Genealogy Two

News in July 2006: The history websites on this domain now have a companion website, and an updating website as well, on a new domain, at Merchant Networks Project, produced by Dan Byrnes and Ken Cozens (of London).

This new website (it is hoped) will become a major exercise in economic and maritime history, with much attention to London/British Empire and some attention to Sydney, Australia.

The companies or groups of investors considered below include: The Australian Agricultural Company, the South Australian Company, the West Australian investors (a rather loose group), ([1]) the Van Diemen's Land Company, the New Zealand Company. Promoters of the colonisation of South Australia.

Wool trader J. Bishop. Wool Trader J. Bond. William Borrodaile, A little-known A. Campbell. Wool trader and Russia merchant, J. Cattley. Raikes Currie, banker, (died 1881). Edmund Ellice MP (Died 1863) also a director of Canada Co. ([2]). J. Cripps MP, once deputy-governor, VDLCo. Edward Curr, J. Donaldson of Donaldson-Wilkinson. Capt. Dundas, director VDLCo though little known. W. Everett. Wool trader H. Hicks. Rowland Hill, Hugh Hughes (VDL Co., also AA Co.). J. Innes, East Indies trader. J. Jacob, wool trader. T. Murdoch, wool trader. J. Pearse, MP and banker, Gov. VDLCo and also B. Pearse. J. Saunders, wool trader.

By 1822, and with the rise of interest in assisted emigration to New South Wales: John Marshall was interested in shipping passengers from 1822. In 1830 he became a passenger broker, linked to Joseph Somes. ([3]) Merchants interested in the London Emigration Committee included William Crawford and Charles Lushington, bankers Edward Forster, Samuel Hoare, and John Abel Smith as a partner of Magniac Smiths and Co., and Smith, Payne and Smiths. Shipbroker and owner John Pirie, who by 1832 owned 20 ships. In 1832 Pirie proposed an organisation promoting female emigration. John Marshall later became active in promoting the bounty system of assisted emigration. ([4])

Lists drawn from investors in the Australian Agricultural Company from 1823:

Simon Halliday, little information. Robert Dawson. George Gerard Hochpied Larpent and Anna Larpent (a link to a Cockerell firm and also a link to St Katherine Dock.) Archibald John Marjoribanks. Sir William Edward Parry, arctic explorer, died 1855. MP Richard Hart Davis. James Hastings Norton died 1862, a director of Bank of Australasia. George Wade Norman, died 1882. NSW pioneer Henry Dangar, died 1861. Sir Henry Willoughby (almost no information). John Leslie-Melville, Earl11 Leven, died 1876. Stewart Marjoribanks, also NZCo and Pacific Pearler. Secretary of the AACo, Henry Thomas Ebsworth. Richard Mee Raikes, director of Bank of England. MP Henry Porcher. MP Joseph Hume. MP Henry Grey Bennet (little information). MP William Manning (little information). Director of AACo Sir Robert Townsend Farquhar and Sir Walter Farquhar Bart1. George Brown, a director of West India Docks. John Horsley Palmer, possibly of Palmer, McKillop and Co. Donald Maclean. Spanish merchant George Hathorn. William Ward a director of Bank of England. MP William Haldimand. Thomas Tooke of

AACo, (his partner was a governor, Bank of England. A Mr. Artile. John Baker Richards, a deputy-governor of Bank of England. Hugh Hughes of AACo (also a VDL Co director). George Thomas Palmer died 1854, (his mother a rare Loyalist of the early NSW colony, Susan Stillwell). Promoter of AACo, Thomas Ebsworth. John Goldsborough Ravenshaw. Cornelius Buller/Butler, a governor of Bank of England, died 1849. John Macarthur Senior, James Macarthur died 1867, John Macarthur Jnr died 1831. (Associated is banker Martin Tucker Smith, died 1880, not associated with the AACo, but part of Canada Co.) Banker with Smith, Payne and Smiths, John Abel Smith, died 1879.

George Bunn (died 1834) a Sydney agent for AACo and linked to Mangles. Colonel Henry Dumaresq (died 1838). Thomas Potter Macqueen, died 1854. Flockmaster James White, died 1842 his relative a Buckle link, being James Charles White a stock supervisor. Edmund Barton, prime minister of Australia, died 1920, his father once being secretary of AA Co. John Loch, died 1868. William Crawford, AA Co. MP George Frederick Young, (also in NZ Co and SA Co.) Charles Bosanquet, died 1850. James Brogden, died 1842. Walter Stephenson Davidson, died 1869, of the bank, Herries-Farquhar. A. B. Spark of Sydney, died 1856. A little-known Christopher Lethbridge; also Harriet Lethbridge. Timothy Abraham Curtis, son of Sir William Curtis, London lord mayor of the 1790s. ([5]) Sir Robert Campbell, died 1858 (he once loaned money to John Macarthur Jnr.) Walter Buchanan, died 1856, once of Buckle, Buckle, Bagster and Buchanan. Deputy-governor of AA Co., John Studholme Brownrigg, died 1853, of Palmer and Co., then of the Cockerell firm. MP David Barclay, died 1861. Admiral Philip Parker King, died 1856. Possibly, Sir George Larpent. ([6])

