: The history websites on this domain now have a companion website, and an updating website as well, on a new domain, at Merchant Networks Project, produced by Dan Byrnes and Ken Cozens (of London).

This new website (it is hoped) will become a major exercise in economic and maritime history, with much attention to London/British Empire and some attention to Sydney, Australia. 

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Organisational Listings - interconnections and linkages: Section Nine

This file updated 31 July 2007

The companies or groups of investors considered below include: The Australian Agricultural Company, the South Australian Company, the West Australian investors (a rather loose group), ([1]) the Van Diemen's Land Company, the New Zealand Company. Promoters of the colonisation of South Australia.

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Investors in Van Diemens Land: subhead:

Follows an alphabetical list of Van Diemens Land Company names of interest:

(Relatively little is known of these men.)

Wool trader J. Bishop. Wool Trader J. Bond. William Borrodaile, A little-known A. Campbell. Wool trader and Russia merchant, J. Cattley. Raikes Currie, banker, (died 1881). Edmund Ellice MP (Died 1863) also a director of Canada Co. ([2]). J. Cripps MP, once deputy-governor, VDLCo. Edward Curr, J. Donaldson of Donaldson-Wilkinson. Capt. Dundas, director VDLCo though  little known. W. Everett. Wool trader H. Hicks. Rowland Hill, Hugh Hughes (VDL Co., also AA Co.). J. Innes, East Indies trader. J. Jacob, wool trader. T. Murdoch, wool trader. J. Pearse, MP and banker, Gov. VDLCo and also B. Pearse. J. Saunders, wool trader.

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Notes on passenger agent John Marshall:

By 1822, and with the rise of interest in assisted emigration to New South Wales: John Marshall was interested in shipping passengers from 1822. In 1830 he became a passenger broker, linked to Joseph Somes. ([3]) Merchants interested in the London Emigration Committee included William Crawford and Charles Lushington, bankers Edward Forster, Samuel Hoare, and John Abel Smith as a partner of Magniac Smiths and Co., and Smith, Payne and Smiths. Shipbroker and owner John Pirie, who by 1832 owned 20 ships. In 1832 Pirie proposed an organisation promoting female emigration. John Marshall later became active in promoting the bounty system of assisted emigration. ([4])  

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Lists drawn from investors in the Australian Agricultural Company from 1823:

(Note: This list is not alphabetical)

Simon Halliday, little information. Robert Dawson. George Gerard Hochpied Larpent and Anna Larpent (a link to a Cockerell firm and also a link to St Katherine Dock.) Archibald John Marjoribanks. Sir William Edward Parry, arctic explorer, died 1855. MP Richard Hart Davis.  James Hastings Norton died 1862, a director of Bank of Australasia. George Wade Norman, died 1882. NSW pioneer Henry Dangar, died 1861. Sir Henry Willoughby (almost no information).  John Leslie-Melville, Earl11 Leven, died 1876.  Stewart Marjoribanks, also NZCo and Pacific Pearler. Secretary of the AACo, Henry Thomas Ebsworth. Richard Mee Raikes, director of Bank of England. MP Henry Porcher. MP Joseph Hume. MP Henry Grey Bennet (little information). MP William Manning (little information). Director of AACo Sir Robert Townsend Farquhar and Sir Walter Farquhar Bart1. George Brown, a director of West India Docks. John Horsley Palmer, possibly of Palmer, McKillop and Co. Donald Maclean. Spanish merchant George Hathorn. William Ward a director of Bank of England. MP William Haldimand. Thomas Tooke of

AACo, (his partner was a governor, Bank of England. A Mr. Artile. John Baker Richards, a deputy-governor of Bank of England. Hugh Hughes of AACo (also a VDL Co director). George Thomas Palmer died 1854, (his mother a rare Loyalist of the early NSW colony, Susan Stillwell). Promoter of AACo, Thomas Ebsworth. John Goldsborough Ravenshaw. Cornelius Buller/Butler, a governor of Bank of England, died 1849. John Macarthur Senior, James Macarthur died 1867, John Macarthur Jnr died 1831. (Associated is banker Martin Tucker Smith, died 1880, not associated with the AACo, but part of Canada Co.) Banker with Smith, Payne and Smiths, John Abel Smith, died 1879.

Also associated with the AA Co in New South Wales were:

George Bunn (died 1834) a Sydney agent for AACo and linked to Mangles. Colonel Henry Dumaresq (died 1838).  Thomas Potter Macqueen, died 1854. Flockmaster James White, died 1842 his relative a Buckle link, being James Charles White a stock supervisor. Edmund Barton, prime minister of Australia, died 1920, his father once being secretary of AA Co. John Loch, died 1868. William Crawford, AA Co. MP George Frederick Young, (also in NZ Co and SA Co.)  Charles Bosanquet, died 1850. James Brogden, died 1842. Walter Stephenson Davidson, died 1869, of the bank, Herries-Farquhar. A. B. Spark of Sydney, died 1856. A little-known Christopher Lethbridge; also Harriet Lethbridge. Timothy Abraham Curtis, son of Sir William Curtis, London lord mayor of the 1790s. ([5]) Sir Robert Campbell, died 1858 (he once loaned money to John Macarthur Jnr.)  Walter Buchanan, died 1856, once of Buckle, Buckle, Bagster and Buchanan. Deputy-governor of  AA Co., John Studholme Brownrigg, died 1853, of Palmer and Co., then of the Cockerell firm. MP David Barclay, died 1861. Admiral Philip Parker King, died 1856. Possibly, Sir George Larpent. ([6])

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A list of investors in Western Australia:

Investors in Western Australia (not in alphabetical order), included:

Levey, ([7]) Stirling, Mangles, Edward Gibbon Wakefield (also SA Co. and New Zealand) ([8]). Sir Francis Vincent. Edward Schenley, John Hutt, Colonel Peter Latour (with land deals also in Van Diemens Land), Thomas Potter Macqueen, Robert Gouger, Jacob Montefiore. ([9])

Promoters of the colonisation of South Australia:

Follows a non-alphabetical list of those interested in the colonisation of South Australia:

Thomas Pottinger. Robert Archibald Morehead. Robert Gouger... ([10]) A. B. Spark.

Note on Robert Gouger:

Robert Gouger, of Huguenot stock, was the second youngest in a family of eleven children. He had  a brother in India, or in eastern trade. He was schooled at Nottingham and met socialist Robert Owen. Gouger by 1829 was attracted by views on the Swan River colony, and hoped to work for T. P. Macqueen, but after meeting Wakefield, Gouger "decided on Western Australia" and convinced Macqueen that importing Chinese coolies was a good idea for South Australia. Gouger was a republican  and he once visited Wakefield in Newgate. ([11]) When  Gouger first met Wakefield, Gouger was anxious about ideas of settling at Swan River, as Wakefield's  idea was to concentrate land settlement instead of being prodigal, as with the settlement of Swan River to date. Gouger, Pike says, was "efficient, single-minded" and devoted. But Gouger issued a  publication, and was later put as debtor into Kings Bench prison, where he met a Capt. Dixon, who claimed to have sailed the coasts of Southern Australia. Dixon impressed Gouger greatly, and this meeting was to have significance for South Australian colonisation. ([12])

By 1831, Gouger had formed Robert Gouger and Co. to assist poor labourers to settle in Australia and Canada. He had an establishment at 148 Leadenhall Street providing outfits for East India army agents and arranged passages to and from India and the colonies. His brother Henry, an Eastern trader, gave  some financial support to these activities. About 13 February, 1831, Gouger was aware that the private secretary to King William IV, Sir Herbert Taylor, had a friend, Major Anthony Bacon, who after Sturt's discoveries wants to found a Spencer's Gulf colony. ([13]) Hay at the Colonial Office disliked the idea, but Bacon ended in seeing Gouger, the two met in the King's Bench Prison, since Gouger was in debt due to his pamphleteering. By January 1831, Robert Gouger and Co. had distributed a pamphlet on ideas for a benevolent society to assist pauper children to emigrate. Once out of jail, Gouger distributed his "Letter" to people connected by trade or property to New  South Wales and Van Diemens Land.

Bacon was relatively little help, and after he had misused his government contacts (he was gotten rid of by R. W. Hay), the  promoters of the National Colonisation Society took new offices at 8 Regent Street and issued a prospectus for the South Australian Land Company. Torrens then interviewed Hay; ideas were expressed similar to those of an earlier proposal of August, and another prospectus arose in May 1832. The Company now had 23 members with 12 of them MPs, with the chairman being W. W. Whitmore.

Amazingly, officials responded by producing ideas as sent to the superintendent of Honduras by the governor of Jamaica in the early 1780s, (when the ill-fated convict contractor, George Moore, had failed to send convicts to North America, then to Honduras), for comparison.  ([14]) Anthony Bacon still lurked in the background, hoping to become governor of South Australia, with Gouger as his colonial-secretary. A ship Nereid was got up as ordered by Bacon, with its captain, Capt. Sutherland, who would be rewarded with the post of harbour master. Bacon began wildly borrowing, failed, went off to become a general in Portugal, and Wakefield went to France.  The Association set up rooms at the Adelphi, Whitmore remaining as chairman but doing little. The treasurer was banker/philosopher, George Grote, a friend of George Wade Norman of Bromley Common. Supporters included bankers, merchants and "philosophical radicals". What is remarkable here, apart from Bacon's wildness, is that officialdom had kept ideas on the management of a British settlement at Honduras, circa the early 1780s, from George Moore's time, which is a matter lodged in the Botany Bay debate, and actually consulted them when prospects arose for a South Australian colony.

Notes on Alexander Brodie Spark:

Alexander Brodie Spark, (1792-1856), merchant of New South Wales:

Spark went into business in June 1811 with Tod's counting house in London. By 1817 he was still with Tod, interested in their shipping department. In 1820 he went on a continental tour, spending some time with William Wordsworth and the poet's wife and sister. Spark obtained a letter of introduction to New South Wales and sailed in Princess Charlotte arriving Sydney April 1823. He soon had a George Street store selling sugar, drapery and wines, and he supplied salt meat to the commissariat. By 1825 he was chartering ships for coastal trading and building Sydney Packet. In 1826 he started a shipping agency, sent stores to Hobart, colonial produce to Calcutta, and the first of many wool consignments to London; and he backloaded merchandise when possible.

Following remarkable business success, Spark was part of the Agricultural Society and the Chamber of Commerce but he had no success with trying to join the board of the Bank of NSW. By 1826 he was on the board of the Bank of Australia, and its managing director in 1832. By 1839 he was agent for 22 ships. Later he extended land dealing to Melbourne, imported stallions, became agent for the South Australian Co., vice-president of the Commercial Banking Co of Sydney, a director of the Australian Loan Co, met with the Savings bank trustees each month. In 1840 he bought land in New Zealand and took pastoral leases in the New England district, and in 1840 he married Frances Maria, nee Biddulph, widow of Dr Henry Wyatt Radford. But drought blasted Spark, and by late 1840 he had bills of over £21,000, by 1844 he was certified insolvent. He slowly recovered and by 1846 he shipped copper ore to England and horses to India, and by 1851 he could  successfully speculate in gold. ([15])

London Importers of Australian wool: circa 1834-1841

The major London importers of Australian wool included: Walker Bros., John Gore and Co., ([16]) Robert Brooks, Montefiore Bros., Donaldson and Co., Buckles and Co., Bettingtons, Cockerell and Co., Marsden and Flower, John Flower, Rawdon, Cooper and Co., Warre Bros., J. Masson, J. Hosking, Reid, Irving and Co., Scotts, Bell and Co., A. A. Gower Nephews and Co., Magniac Smiths and Co. the London agents for Jardine Matheson ([17]); not including at Liverpool, Aspinall Browne and Co. ([18])   

Notes on Magniac:

Magniac genealogy is still not clear. Charles Magniac, connected with Jardine-Matheson; a first son, (1827?-1886), MP, was son of Hollingworth Magniac and Helen Sampson. (I do not know if this Sampson name was linked to the family Sampson found otherwise linked to various families of Blackheath, London from the 1780s, Enderby and Larkins). Charles Magniac married Augusta Wilson-Fitzpatrick. Charles here had a brother or cousin, Daniel, who remained in China, and one of these two men had a brother (or father?) Hollingworth in London, who in the late 1820s became a sleeping partner for the new company of Jardine Matheson. Charles Magniac and Co dealt to China by 1823 By 1825 or so, Charles Magniac and Co. became London agents for Fairlie and Bonham; and in 1827 Magniac was dealing with the noted merchant, Jamsetjee Jheejheeboy of Bombay. In June 1834, Magniac entered partnership with the bankers, Smiths, [brothers?], Oswald, and John Abel, the firm styled Magniac, Smith and Co. Charles Magniac was at  Chesterfield House, Audley Street, London; was became a partner in Jardine-Matheson and was a magistrate for Bedfordshire.

Notes on Magniacs, China merchants:

Daniel Francis Magniac: son of Daniel Magniac. Daniel Francis was sent to live with Alexander

Matheson's family in Glasgow by about 1831 or so. His father Daniel (died 1825 in Paris?), China trader, possibly had a brother and China trader, Hollingworth, married to Helen Sampson. ([19])

Charles Magniac, agency house trader. In data provided by a brother of an email correspondent,  Mary Pattle Hover (broken link? http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~pattle - on Pattle genealogy), Charles Magniac and Sir William Fraser (not traced) proved the will of Thomas Charles Pattle died 1815 in Macao. Charles Magniac had arrived in Canton as Prussian Vice-Consul in 1801 and by 1803 he joined Beale, Reid and Co. as a partner.

Magniac DESCENDANCY CHART (per Dan Byrnes).

1-- Senior Progenitor MAGNIAC

 sp-Miss NOTKNOWN

    2-- Daniel MAGNIAC China house (1823-1825)

     sp-Miss NOTKNOWN

        3-- Daniel Francis MAGNIAC Merchant - China trader (1830)

    2-- Charles MAGNIAC, agency house trader (1801-1824)

    2-- Hollingworth MAGNIAC of Magniac/Smith China house (1832)

     sp-Helen SAMPSON

        3-- Charles MAGNIAC trader, agency house trader - Jardine-Matheson (1827-1886)

         sp-Hon Augusta Dawson WILSON-FITZPATRICK, widow

            4-- Helen MAGNIAC ( -1945)

             sp- Lt.-Colonel Sir Francis Edward YOUNGHUSBAND (1863-1942)

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Colonists of South Australia:

Sydney Gazette, on 4 December, 1830, noted a List of members of the National Colonization Society (NCS), chair being R. W. Horton, MP, meeting at 21 Regent Street London on 18 June, 1830:  By 16 January, 1834, promoters of South Australia had begun a South Australian Church Society. ([20]) The June 1830 committee would consist of: Horton plus Robert Gouger, secretary, W. S. O'Brien MP, Thomas Potter Macqueen MP, William Smith MP (of bankers Smiths Payne Smiths?), C. Buller MP, J. C. Hobhouse MP, Colonel Talbot MP, T. Kavanagh MP, Rev. E. T. Sampson (perhaps of a Blackheath family?), Colonel Torrens, Rev. J. Styles DD, Rev. F. A. Cox LLD, John Labouchere Esq., R. H. Innes Esq., Robert Owen (socialist), John William Buckle (convict contractor, trader), J. Stirling (of Swan River?), J. Talbot Esq., H. Elphinstone Esq., William Hutt Esq., Clayton Brown Esq., C. Tennant Esq., Robert Scott Esq. Donations went to banks Smiths Payne and Smiths, Drummonds, Hammersley and Co., Cockburn and Co. (Note on Drummonds - [21]) (Note on Hammersley - [22])

Pike provides a list of members of the National Colonisation Society of 1835. If the list is regarded as noting reponsible-minded people who were also relatively uninterested in "penal practice", the men named here form the most remarkable of all lists of men interested in the betterment of colonies in Australia.

Follows from Pike's lists: William Alexander Mackinnon, wealthy Tory MP, who had a son in far eastern shipping before founding Imperial British East Africa Co., Capt. Wm. Gowan with 15 years India service, Richard Norman, son of George Norman a merchant in Norway timber, and brother of George Wade Norman, a director of Bank of England. Samuel Mills a retired financier, Richard Heathfield later in railways. George Fife Angas, (a Baptist merchant and shipowner). ([23]) E. Barnard (liberal, and an investor in AACo ), J. E. Bicheno, (son of a Dissenting minister and later colonial secretary in VDL) (sic), C. Holte, (eccentric banker possibly involved with Henry Drummond), Bracebridge, Clayton Brown, John William Buckle (an uncle of the historian, Buckle, who is found an exception amongst mostly philanthropists, AACo investor and SA promoter), Charles Buller, Sir Francis Burdett (dilettante radical), Rev. F. A. Cox, Howard Elphinstone, John Gibson, John Gore, Hon Sec Rbt Gouger, Arthur Gregory, Woronzow Grieg, Richard Heathfield, Sir John Hobhouse (dilettante radical), R. W. Horton, Erskine Humphreys, John Hutt ([24]), William Hutt, R. H. Innes, Edward King, T. Kavanagh, John Labouchere, Thomas Potter Macqueen (AACo investor and SA promoter), Lawrence Marshall, Charles Merivale, John Stuart Mill, Lucius O'Brien, William Smith O'Brien, Sir Henry Parnell, R. S. Rintoul, Rev. G. V. Sampson, Robert Scott, John Abel Smith, James Spedding, John Sterling, Rev Dr Styles, Sir Philip Sydney, Colonel Talbot, Charles Tennant, Charles Tennyson, J. H. Thomas, Colonel Torrens FRS, ([25]) E. S. Tucker, R. Trench, Hyde Villiers, John Young. A non-MP member is Edward King (later Viscount Kingsborough and an antiquarian who recommended Mexico be colonised by Israelites), T. Kavanagh (an Irishman who with Wm. Smith O'Brien spent years exploring Egypt), R. S. Rintoul (editor of The Spectator). Members not on the committee included John Simeon Hare (classics scholar), James Spedding, Charles Merivale, Viscount Howick (Charles, Earl Grey), Charles Tennyson, William Hutt (fresh from Cambridge and later MP, friends of colliery owners by his wife's connections and with his own shipping interests) and John Hutt, Charles Buller, John Sterling (he was for the Spanish patriots then in London), Charles Tennant, Stephen Spring Rice, W. S. O'Brien, John Romilly, Sir William Molesworth and Edward Strutt.

Other promoters of South Australia who were shareholders in the Australian Agricultural Company were: J. W. Buckle, Thomas Potter Macqueen, G. W. Norman (AACo investor and SA promoter), Hyde Villiers, John Smith (banker, AACo investor and SA promoter) and John Melville (retired India merchant).