Levey, ([7]) Stirling, Mangles, Edward Gibbon Wakefield (also SA Co. and New Zealand) ([8]). Sir Francis Vincent. Edward Schenley, John Hutt, Colonel Peter Latour (with land deals also in Van Diemens Land), Thomas Potter Macqueen, Robert Gouger, Jacob Montefiore. ([9])

Follows a non-alphabetical list of those interested in the colonisation of South Australia:

Thomas Pottinger. Robert Archibald Morehead. Robert Gouger... ([10]) A. B. Spark.

Robert Gouger, of Huguenot stock, was the second youngest in a family of eleven children. He had a brother in India, or in eastern trade. He was schooled at Nottingham and met socialist Robert Owen. Gouger by 1829 was attracted by views on the Swan River colony, and hoped to work for T. P. Macqueen, but after meeting Wakefield, Gouger "decided on Western Australia" and convinced Macqueen that importing Chinese coolies was a good idea for South Australia. Gouger was a republican and he once visited Wakefield in Newgate. ([11]) When Gouger first met Wakefield, Gouger was anxious about ideas of settling at Swan River, as Wakefield's idea was to concentrate land settlement instead of being prodigal, as with the settlement of Swan River to date. Gouger, Pike says, was "efficient, single-minded" and devoted. But Gouger issued a publication, and was later put as debtor into Kings Bench prison, where he met a Capt. Dixon, who claimed to have sailed the coasts of Southern Australia. Dixon impressed Gouger greatly, and this meeting was to have significance for South Australian colonisation. ([12])

By 1831, Gouger had formed Robert Gouger and Co. to assist poor labourers to settle in Australia and Canada. He had an establishment at 148 Leadenhall Street providing outfits for East India army agents and arranged passages to and from India and the colonies. His brother Henry, an Eastern trader, gave some financial support to these activities. About 13 February, 1831, Gouger was aware that the private secretary to King William IV, Sir Herbert Taylor, had a friend, Major Anthony Bacon, who after Sturt's discoveries wants to found a Spencer's Gulf colony. ([13]) Hay at the Colonial Office disliked the idea, but Bacon ended in seeing Gouger, the two met in the King's Bench Prison, since Gouger was in debt due to his pamphleteering. By January 1831, Robert Gouger and Co. had distributed a pamphlet on ideas for a benevolent society to assist pauper children to emigrate. Once out of jail, Gouger distributed his "Letter" to people connected by trade or property to New South Wales and Van Diemens Land.

Bacon was relatively little help, and after he had misused his government contacts (he was gotten rid of by R. W. Hay), the promoters of the National Colonisation Society took new offices at 8 Regent Street and issued a prospectus for the South Australian Land Company. Torrens then interviewed Hay; ideas were expressed similar to those of an earlier proposal of August, and another prospectus arose in May 1832. The Company now had 23 members with 12 of them MPs, with the chairman being W. W. Whitmore.

Amazingly, officials responded by producing ideas as sent to the superintendent of Honduras by the governor of Jamaica in the early 1780s, (when the ill-fated convict contractor, George Moore, had failed to send convicts to North America, then to Honduras), for comparison. ([14]) Anthony Bacon still lurked in the background, hoping to become governor of South Australia, with Gouger as his colonial-secretary. A ship Nereid was got up as ordered by Bacon, with its captain, Capt. Sutherland, who would be rewarded with the post of harbour master. Bacon began wildly borrowing, failed, went off to become a general in Portugal, and Wakefield went to France. The Association set up rooms at the Adelphi, Whitmore remaining as chairman but doing little. The treasurer was banker/philosopher, George Grote, a friend of George Wade Norman of Bromley Common. Supporters included bankers, merchants and "philosophical radicals". What is remarkable here, apart from Bacon's wildness, is that officialdom had kept ideas on the management of a British settlement at Honduras, circa the early 1780s, from George Moore's time, which is a matter lodged in the Botany Bay debate, and actually consulted them when prospects arose for a South Australian colony.

Spark went into business in June 1811 with Tod's counting house in London. By 1817 he was still with Tod, interested in their shipping department. In 1820 he went on a continental tour, spending some time with William Wordsworth and the poet's wife and sister. Spark obtained a letter of introduction to New South Wales and sailed in Princess Charlotte arriving Sydney April 1823. He soon had a George Street store selling sugar, drapery and wines, and he supplied salt meat to the commissariat. By 1825 he was chartering ships for coastal trading and building Sydney Packet. In 1826 he started a shipping agency, sent stores to Hobart, colonial produce to Calcutta, and the first of many wool consignments to London; and he backloaded merchandise when possible.