Pike ([26]) also provides an 1832 list of members of South Australian Association, as: Major Aubrey Beauclerk (a Benthamite), Rev. Abraham Borradaile (reformer Anglican clergyman  assisting the poor, who finally suicided in the Thames; he had brothers as merchants at Cape of Good Hope and London, members of "the wealthy Borradaile clan"), Charles Buller (born in India in 1806, a Benthamite), J. L. Childers (liberal Whig, reforming land owner and financier), William Clay (wealthy Port of London merchant), Raikes Currie (radical, banker, gambler), Capt. William Gowan, George Grote, Benjamin Hawes (soap manufacturer), Dr. J. H. Hawkins (Benthamite), Rowland Hill (Benthamite), Matthew Hill (Benthamite), William Hutt, John Melville, Samuel Mills, Sir William Molesworth (Benthamite), Jacob Montefiore (a banker link to Rothschilds),  George Ward Norman, Richard Norman, Joseph Parkes, Thomas Pottinger (formerly in business in India), J. A. Roebuck, G. Poulett Scrope (Poor Law reformer, head of a firm of Russia merchants), Nassau William Senior (Poor Law reformer), Dr. Southwood Smith (Benthamite) Edward Strutt (Benthamite), Henry Warburton (Benthamite), William Wolryche Whitmore MP (Whitemore?),  son of a London banker and director EICo, in EI sugar, an anti-slaver, also in NZ Co.), John Wilks, Henry George Ward (Benthamite), Daniel Wakefield, Joseph Wilson, John Ashton Yates. Also interested was Joseph Wilson, a wealthy family connection of Gouger. George Grote is a Benthamite. Pike also lists as "interested  parties", George Palmer (Whig, anti-Capt. Swing movement, of Palmer, Mackillop and Co.), John Wright (a banker of Henrietta Street, London. In 1835, several interested parties also were W. A. McKinnon, Edward Barnard and John Shaw Lefevre of Colonial Office.< /p>

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List for The New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land Commercial Association: (supposedly by 1836 a semi-secret group). ([27])< /p>

Richard Aspinall, John S. Brownrigg MP of Cockerell and Co, Robert Brooks, John William Buckle, S. Donaldson of Donaldson, Wilkinson and Co., Duncan Dunbar of Duncan Dunbar and Sons, John Gore, Jacob Montefiore, ([28]) William Walker (who had a son-in-law, Donald Lanarch, a director of Bank of New South Wales) of Walker Bros. and Co., Arthur Willis of A. Willis Sons and Co., and Joseph Moore formerly a clerk for Buckles and later a partner of Devitt and Moore. ([29])< /p>

**********< span style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>< /p>

Predecessors of promoters of the New Zealand Company:

the "vague and elusive nature of... proceedings is inexplicable..."

The New Zealand Company was, "a notable institution for all its dishonesty"... ([30])

1800 and later: ([31]) A Maori visited London. Active was Capt. John Stewart, brig Elizabeth  seeking flax.

In 1823, Commissioner Bigge suggested New Zealand had a small military force to maintain order. ([32])

An 1823 document "probably" paved the way for the appearance of the New Zealand Company in 1826. It is "enigmatic" that so little is known of the NZ Co's origins and plans. The 1826 NZ Co. included John George Lambton, Earl Durham, and it raised £20,000. The "vague and elusive nature of its proceedings is inexplicable". (From McLintock).

By October 1824,  a schooner Prince of Denmark was about to sail and Asquiths wanted the   protection of the Colonial Office, but this was refused. By January 1826, Stewart was at the Bay of Islands with a party of eleven or so people, to go to Port Pegasus, Stewart Island, but this venture failed. In 1823, Colonel Edward Nicolls (sic) of Royal Marines had submitted a proposal to Earl Bathurst on spars and cordage for the royal navy. Later in 1823 appeared an anonymous Address to the People of England on the Colonization of New Zealand. (From McLintock) ([33])

Treaty, by 1825. The first New Zealand Company was formed. In 1826, Colonel R. Torrens applied to command a military force in New Zealand. Capt. James Herd's failure cost £20,000. ([34])

By 1832, R. M. Hay at the Colonial Office was collecting information on New Zealand. ([35])

In 1838, J. Montefiore gave evidence to a House of Lords committee on State of the Islands of New Zealand. Montefiore had spent months in the area in 1830 while establishing business. He  thought the southern island bleak and not yet good for habitation. In the north was the settlement of Nelson, two years old with 3000 people. Otherwise there were the Deans at Port Cooper and John Jones at Wailouaiti. ([36])

Follows a list of New Zealand Company names of interest:

Alfred Narine, (little information). Thompson A. Hankey (MP, governor Bank of England). Sir Henry George Ward. Diplomat John Ward (died 1890). MP William Wolryche Whitemore. James Brodie Gordon (little information). Sir Henry Webb. Arthur Willis (perhaps of the Willis owners of Cutty Sark?) John Ellerker Boulcott. MP Philip Henry Howard. MP Thomas Mackenzie. Rear-Admiral Sir William Symonds. MP Walter Frederick Campbell. MP Robert Ferguson. MP Benjamin Hawes. Rev Samuel Hinds, Bishop of Norwich. Ralph Fenwick. George Lyall  (director/governor of EICo.). Admiral Sir Courtenay Boyle. Governor EICo James Pattison. Ross Donnelly Mangles. Edward John Littleton, Baron1 Hatherton. James Faden. William Mannings (who might be William Manning?). SA Co. and NZCo. figure Sir William Hutt. Sir George Sinclair Bart (died 1868). Charles Enderby. Colonel Robert Torrens. Russell Ellice. MP George Frederick Young.

From the early 1840s, Sydney merchant A. B. Spark was investing in New Zealand. (See the note on him above). Later, the New South Wales politician, William Charles Wentworth became interested in making an outrageously large land claim on New Zealand. It seems Wentworth's  interest was provoked by the views of one of Wentworth's legal clients.

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An ancestry chart on the family of South Australia and New Zealand colonist Edward Gibbon  Wakefield may be of interest, as it is convoluted with the Pattle family information: (Pattle genealogy)

|Edward WAKEFIELD

 |Edward WAKEFIELD

 ||Isabella GIBBON wife2

|Edward WAKEFIELD

|| |Senior BELL

|||David (John?) BELL Merchant

||||Miss NOTKNOWN

||Priscilla Colonist BELL

| |   |David BARCLAY the 11th

| |  |Colonel David BARCLAY

| |  ||Elizabeth LIVINGSTONE wife1

| | |Robert BARCLAY of Urie, Quaker

| | |||Sir Robert GORDON, Bart

| | ||Katherine GORDON

| | | |Miss NOTKNOWN

| ||David BARCLAY son2

| |||Christian MOLLISON, Miss

| |Catherine BARCLAY

|  ||John FREAME Goldsmith

|  |Priscilla FREAME wife2

|   |Miss NOTKNOWN

Edward Gibbon WAKEFIELD NZ Co., WA Co.

||Senior CRASH

|Susan Susanna CRASH

 |Miss NOTKNOWN

And related to the Wakefield genealogy, a descendancy chart for Jerningham

1-- Senior JERNINGHAM

 sp-Miss NOTKNOWN

    2--Sir George JERNINGHAM, Bart5

     sp-Mary PLOWDEN

        3--Sir William Jerningham STAFFORD-JERNINGHAM, Bart6

         sp-Frances DILLON ( -1825)

            4--Sir George William STAFFORD-JERNINGHAM, Bart7, Baron8 Stafford (1771)

             sp-Frances SULYARDE

                5-- Laura Maria STAFFORD-JERNINGHAM ( -1886)

                 sp-Robert Edward PETRE, Hon ( -1848)

                5--Sir Henry Valentine STAFFORD-JERNINGHAM, Bart8 (1802-1912)

                 sp-Emma Eliza GERARD wife2

                5-- Emily Charlotte STAFFORD-JERNINGHAM (1835-1881)

                 sp-Basil Thomas FITZHERBERT ( -1919)

                    6-- Francis Edward STAFFORD-JERNINGHAM Baron12 Stafford (1859-1932)

                     sp-Dorothy WORTHINGTON

            6--Admiral Edward STAFFORD-JERNINGHAM Baron13 Stafford (Unm)  (1864-1941)

            4-- Frederick William STAFFORD-JERNINGHAM (1813)

             sp-Georgiana Howe MANGLES ( -1894)

            4-- William Charles STAFFORD-JERNINGHAM (1772-1820)

             sp-Anne WRIGHT

                5-- Edmund William STAFFORD-JERNINGHAM (1805-1860)

                 sp-Matilda WATERTON

                    6-- Clementina STAFFORD-JERNINGHAM ( -1925)

                     sp-William MOSTYN

        3-- Edward JERNINGHAM, Barrister

         sp-Emily MIDDLETON

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The New Zealand Company: circa 1837

Members of the New Zealand Company are listed by Adams. ([37]) They include Abraham Wildey Robarts, James Faden, William Mannings, Russell Ellice a merchant in East India trade, chairman of the East India Company in 1853. Edward Ellice (1781-1863), politician and merchant, involved in the Canadian land and fur trade, with a life connection with the Hudson's Bay Company, a radical Whig MP and government minister. Stewart Marjoribanks a merchant in the India trade, connected with the East India Company and in 1825 a founder of the Pacific Pearling Company ([38]); he was also associated with the Australian Agricultural Company. Ralph Fenwick, member of a family firm in shipping insurance. George Lyall (died 1853), politician and merchant, head of a family firm in East India trade and shipowners from 1805, chairman of The General Shipowners Society in 1832, Tory MP for Essex. Colonel Robert Torrens (1780-1864) of Royal Marines, political economist, a founder of South Australia, chairman of the South Australian Commissioners. ([39]) Hon Admiral Sir Courtenay Boyle (died 1844). Edward John Littleton (1791-1863), the first Baron Hatherton, landowner and politician, MP, chief secretary for Ireland 1833-1834. James Pattison MP, in 1818, chairman of the East India Company, governor of Bank of England in 1834-1837. ([40])

*************

A list of mostly London-based wool traders:

Edward Marjoribanks for bankers Coutts and Co. Alexander Baring the financier. Andrew Loughnan of Andrew Loughnan and sons, wool brokers of Coleman Street, later partners with Henry Hughes a Blackwell Hall factor, of 11 Basinghall St. Also in Coleman Street were John Saunders of Latreille, Wool and Co, Blackwell Hall factors of Coleman Street. Wool dealers  Everett Son and Co, clothiers of Basinghall Street. John Jacob of John Jacob and Sons, colonial merchants of 21 Birchin Lane. Charles Bischoff, (solicitor to Van Diemens Land Co.) John Ingle, shipowner (see ADB) William Wilkinson, who became a pro tem secretary of the Australian Agricultural Company. ([41])< /p>

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List of promoters of Australasian colonisation: Section Ten

The Lists

Note: Below, LEC denotes London Emigration Committee is it of 1830? CPEFAC denotes Committee for Promoting Emigration of Females to Australian Colonies. (On this committee, see Sydney Gazette, 1 November, 1834). ([42])< /p>

Investors: various

(considered alphabetically)

George Fife Angas, Baptist merchant and shipowner, SA Company, NCS, South Australian settler. ([43]) From 1840, , the directors of the South Australian Banking Company included G. F. Angas. George Fife Angas. ([44]) Angas' story should be prefaced by the seldom-told story of Anthony Bacon (see above).

Charles Barry Baldwin  London, a director in 1834 of the Bank of Australasia, co-founder of that bank.

MP David Barclay, died 1861. AA Co.

William Bingham Baring (1799-1904), second Baron Ashburton, NZ Co., also president, Royal Asiatic Society from 1862. ([45])

Edward Barnard, a senior clerk in the Colonial Office, by 1825 became a colonial agent to Australia. ([46]) NCS, AA Co. investor.

Nader/Nadir Baxter, CPEFAC. Little known.

Henry Grey Bennet, MP, AA Co. Little known.

J. E. Bicheno, NCS, later Colonial Secretary, VDL. ([47])

MP Robert Biddulph, Canada Co.

J. Bishop, wool trader, VDL Co.

Robert Blanshard, Canada Co. and Richard Blanchard, Canada Co. ([48])

Bishop Blomfield of London, SA Co.

Edward Blount, London, re Bank of Australasia, c1834.

J. Bond, wool trader, VDL Co.

William Borrodaile, VDL Co. ([49])

Charles Bosanquet (1769-1850), AA Co. and chairman, Canada Co., of that company by 1825. ([50]) Also, South Sea Company. Levant Co. merchant.

John Ellerker Boulcott, of the first NZ Co. with Lambton/Earl Durham, Littleton, George Lyall, Aaron Chapman, Stewart Marjoribanks, Colonel Robert Torrens, Edward Ellice, John William Buckle, James Faden, William Manning, George Palmer, in 1825. ([51])

Admiral Sir Courtenay Boyle, NZ Co.

Charles Holt Bracebridge, NCS,  CPEFAC.

James Brogden, died 1842, AA Co. (And Le Couteur's lists.)

L. Clayton Brown Esq., NCS. ([52])

George Brown a director of the West India Docks, AA Co. Perhaps owner of the ship Boyd (which had been chartered in Sydney for a New Zealand voyage) of the notoriety of the 1810 massacre on a New Zealand coast? ([53]) Re George Brown also: In 1810, a group of  (unnamed) Sydney merchants wish to set up their own New Zealand colony at their own expense, interested in flax. ([54])  About 1810, a different group wanted a similar venture at Port Macquarie (Bluff), Foveaux Strait. Both projects were abortive. Mr. Brown, of Brown Welbank and Petyt, a firm active circa 1800 as convict contractors, was  probably of the same firm which tendered the ship Bethia, which became HMAV Bounty, in 1787. ([55])

John Studholme Brownrigg, (died 1853), deputy-governor of AA Co. Firstly of Palmer, Wilson  and Co., then of the Cockerell firm. In this connection, useful Macarthur associates were Brownrigg and W. S. Davidson. In the later Bank of Australasia, influential men were Jacob Montefiore, J. S. Brownrigg of Cockerell and Co., and Richard Norman.

Walter Buchanan, died 1856, AA Co., once of Buckle, Buckle, Bagster and Buchanan.

John William Buckle, convict contractor, trader, AA Co., SA promoter, NZ Co., NCS, . ([56]) Also, General Shipowners Society. Buckle's firm were associated with the ship Marquis of Anglesea  landing at Fremantle on 23 August, 1829. In 1837 or later, Buckle was linked with the Bank of Australasia/ Union Bank of Australia. And for example, in 1832 Buckles sent two ships direct to Launceston.

Charles Buller, NCS. ([57])

Cornelius Buller, MP, died 1849, AA Co., NCS, governor, Bank of England. ([58]) Influential  London wool dealers included Cornelius Buller, Sir John William Lubbock (Spanish and German wool) and Henry Hughes, with 400 shares the largest single shareholder in VDL Co.

Bulwer, MP, in London during 1834-1835, assisting Donaldson and Wilkinson, London merchants trading with NSW, providing parliamentary representation concerning New South Wales while Sir John Jamison and lawyer William Charles Wentworth formed the Australian Patriotic Association. ([59])

Sir Francis Burdett, NCS. (Dilettante radical) ([60])

A. Campbell, director, VDL Co., little known.

Sir Robert Campbell, died 1858, AA Co. He is in Le Couteur's lists; he once loaned money to John Macarthur Jnr. ([61])

Capt. Dundas, little known, VDL Co.

Walter Frederick Campbell, MP, NZ Co. Little known.

Aaron Chapman, NZ Co. ([62]) By 1828, Thomas Chapman had taken seven contracts with Thomas   Shelton for convict transportation. One Thomas Chapman, it is hard to say which one, as chairman of Lloyds in 1840, 1842, and 1846. In 1817, James Chapman was on the Blackheath New Cross Turnpike Trust lists.

J. Cattley, Russia merchant, VDL Co.

Rev. F. A. Cox, LLD, NCS.

William Crawford, AACo, LEC, CPEFAC, also in Le Couteur's lists. He was of the India house, Bazett, Crawford and Co.

J. Cripps, MP, once deputy-governor, VDLCo.

Edward Curr, VDL Co.

Raikes Currie, died, 1881, banker, VDL Co., SA Co. (Bishop Blomfield (SA Co.) of London is president and his committee includes "such prominent churchmen" as Raikes Currie. ([63])

Capel Cure, CPEFAC, little known.

Timothy Abraham Curtis, AA Co., LEC, also unsuccessfully interested in flax in NSW. His banker  father,  Sir William Curtis, banker, was partner with Robarts and Were. T. A. Curtis was  one of the first people seen by Macarthurs as plans were laid for the creation of the AA Co., but this seems to come to nothing, historically.

Henry Dangar, NSW pioneer, died 1861.

Richard Hart Davis, MP, wool dealer, AA Co., LEC. Also in Le Couteur's lists. MP for Bristol, earlier one of Britain's largest importers of Spanish wool. ([64])

George Davenport, SA Co., little known.

 C. Dawson, SA Co., little known.

Robert Dawson, AA Co. ([65])

Walter Stephenson Davidson (1785-1869), banker with Herries-Farquhar, which bank in the late 1830s became Union Bank of Australia. A friend of the Macarthur family following Davidson's years in New South Wales in the early 1800s, after which he became an eastern trader. Dealing with Barings, and helping set up Dent and Co., one of the precursors of what became Jardine-Matheson in the east. AA Co. investor. Before 1838, Davidson had become a partner in bank of Herries, Farquhar and Co. in London, and not long after the establishment of the AA Co., it is said, he became "an expert in the transfer of funds between London and Sydney". By 1832 he was elected to a committee formed to select migrants in London. In 1834 he was appointed an executor of Alexr Riley's will. Davidson's son Gilbert owned Canning Downs. W. S. Davidson's uncle was Sir Walter Farquhar (1738-1819) physician to the Prince of Wales. ([66]) Davidson was a friend of the Sydney merchant, Richard Jones. On Davidson's earlier career, the following is useful. W. S. Davidson may or may not have had family links with the India agency house, (active by 1813 if not earlier), Hogue and Davidson,  ([67]), an agent for the Indian Insurance Co. Davidson was cousin of  "a prominent Calcutta merchant" whose career remain unexplained. ([68])

Walter Stuart Davidson, London, re Bank of Australasia, 1833. Little known.

J. Donaldson of Donaldson-Wilkinson, London wool and general merchants, traders to NSW. VDL Co. In 1835 letters they were supporting the rise on of the Patriotic Association and conferring with Bulwer MP in London. ([69])

Robert Downe, MP, Canada Co.

Henry Drummond, banker, NCS. ([70])

Henry Thomas Ebsworth, wool trader, secretary, AA Co. at offices, 12 King's Arms Yard of Coleman Street. A clerk there was James E. Ebsworth, plus James Brogden. Thomas Ebsworth was the AA Co.'s London wool broker till he died in 1832. Ebsworth's partner John Marsh was also a promoter of VDLCo. Ebsworth had handled the bulk of Australian wool auctions since 1816; his sons acted in the wool business  in both London and NSW. ([71])

Edward (Edmund?) Ellice, MP? NZ Co. Russell Ellice, NZ Co. Edmund Ellice, MP, VDL Co.,  died 1863; also a director of Canada Co. Edward Ellice MP, Canada Co.

Rt Hon. Henry Ellis, a co-founder of Bank of Australasia, c.1833). Ellis chaired most early meetings. (John) Wright and Co. were appointed bankers and Horatio Montefiore the stockbroker. The Sydney Gazette on 19 August, 1834, reported the formation in London of the Bank of Australasia, with a capital of £200,000. ([72])

H. Elphinstone Esq., NCS, little information.

Charles Enderby (d.1876), promoting the development of coastal New Zealand. His parents'  generation had been part of The Blackheath Connection. The younger Enderby generation was notable for letting their whaling industry slip from their grasp, and failing to re-establish a (new) South Whale Fishery ranging New Zealand waters by 1849. A letter of 16 September, 1823, from S. Enderby and Son, William Mellish and Daniel Bennett and Son, to Lt. Col. Edward Nicolls, Royal Marines, outlined the advantages of whalers operating from New Zealand if a settlement existed there. ([73]) ([74])

Notes on the Second South Whale Fishery: From 1832, Robert Brooks became interested in an Australian whale fishery. He was still interested by 1848 when other London owners were Young, and Parbury, By 1846, Towns also was interested in whaling. Oil prices collapsed in England in 1847-1848, In June 1849, Brooks actually joined the revised Southern Whale Fishery as a director, By January 1849, Charles Enderby initiated with £100,000 capital the Southern Whale Fishery to operate from the Aukland Islands south of New Zealand, Enderby himself went out to Port Ross. Brooks was an investor, but all this liquidated in a few years. Some investors  were Frederic Somes, John Gilmore, shipbroker W. S. Lindsay, and shareholders included  Thomas Baring and his partner Thomas Bates, oil merchants William Beale and Elhanan Bucknell, shipowner Money Wigram, and a New Zealand shipbroker Willis. In Sydney, Robert Towns became agent for this whale fishery. ([75])

(Genealogy of Money family: (broken link?) - http://members.tripod.co.uk/Adrian_Money/william.htm

W. Everett, wool trader, VDL Co.

James Faden, NZ Co.

Oliver Farrer, London, re Bank of Australasia, 1833.

Ralph Fenwick, MP, NZ Co.

Robert Ferguson, MP, NZ Co.

Sir Robert Townsend Farquhar, director, AA Co., and Sir Walter Farquhar, Bart1, AA Co. investor. ([76])  With some links to the bank, Herries-Farquhar, and the extended family of W. S. Davidson. Sir Thomas Harvie Farquhar (died 1836) Bart2 was of the Herries-Farquhar bank. Sir Robert Farquar (died 1830), once governor of Penang, was married to Maria Frances Latour, who also married Capt. Thomas Hamilton. ([77])< /p>

Flower and Salting, a surprisingly successful Sydney firm with principals retiring to Britain. On 1 July, 1842 was established Flower and Salting. Severin Kanute Salting (1805-1865) was a Dane. Philip W. Flower (died 1872 with an estate worth near £250,000), had an eldest son Cyril, MP, who developed Battersea and became Lord Battersea, who in 1877 married a niece of Lionel de Rothschild. Flower also has a second son, Arthur, who  became chairman of Union Bank of Australia. Philip Flower had a brother Herbert who married a sister-in-law of Queen Victoria's daughter, Louise. Salting (who died with an estate worth more than £175,000), had sons William (died 1905) and George, who had a fortune worth £1.3 million and left the Salting Collection of art to the National Gallery. The family fortune also endowed Sydney University with professorial chairs. Horace Flower in Sydney dealt in wool, tallow and gold. Commercial links were to Mclaren, later with Tertius Campbell, and probably also Donaldson. ([78])

Edward Forster, banker, LEC, chairman CPEFAC.

J. Fussell, SA Co., Little information.

John Gibson, NCS. Little information.

John Gore, NCS. ([79]) Little information. (Probably of a wool trading family).

Capt. Sir Andrew Pellet Green, London re Bank of Australasia, 1833. Little known.

James Brodie Gordon, NZ Co., little information.

Robert Gouger, SA Co., WA Co., NCS. ([80]) ([81]) See above on Gouger.

William Gowan, NCS (15 years service earlier in India.) ([82])

Arthur Gregory, NCS. Little known.

Charles Grey (1764-1845), second Earl Grey, Viscount Howick, once prime minister, pro the Reform Bill. Interested in NCS, though not a member. ([83])

Woronzow Grieg, NCS. Little known.

Pascoe St Leger Grenfell (1798-1879), banker with family interests in copper, churchman, SA promoter. He was a director of the London and Birmingham Railway. ([84])

William Haldimand, MP, AA Co. William Haldimand, MP, AACo., director of Bank of England, son of Anthony Francis Haldimand. He is listed by Le Couteur for the 1825 AA Co., and was AA Co. auditor. ([85])

Simon Halliday, AA Co. Little information. He may have been a London banker of the family Halliday from which William Halliday Halliday (formerly Cosway) married Maria a daughter of Sir Thomas Harvie Farquhar, Bart2. ([86])  

Thompson A. Hankey, MP, NZ Co., governor of the Bank of England.

George Hathorn, Spanish merchant, AA Co.

Benjamin Hawes, MP, NZ Co.

Richard Heathfield, NCS. (He later had railways interests.) ([87])

William Hibbert Jnr, Canada Co.

Wool trader Henry Parnell Hicks, director, VDL Co. A Blackwell Hall factor of No 6 Aldermanbury. ([88])

Rowland Hill, VDL Co. Little known.

Rev Samuel Hinds, Bishop of Norwich, NZ Co.

Samuel Hoare, banker, LEC, CPEFAC. ([89])

Sir John C. Hobhouse, MP, NCS. (Dilettante radical.) ([90])

C. Holte, NCS.

R. W. Horton, MP, Chair of National Colonization Society, as reported in Sydney Gazette, 4 December, 1830.

Philip Henry Howard, MP, NZ Co.

Henry Hughes, Blackwell Hall wool factor of 11 Basinghall Street. AACo., VDL Co (400 shares). ([91]) Andrew Loughnan of Andrew Loughnan and Sons, wool brokers of Coleman Street, were later partners with Henry Hughes.

Hugh Hughes, AA Co., a director of  VDL Co.

John Hullett, Canada Co., prospectus issued 6 July, 1824. He may have been of the family Hulletts connected with John Macarthur and shipping to NSW before 1820.

Joseph Hume, MP, AA Co.

Erskine Humphreys, NCS. (Little known.)

Sir William Hutt (1801-1882), shipping and colliery interests, NCS, SA. Co., NZ Co. John Hutt (1799-1880), WA Co., NCS. John Hutt became the second governor of Western Australia from 1839. ([92]) William's mother, Gilly Flower, may or may not have been a family connection to the principals of the successful Sydney firm, Flower and Salting, which had useful links in London.

J. Innes, VDL Co. Possibly an East India trader.

R. H. Innes Esq., NCS.

J. Jacob, wool trader, VDL Co.

T. Kavanagh, MP, NCS.

Edward King, NCS. Later, Viscount Kingsborough. ([93])

King family, Philip Parker King. ([94])

Henry Kingscote, SA Co., VDL Co.

John Peter Labouchere (1799-1863), banker, NCS. ([95]) John Labouchere, SA Co. John Labouchere Esq. (NCS) (Possible links to Barings or Hopes and Co?) ([96])

George Gerard Hochpied Larpent and Anna Larpent (AA Co.), a merchant with Paxton, Cockerell and Co., and also linked to the St Katherine Dock.

Colonel Peter Latour, WA Co., presumably of the Latour family mentioned elsewhere here.  He possibly also had some land dealings in Tasmania. In 1803 some of the major Fort St George (Madras) Houses of Agency were: Harington, Burnaby and Cockburn, Colt, Baker and Hart, Abbott and Maitland, Chase, Chinnery and McDouall, Tulloh, Connell and Brodie, Francis Latour and Co., Lys, Satur and deMonte, Adrican, John and Lewis De Fries, Hunter and Hay, Binney and Dennison. ([97])< /p>

John George Lambton, Earl Durham. ([98]) NZ Co.

J. H. Leckie, SA Co. Little information.

Hon J. Leslie, banker,  LEC. Little information.

Solomon Levey, Sydney ex-convict, businessman and ill-fated promoter of Western Australian development. ([99]) Here, the names Stirling, Mangles, Edward Gibbon Wakefield (also SA Co., NZ Co.), Sir Francis Vincent, Edward Schenley, John Hutt, Colonel Peter Latour, Thomas Potter Macqueen, Robert Gouger and Jacob Montefiore should all be mentioned. ([100]) ([101])  In merely eleven years, Levey had become one of NSW's wealthiest men. He began about 1814 selling lollipops in Sydney streets as a crown prisoner. He later had land in George Street with a convict general dealer, Edward Franks. Levey gained a free pardon in 1819, and married a currency lass Anne Roberts, daughter of roads contractor William Roberts who arrived by the First Fleet., Levey had a general store at 72 George Street, and was joined by his brother Barnett. He had small ships,  imported from Tasmania, and traded to New Zealand and Tahiti, sealed in Bass Strait, engaged in rope manufacture. By 1825, Levey was partner with Daniel Cooper, as owners of the Waterloo Company (or, Hutchinson, Terry and Co.), an operation quite successful by 1826 when Levey went to London.  The syndicate was William Hutchinson, Samuel Terry, George Williams, William Leverton and Daniel Cooper. Hutchinson in 1825 married Jane Roberts, mother of Levey's  wife,  Anne. Daniel Cooper also a publican. ([102])

When the Cooper-Levey partnership arose, by about 28 June, 1825, they employed W. C. Wentworth to draw up a deed of co-partnership. Then they began to import from Cape Town, Mauritius, India. Grono built for them the Australian of 264 tons, used as a whaler. When in London, Levey visited noted commercial houses and persuaded  Jewish emigrants, Phillips,  Samuel and Montefiore families to go to NSW. Between October 1828 and March 1829, Levey decided to become involved with the Swan River colony, and with the London merchant, John Fairweather Harrison, Levey met Thomas Peel (who was possibly then in a debtors prison). A syndicate of four men saw the Colonial Office, Thomas Peel, Sir Francis Vincent, Edward Schenley and Col. Thomas Potter Macqueen. (Their memorial was of 14 November, 1828, and perhaps requested a grant of four million acres for 10,000 persons.) The syndicate was under a false impression they could go ahead and bought Lady Nugent . In December, 1829, Cooper sent the Waterloo Company's brig Industry to Swan River with provisions. By 1829, Levey had probably been deceived by Peel but anyway bought Gilmore and chartered also Hooghly and Rockingham. By 1833, Levey was ill, and tried to discover the truth of Western Australian matters from the Colonial Office, but was given no help.

Thomas Lewin, CPEFAC. Little information.

Edward John Lyttleton (1791-1863), first Baron Hatherton, NZ Co. ([103])

John Loch, died 1868, AA Co. Little information.

George Long, CPEFAC. Little information.

Capt. Daniel Long RN, CPEFAC. Little information.

Sir John William Lubbock (1774-1840 - or 1865?), Bart2, AACo investor. The Lubbocks had been in banking since 1772. ([104])

Charles Lushington, LEC, CPEFAC.< /span>

George Lyall, earlier noted, NZ Co., a director and governor of the East India Company.

John Macarthur Senior (1767-1834), AA Co. investor. James Macarthur, died 1867, AA Co. John Macarthur Jnr, died 1831, AA Co. ([105])

Thomas Mackenzie, MP, NZ Co.

Thomas Potter Macqueen, (died 1854) MP, AA Co., WA Co., SA promoter, NSW settler, NCS, London, re Bank of Australasia circa 1833. Macqueen was a strangely arrogant man even by English standards of the day. He settled for a time in NSW and made proposals re establishment of Commercial Banking Company of Sydney,  with an interim secretary, Lesley Duiguid. Sydney Gazette, 6 September, 1834.

James Mackillop, MP, Canada Co.

William Alexander Mackinnon, MP, a wealthy Tory, London, re Bank of Australasia, NCS. ([106])

Ross Donnelly Mangles, director NZ Co., interested in Western Australian development.

William Manning, MP, AA Co., NZ Co., little information. Le Couteur's lists.

Stewart Marjoribanks, merchant with East India interests, also involved in the Australia trade, AA Co., NZ Co., in 1825 founder of the Pacific Pearling Co. Also, Archibald John Marjoribanks, AA Co. ([107])  One Edward Marjoribanks had connections with the bank, Coutts and Co.  Marjoribanks had many dealings with Bank of Scotland from the bank's origin into the nineteenth century.

John Marshall, shipping operator, emigration agent to Australian colonies, engaged in the Australian trade. By 1825 John Marshall of London is loading home New Zealand timber. Marshall first became active in the passenger shipping scene from 1822, and in 1830 he became a passenger broker, linked closely to Joseph Somes. ([108]) The London Emigration Committee merchant interest included: William Crawford and Charles Lushington, bankers Edward Forster, Samuel Hoare, John Abel Smith as a partner of Magniac Smiths and Co. and as a banker with Smith Payne and Smiths;  and alderman/shipowner John Pirie, who by 1832 owned 20 ships. By March 1841, Australasian trade men met regarding emigration regulations to Australia, including Buckle, Brooks, Gore, Donaldson, Lambert, Willis, Angas, Cummins, Thomas Icely, Alexander Smith of Liverpool, John Gilchrist from Glasgow (once resident in Sydney as director of UBA). All approved of John Marshall's ideas. Marshall ended bankrupt. ([109])

Lawrence Marshall, NCS.

John Melville, retired India merchant, AA Co, SA Co.

John Leslie-Melville (1786-1876), Earl11 Leven. AA Co. He was an original partner in the bank Williams, Deacon, Labouchere, Thornton and Co. ([110])

Charles Merivale, NCS.

John Stuart Mill, NCS.

J. R. Mills, SA Co.

Samuel Mills, NCS. ([111])

Sir William Molesworth (1810-1855), radical, SA promoter, NZ Co., NCS. ([112]) Later, Secretary of State for Colonies.

Jacob Barrow  , NSW colonist, trader and shipping agent, representative of Bank of Australasia, 1833 (which later became the ANZ Bank), WA Co, promoter of New Zealand whaling. The Montefiore Bros. failed n London in the 1840s, to be bailed out by Rothschild as a matter of solidarity between Jewish interests. In 1828 Montefiore helped found the Cornwall Bank to foster trade with Launceston. As Broeze has it, by the 1830s, the "hardnosed" men in Australasian trade included: Buckle, J. A. Smith, John Gore and Jacob Montefiore. In Sydney, 1834 representatives of Bank of Australasia were William Hayward AGC, Robert Campbell Jnr., William Dawes and J. Barrow Montefiore. (Sydney Gazette, 18 November, 1834.) "I expect the introduction of about a quarter of a million of money within twelve months.", J. B. Montefiore told the Legislative Council. (Sydney Gazette, 22 July, 1834.) The Gazette conveyed that JB was a brother of Jacob Montefiore in London, who married a Rothschild daughter, also a son-in-law of the London bullion broker, Moccatta. The implication in this Gazette report was that such family linkages would form a conduit for money transfers, and the Gazette seemed to feel that NSW would be nurtured by Rothschild, who was a friend of John Abel Smith of  Smith, Payne and Smiths. When in London, Solomon Levey had visited noted commercial houses and persuaded  Jewish emigrants, Phillips,  Samuel and Montefiore families to go to NSW. In 1838 evidence to a  House of Lords Committee on State of the Islands of New Zealand, Montefiore gave that he had spent months in New Zealand in 1830, establishing business. Montefiores later invested profitably in South Australia. Balanced information on the  contribution of the Montefiore interests to Australasia has yet to be written, more so as the misfortunes of Solomon Levey with Thomas Peel were part of the early Montefiore story in Australasia. ([113])

Robert Archibald Morehead, SA Co.

Samuel Eustace Morgan, London, re Bank of Australasia.

wool trader T. Murdoch, VDL Co.

Alfred Nairne, NZ Co., little info.

George Wade Norman died 1882, banker, AA Co, SA promoter. ([114])< /p>

Richard Norman, from the same banker family of Bromley Common. NCS, London, re Bank of Australasia.

James Hastings Norton (1795-1862), solicitor, AA Co shareholder.; director, Bank of Australasia from 1826 till it foundered in 1843. Also a director, Bank of NSW, 1823-1826. He was of Elswick, son of John Norton and  Mary Bradford. ([115])< /p>

Lucius O'Brien, NCS. William Smith O'Brien, MP, NCS. ([116])< /p>

Robert Owen, socialist, NCS.

George Palmer, in 1825 of the NZ Co. Probably the same as George Thomas Palmer, died 1854, of the AA Co, whose mother was a rare Loyalist settling in New South Wales, Susan Stillwell. Brother of John below. That is, his family was of the noted India agency house, John Palmer and Co. He became a senior member of the General Shipowners Society.

John Horsley Palmer, AA Co., director of the Bank of England, merchant of the East India house, Palmer and Wilson and Co., although John may finally have avoided heavy AA Co. involvements. Brother of George above. ([117]) J. H. Palmer seems also to have been of the firm, Palmer, Mackillop and Co. Little is known of the Mackillop interests.

Sir Henry Parnell, NCS.

Sir William Edward Parry (1790-1855), AA Co., arctic explorer. ([118])< /p>

James Pattison, MP, He is listed by Adams in Fatal Necessity, re NZ Co. Governor, East India Company, governor, Bank of England, MP for City of London. Little known, though his family was of Plumstead in Kent. ([119])< /p>

J. Pearse, MP and banker, governor VDL Co. Also connected was B. Pearse.

Colonel Phipps, CPEFAC. Little known.

John Pirie (1781-1851), shipping operator, has been greatly underestimated as a London Lord Mayor supporting colonial endeavours. He was a director of the SA Co., and of the NZ Co., CPEFAC. The  SA Colonial land and Emigration Commission of 1840 had signatories including George Fife Angas ([120]), Brooks, Gore, Brownrigg, Cummins, Mangles, Price and Co., Ellice Kinnear and Co., Pirie, Somes, Walker, Willis, James Bogle Smith, Magniac Smiths and Co., Rickards Little and Co., and AA Gower Nephews and Co. In 1832 Pirie proposed for an organisation promoting female emigration. In 1834 he was a London alderman for City Ward of Cornhill and in 1841-1842 was Lord Mayor. ([121])  His name surfaces also too little in discussions of business enterprise.

Henry Porcher, MP, AA Co.

Thomas Pottinger, SA Co., little known, formerly in India business. ([122])< /p>

Richard Mee Raikes, Russia Merchant, AA Co., a director of the Bank of England. ([123])< /p>

John Goldsborough Ravenshaw, AA Co., an East India Company director. ([124])< /p>

Matthew Boulton Rennie, London, re Bank of Australasia.

John S. Reynolds, CPEFAC.

John Baker Richards, AA Co., a deputy-governor of the Bank of England.

Stephen Spring Rice, NCS. ([125])< /p>

R. S. Rintoul, NCS. (Editor, The Spectator). ([126])< /p>

John Romilly, NCS .

John Rundle, SA Co.

Rev E. T. Sampson, NCS. (He may have been of the Sampson family intermarried with the families Larkins and Enderbys of Blackheath, or, to the Magniac family?)

Rev. G. V. Sampson, NCS. ([127])< /p>

J. Saunders, Wool trader, VDL Co.

Edward Schenley, WA Co.

Robert Scott Esq., NCS.

Sir George Sinclair, Bart2,  died 1868, NZ Co.

Martin Tucker Smith, banker, died 1880, nil interest in AACo, but part of Canada Co. ([128]) Of the bankers, Smith, Payne and Smiths.

John Abel Smith (died 1879), banker, AA Co., NZ Co., SA promoter, CPEFAC, NCS. Of the bank, Smith, Payne, Smiths. John Abel Smith (LEC) was also a partner of Magniac Smiths and Co.  He became "mentally ill" by 1844 and resigned positions regarding the promotion of  South Australia. ([129])< /p>

William Smith, MP, of the bankers, Smiths Payne Smiths, probably NCS.

Joseph Somes, shipowner, convict contractor, promoter of colonisation, deputy-governor and governor of NZ Co. ([130])< /p>

James Spedding, NCS.

John Sterling, NCS.

S. H. Sterry, CPEFAC. Little known.

Stirling, family of Sir James, WA Co.

J. Stirling (of Swan River?), NCS.

Edward Strutt, NCS.

Rev. J. Styles, DD, NCS.

Sir Philip Sydney, NCS.

Rear-Admiral Sir William Symonds, NZ Co.

Colonel Talbot, MP, NCS.

J. Talbot Esq., NCS.

John Taylor, CPEFAC.

Charles Tennant Esq., NCS.

Charles Tennyson, NCS.

J. R. Todd, SA Co.

Thomas Tooke, Russia merchant, AACo; his partner is a governor of Bank of England, Mr. Artile.

J. H. Thomas, NCS.

William Thompson (1793-1854), Lord Mayor of London 1828-1829, iron master and shipowner,  NZ Co. Director, Bank of England 1827-1852. Director of the Cambrian, Gloucester and London Railway Company. Sometime chairman of Lloyd's. ([131])

Col. Robert Torrens, NZ Co., NCS. ([132])

R. Trench, NCS.

E. S. Tucker, NCS.

Hyde Villiers, AA Co., SA promoter, NCS.

Sir Francis Vincent, WA Co. ([133])

MP George Frederick Young, MO, AA Co., NZ Co., SA. Co.

John Young, NCS.

Edward Gibbon Wakefield, WA Co., SA. Co, NZ Co. ([134]) His family were deeply involved in a major thrust to colonise New Zealand.

Sir Henry George Ward, NZ Co.

William Ward, auditor, AA Co., a director of the Bank of England. Senior partner with W. and H. B. Ward, New Broad Street, Spanish and Mediterranean merchants. Lecouteur 1825 lists for AA Co.

Sir Henry Webb, NZ Co.

John Wheelton, SA Co.

William Wolryche Whitmore, MP,  early chairman of South Australian Land Co. NZ Co. In an East India sugar business. Son of a London banker. Director of East India Company. ([135])

William Williams, MP, deputy-chairman, Canada Co.

Arthur Willis, NZ Co. (It is uncertain if this man was of the family Willis, owners of the famed wool clipper Cutty Sark).

Sir Henry Willoughby, AA Co., little known.

John Wright, little known London banker, re Bank of Australasia. (Attention should be paid to Wrights bankers as they are particularly little known). ([136])

Ends Lists

*     *     *

A List of Bankers, various, in UK and Australia:

Men interested in the Bank of Australasia (which became the ANZ bank, see Merrett) included:

The Bank of Australasia had a capital of £200,000. Secretary, Frederick Boucher (sic), Samuel Eustace Morgan (sic), Jacob Montefiore, Richard Norman, William Sargent, John Wright (of Wrights the bankers, little-known) ([137]), Charles Barry Baldwin, Edward Barnard, John Studholme Brownrigg, Rt Hon Henry Ellis, Oliver Farrer, Sir Andrew Green, RN. ([138])

***************************

The Australasian vice-regal sector - the results of deeper genealogical probes: section eleven

Section Eleven: Reflections

Some governors of Australasia's colonies in the nineteenth century came from virtually a new, "bureaucratic" class found in British life of the nineteenth century - the professional governor, a sort of civil servant who took a brief to guide colonial political and other developments in often subtle ways. (Arguably, the British government did not stand in the way of the increasing self-determination of Australasian colonies.) Some of these men had risen through a "meritocracy". Some had "family connections". Some were interested in their job and some were bored. Some found it too expensive, others not. What is inescapable in many of their genealogies - or those of their wives - is connection to the rising group of intermarried banker families. And a great many of such interconnections concentrated in London life - cultural/literary, financial, political, rather than being dispersed in England's provincial, or gentry, life. One can wonder, then, what to make of the interconnected influences of London's financiers on Australasian developments. For here, the word "convict" is also inescapable, via the words convict contractor, via some of the family connections of convict contractors, who have also been little-studied by Australians.

What can we say that we find? It seems strange that during the hegemony of the long application during the Twentieth Century, of Marxist interpretations of historical movements, the genealogical linkages (or other kinds of linkages) between the members of the Australasian vice-regal sector, British bankers, a variety of intermarried Anglo-Australian families, ship managers including convict contractors, and financial operators in many fields, were never noticed as extensive. For the findings would seem to fit the more Marxist-conspiratorial theories of the ownership of the means of production (etcetera), almost perfectly. ([139]) Yet there are gaps, too.

Many financial operators, such as Pirie, noted above, are little discussed, whether their career was noticed in London or elsewhere. One rather thinks that with genealogical pursuits having become so popular before the advent of the Internet, and now with the Internet in such frequent use by genealogists of all sorts, many findings will be made which will confirm the directions hinted at in the preceding sections of this article.

Can we say, in an interpretation that fits more with an Australian cultural habit, of providing sympathy to the figure of the convict, "more sinned against than sinning", that the contribution of that abstract figure, "the transported convict", was that of a beast of burden, used to create new developments at the edge of the known world. That this abstract figure, low in society, had a destiny guided by financier families in Britain, families who had representatives in the vice-regal sector, who also via many interlocked companies extended credit to men willing to invest their time and effort in "pioneering" Australia. This too is also simplistic, however "Australian" it may be in tone of voice. One thing notable in Australian history, life and culture, a distinguishing characteristic, is a respect for individualism of a new kind, for individualism of many new kinds, and one suspects that more Australian writers would prefer to writer about an individual convict than an individual governor.

This is perhaps the problem with Australian writing on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, too great a concern for the picaresque, for stand-out individualism, plus a collective cultural good such as "egalitarianism", plus notice of a difficult climate in a harsh land, and too little concern for the way Australian development was plugged into the Imperial warp and weft of British concerns.

The intermarriedness of Britain's banker families, of notable Anglo-Australian families, especially the Macarthurs of Parramatta, with shipping operators has been long overlooked. Not until the history is written of World War One, does any note of scepticism about Imperial concerns enter the Australian mind. The rise of this scepticism came from within Australians themselves, after the traumas of Gallipoli. And this in its way is also appropriate.

Ultimately, the greatest problems to be noticed here seem to spring from an expectation in the mind of historians, that Australian history should be explicable by sets of linearities. ([140]) Australia after all is quite recently settled, from 1788. New technology was always soon up-and-running, and easy to transplant to Australia, however distant it was. Navigation was increasingly reliable. One can associate ups-and-downs in Australian events with ups-and-downs in British affairs in relatively clean ways. One may as well suggest that developments can be sensibly traced, with linearity, from inception, from 1788.

Here, the present writer disagrees. With his long preoccupation with one question - who owned the convict ships, why did they bother to send them to Australia? - the present writer has found a large-scale non-linearity in history. Matters genealogical are, rather, a question of unexpected curvatures, something like this. The most notorious convict contractors, and some of the most cruel voyages for convicts, operated before 1800. ([141]) From 1800, and certainly after 1815, when more convicts were sent to Australia following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the convict contractors had quite different concerns. It was possible for them to be less interested in Eastern affairs, or, more interested in Australasian affairs, simply because their associates had Eastern interests. There was probably a blending in financial circles, in London, between Eastern and Australasian interests, that does not show in Australian economic history, for lack of evidence, and research, both. (In fact, as the nineteenth century proceeded, the number of convict contractors active in the business shrank markedly, but then, from the 1840s, so did the number of convicts  transportable to Australia.

The slack in maritime business was taken up with the emigrations of free people.) What little information we have on the commercial careers of the convict contractors from 1800 indicates that they were greatly preoccupied with the standard business concerns of their lifetime, often in standard ways. It is not finally surprising that if they were affluent, their families shared the middle-class or upper middle-class sensibilities of their day - which might have entailed marriage into Britain's great clan of intermarried banker families. Any notable Anglo-British families almost naturally shared such sensibilities - and broadening financial concerns. These sorts of familial concerns were so broad, and so shared, they lack focus. The backers of Australasian development in the nineteenth century were a kind of amorphous clan, influential, powerful, and most of all, unquestioned because they did not question. If not financially united, they were ideologically united, since there was no reason not to be so.

In terms of explanations of Australian history, the influences of their familial groupings cannot be explained by any kinds of linearities, because they were more a fractalised phenomenon. So also were some of their radical or idealistic attitudes, or theories on the development of society in new lands, fractalised and fractalising. In various ways, this "phenomenon" meets no linearity in history, simply because it will elude linear-style explanations, whether chronological, ideological, or "financial" (in any Marxist sense). Or, linear in the sense that there are any straight lines in terms of cultural development in Australia. In Australasian shipping and maritime history, of which the transportation of convicts is a part, one concludes that there are few straight lines; which may be just one reason such history is so little-studied. Yet it also seems absurd to ignore the maritime history of what in fact is the world's largest island, settled so late in terms of the chronologies of European history, with general history long-written to the accompanying paen of praises of British maritime achievements - Captain James Cook and all that!.

Sir Gerard Smith (1839-1920), KCMG, governor of Western Australia, was of the extended family of the first chairman of the Australian Agricultural Society, John Abel Smith (1801-1879) (noted above). Sir Gerard Smith was a grandson of East India Company director, politician and banker (as a senior partner of Smith, Payne, Smiths) and East India Company director, John II Smith (1767-1842), MP. ([142]) John II Smith of Blendon Hall, Kent. (John II's mother was Mary Bird of Warwickshire, but it is difficult to establish if she was of the families associated with the first English bankers who held the account of the US government, Bird, Savage and Bird, noted elsewhere herein. ([143]) John II Smith married three times; to Sarah Boone (1), then to Miss Tucker, (2) then to Emma Leigh (3).

Oddly enough, many members of the banker-networks noted above knew family members who also populated the Australasian vice-regal sector. An example from New Zealand may serve to introduce this new theme... ([144])< /p>

The merchant Logan Campbell became influential in New Zealand's commercial circles. ([145]) If he had chosen to exercise his extended family's connections (as does not appear to be the case), Logan Campbell could have had access to such as: Grenfell bankers, Smith, Payne, Smith bankers, Dunbars of Northfield, and a governor of the Bank of Scotland, James Ramsay (1812-1860), tenth Earl Dalhousie, governor-general of India, and railway and telegraph promoter. Campbell seems to have confined himself however to connections in India and London.

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Many investors in Australasia of course were Londoners, and some of them had investments in other areas of the British Empire of the day, such as India, China, South Africa or Canada. Names known to Australasian-Pacific popular history include Ben Boyd, who amongst other failures, failed to keep his portfolio suitably diversified. ([146]) But this observation is  made also in the context of a generally land-based history, while  in fact, investors in Australasia were constrained to use shipping. In the context of maritime history, the records for Australasian activity suffers from a severe problem, which is that there is no central register enabling the user to quickly find which investors - or, financial names - might have been associated with which particular patterns of ship usage. As a result, our outlooks on linkages in the Australasian region, between shipping management, activity and investment lacks comprehensiveness, and worse, lacks a sense of  structure. ([147])< /p>

Where genealogical considerations arise, as is the case with W. S. Davidson, the Macarthur family, with Stirling-Mangles in Western Australia, with the reformation of the Bank of NSW in the 1850s, litanies of the names of members of British banking houses become commonplace because of the narrowness of the social circles in England which are to be discussed. Which is hardly surprising, except that many family names can also be found populating the rather little-studied Australasian vice-regal sector. Upon examining the Australian vice-regal sector, genealogically, we find not merely some persons with links to the British nineteenth century network of intermarried banker families, we als find some family histories which present themes which go back to the  dawn of English colonisation, to Elizabethan or pre-Elizabethan times.

(1) By legend, Hannibal Hawkins Macarthur (1788-1861), AA Co. investor and chairman of Bank of Australia (which failed in 1843), is said to be descended from the Hawkins family which from the 1550s inspired the first English involvements in slavery, a family which also greatly aided the more formal organisation of the Elizabethan navy. ([148])< /p>

Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton (1837-1915), third baronet, governor of South Australia from 29 October, 1895, was son of  Sir Edward North Buxton and (from a banker family) Catherine Gurney; he married Catherine Noel. A partner with the brewers, Truman, Hanbury and Co., he had two brothers who were bankers. His forebears include the banker names Gurney, Hanbury, Lloyd, and also the whalers Enderby of Blackheath.  ([149])< /p>

Hallam Tennyson (1852-1928), second Baron Tennyson, a barrister son of the poet Tennyson, became governor of South Australia. Indicating a certain closedness in the social circles under discussion, his second wife, of 1918, was Mary Prinsep a grand-daughter of the indigo pioneer, John Prinsep, noted above. ([150])< /p>

A governor of NSW 1899-1902, William Lygon (1872-1938), seventh Earl Beauchamp, Viscount Elmley, was also a representative of the Smith, Payne, Smiths "clan". William, was son of Frederick Lygon (1830-1891), sixth Earl Beauchamp, and Mary Catherine Stanhope; he married Lattice Mary Elizabeth Grosvenor. ([151]) ([152]) Mary Catherine Stanhope on her mother's side was descended from Abel II Smith (1717-1788), of the Smith  banker family.

The governor of New South Wales from 12 December, 1885, Charles Robert Wynn-Carrington (born 1843), third Baron Carrington, first Marquis Lincolnshire, had genealogical links to the families of the bankers, Smith, Payne and Smiths, plus the name Bird, and to Barings as well. His father, confusingly, was Robert John Smith, of the Smith banker family. Third Baron Carrington married Cecilia Harbord, a daughter of Charles Harbord (1830-1914), fifth Baron Suffield, and Cecilia Baring, a daughter of Henry Baring (1776-1848), who had spent his early years at Canton, and who probably knew W. S. Davidson, later of Herries-Farquhar.

Hon. Louis Hope (1817-1894), ([153]) a "planter" who "lived as a landed aristocrat in NSW", was the seventh son of John Hope, fourth Earl Hopetoun, by his second wife, Louisa Wedderburn; he married Susan Frances Dumaresq, a relative of  Colonel Henry

Dumaresq, who helped settle the Armidale/New England area of New South Wales. ([154])  John Adrian Hope (1860-1908), seventh Earl Hopetoun, first governor-general of the Commonwealth of  Australia, was also a link to Susan Dumaresq of the extended family of Colonel Henry Dumaresq (in family matters also linked to the descendants of Macleay of New South Wales). ([155]) Seventh Earl Hopetoun was associated with the Bank of Scotland, as a deputy-governor 1904-1908. He was son of  John Alexander Hope, sixth Earl Hopetoun, and Ethelred Birch-Reynardson; he married Hersey Alice De Moleyns. ([156]) 

A governor of Queensland, Charles Ross-Cochrane-Wishart-Baillie, second Baron Lamington, was brother of Violet Mary Louise Cochrane, third daughter of Alexander Dundas Ross-Cochrane-Wishart-Baillie, first Baron Lamington, and Annabella Mary E Drummond; Violet married Henry Dundas  (1835-1904) fifth Viscount Melville. ([157]) Second Baron Lamington's sister, Constance Mary Elizabeth Ross, married Reginald Windsor Sackville (died 1896), seventh Earl De La Warr; their daughter Edeline Sackville married Gerald Strickland (1861-1940), first Baron Strickland, a governor of NSW. ([158]) Here, Edeline Sackville as daughter of Constance Mary Ross-Baillie, a daughter of first Baron Lamington, was niece of a governor of Queensland, once governor of Bombay, Charles Wallace Baillie (d.1940) second Baron Lamington.

Genealogical interconnections entwine through the Australian vice-regal sector, but it is difficult to say where they might lead. Henry Dundas, first Viscount Melville, ([159]) had married as second wife, Jean Hope, daughter of John Hope, Earl2 Hopetoun. Genealogically, some links are here proposed to the merchants Hope of Amsterdam, a powerful group which were blasted by the American Revolution, their remnants taken over after 1800 by Barings. And so it is not hard to imagine that banker connections at high political and social levels, had worked throughout the nineteenth century to manipulate investments in Australia - working through somewhat narrow family interconnections.  Of course, what is not yet known, is, if this happened. However, if such interconnections had been at work, the most useful evidence does not surface till late in the nineteenth century. One never reads that Barings invested in Australian colonies.

Yet, Henry Robert Brand (1841-1906), a governor of NSW 1895-1899, second Viscount  Hampden, Lord Dacre, was son of Henry Bouverie Brand, 23^rd Lord Dacre, and Eliza Ellice. Second Viscount Hampden married firstly Victoria Alexandrina Van De Weyer (sister of Eleanor the mother of Lady Sylvia Brett/Brooke (1885-1971), of the Brookes of Sarawak), and then Susan Henrietta Cavendish (who has the names Lascelles in her background). Henry Robert Brand's daughter Gertrude married to the father of a governor of Western Australia, William Campion (1870-9151). ([160]) Here arises yet another possible link to Barings, or, Baring investments? A financier with Brings, Joshua Bates (d.1864), was born at Weymouth near Boston in 1788. From 1803 he was clerk in a large US trading house, W. R. and W. Gray. In 1815-16 he went to Europe as a confidential agent. Leter he went to Boston and entered partnership with John Baring. From 1825 this partnership became part of Baring and Co. ([161])< /p>

A governor of Western Australia, also a governor of Madras, Arthur Lawley, (1860-1932), sixth Baron Wenlock, KCMG, before World War Two was once a chairman of a child emigration society. ([162]) He becomes a link to J. Donaldson of the VDL Co., and the London wool traders, Donaldson/Wilkinson, and possibly to the bankers Barclay;  also to Lascelles, plus a link to the shipping managers, Cunard. Sixth Baron Wenlock was a son of Beilby Richard Lawley, fourth Baron Wenlock, Elizabeth Grosvenor; he married Annie Allen Cunard. ([163]) Meanwhile, J. Donaldson, a director of the VDL Co., was a son of Sir Stuart A. Donaldson and Amelia Cowper. His sister May Ethel Donaldson married Rev. Algernon Lawley, a missionary to Brisbane, a son of fourth Baron Wenlock, and a brother of a banker with Barclays, Beilby Lawley. ([164])< /p>

W. S. Davidson may have been a link between Barings and other investors in Australia?  Barings interests probably dealt with WS Davidson, from 1810 or so? He later worked at Herries-Farquar in London, a discreet bank with pre-existing international financial links due to its promotion of the use of traveller's cheques since the 1770s. W. S. Davidson dealt with Macarthurs in NSW as their "family banker", with John Abel Smith MP, first chairman of the AA Co., who had strong links to what became Jardine-Matheson. Davidson had some family links with John Lambton, first Earl Durham, and the Farquhar family. One Caroline Farquhar married Charles Grey, Viscount Howick, a son of prime minister Charles Grey, second Earl Grey, whose daughter, Louisa Elizabeth (1797-1841) married Durham. Davidson's mother was sister of a physician to royalty, Sir Walter Farquhar. Charity Graeme Farquhar married Rev Hamilton; her sons became involved in the Australia trade (see E. W. T. Hamilton listed below), and Farquhars were also married to Latours, who became AA Co investors.

Latours in turn were married to members of the Marjoribanks family, who were also engaged in the Australian trade. W. S. Davidson's siblings married with the name Leslie, a name found in Australian pastoral history. Further, one William Leslie once worked for Dent and Co., a company linkage traceable also to W. S. Davidson. The NSW explorer John Oxley was once linked with Dent and Co. (Dent and Co had links to the large eastern firm, Palmer-McKillop). ([165]) W. S. Davidson may also have had links with Plummer and Co. of London (a link to Macarthurs of NSW), and to the wool trader Stuart Donaldson. When in the east, Davidson had sent American-linked ships to Sydney for Robert Campbell and Alexander Riley. Davidson also became linked to Peter Latour of Western Australia and Thacker "of the Australian trade", plus Londoners William Chapman and Lord Mayor John Pirie. One of Davidson's Sydney agents was Richard Jones, who in turn was linked to Donaldson, Wilkinson and Co. (Note: Too little is known of Donaldson and Wilkinson. London wool dealer Sir Stuart Alexander Donaldson dealt with Dawes and Co. (see below) of Sydney and Richard Jones/W. S.  Davidson.) 

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Entrepreneurs of Australia: Section Twelve

During the nineteenth century, Australian entrepreneurs not only dealt with British aristocracy intermarried with banker families, their families intermarried also in some cases, providing a de facto Australian aristocracy, of a kind. However, the resulting genealogies have never been probed in respect of Australian economic development, broadly. What we do not know is the extent to which banker affiliations, considered genealogically, were also reflected in actual interventions in economic life in Australasia, and a correlative approach is all that can be used presently. What becomes evident from a survey made between 1780 and 1900 is that from 1786, the originally operating convict contractors, or, government contractors, had no widely influential family connections. By 1840, after John Prinsep's first initiatives, about 1800, this situation had changed markedly. The number of convict contractors operating shrank, and some of their families, or families of their associates, had increasingly tended to marry well - sometimes to a distinct section of the upper classes - families comprised of intermarriages between aristocracy and banker families. Australian enterprise could have been managed at financial levels by groupings of such family-linked members. The extent to which this phenomenon can be reflected in the family histories of a number of governors of Australasian colonies still needs assessment. What seems clear is that while the number of convict contractors operating shrank, government support for their operations as contractors waned - but while this happened, the contractors and their associates were able to make i