Following remarkable business success, Spark was part of the Agricultural Society and the Chamber of Commerce but he had no success with trying to join the board of the Bank of NSW. By 1826 he was on the board of the Bank of Australia, and its managing director in 1832. By 1839 he was agent for 22 ships. Later he extended land dealing to Melbourne, imported stallions, became agent for the South Australian Co., vice-president of the Commercial Banking Co of Sydney, a director of the Australian Loan Co, met with the Savings bank trustees each month. In 1840 he bought land in New Zealand and took pastoral leases in the New England district, and in 1840 he married Frances Maria, nee Biddulph, widow of Dr Henry Wyatt Radford. But drought blasted Spark, and by late 1840 he had bills of over £21,000, by 1844 he was certified insolvent. He slowly recovered and by 1846 he shipped copper ore to England and horses to India, and by 1851 he could successfully speculate in gold. ([15])

The major London importers of Australian wool included: Walker Bros., John Gore and Co., ([16]) Robert Brooks, Montefiore Bros., Donaldson and Co., Buckles and Co., Bettingtons, Cockerell and Co., Marsden and Flower, John Flower, Rawdon, Cooper and Co., Warre Bros., J. Masson, J. Hosking, Reid, Irving and Co., Scotts, Bell and Co., A. A. Gower Nephews and Co., Magniac Smiths and Co. the London agents for Jardine Matheson ([17]); not including at Liverpool, Aspinall Browne and Co. ([18])

Magniac genealogy is still not clear. Charles Magniac, connected with Jardine-Matheson; a first son, (1827?-1886), MP, was son of Hollingworth Magniac and Helen Sampson. (I do not know if this Sampson name was linked to the family Sampson found otherwise linked to various families of Blackheath, London from the 1780s, Enderby and Larkins). Charles Magniac married Augusta Wilson-Fitzpatrick. Charles here had a brother or cousin, Daniel, who remained in China, and one of these two men had a brother (or father?) Hollingworth in London, who in the late 1820s became a sleeping partner for the new company of Jardine Matheson. Charles Magniac and Co dealt to China by 1823 By 1825 or so, Charles Magniac and Co. became London agents for Fairlie and Bonham; and in 1827 Magniac was dealing with the noted merchant, Jamsetjee Jheejheeboy of Bombay. In June 1834, Magniac entered partnership with the bankers, Smiths, [brothers?], Oswald, and John Abel, the firm styled Magniac, Smith and Co. Charles Magniac was at Chesterfield House, Audley Street, London; was became a partner in Jardine-Matheson and was a magistrate for Bedfordshire.

Daniel Francis Magniac: son of Daniel Magniac. Daniel Francis was sent to live with Alexander

Matheson's family in Glasgow by about 1831 or so. His father Daniel (died 1825 in Paris?), China trader, possibly had a brother and China trader, Hollingworth, married to Helen Sampson. ([19])

Charles Magniac, agency house trader. In data provided by a brother of an email correspondent, Mary Pattle Hover (broken link? http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~pattle - on Pattle genealogy), Charles Magniac and Sir William Fraser (not traced) proved the will of Thomas Charles Pattle died 1815 in Macao. Charles Magniac had arrived in Canton as Prussian Vice-Consul in 1801 and by 1803 he joined Beale, Reid and Co. as a partner.

Sydney Gazette, on 4 December, 1830, noted a List of members of the National Colonization Society (NCS), chair being R. W. Horton, MP, meeting at 21 Regent Street London on 18 June, 1830: By 16 January, 1834, promoters of South Australia had begun a South Australian Church Society. ([20]) The June 1830 committee would consist of: Horton plus Robert Gouger, secretary, W. S. O'Brien MP, Thomas Potter Macqueen MP, William Smith MP (of bankers Smiths Payne Smiths?), C. Buller MP, J. C. Hobhouse MP, Colonel Talbot MP, T. Kavanagh MP, Rev. E. T. Sampson (perhaps of a Blackheath family?), Colonel Torrens, Rev. J. Styles DD, Rev. F. A. Cox LLD, John Labouchere Esq., R. H. Innes Esq., Robert Owen (socialist), John William Buckle (convict contractor, trader), J. Stirling (of Swan River?), J. Talbot Esq., H. Elphinstone Esq., William Hutt Esq., Clayton Brown Esq., C. Tennant Esq., Robert Scott Esq. Donations went to banks Smiths Payne and Smiths, Drummonds, Hammersley and Co., Cockburn and Co. (Note on Drummonds - [21]) (Note on Hammersley - [22])

Pike provides a list of members of the National Colonisation Society of 1835. If the list is regarded as noting reponsible-minded people who were also relatively uninterested in "penal practice", the men named here form the most remarkable of all lists of men interested in the betterment of colonies in Australia.

Follows from Pike's lists: William Alexander Mackinnon, wealthy Tory MP, who had a son in far eastern shipping before founding Imperial British East Africa Co., Capt. Wm. Gowan with 15 years India service, Richard Norman, son of George Norman a merchant in Norway timber, and brother of George Wade Norman, a director of Bank of England. Samuel Mills a retired financier, Richard Heathfield later in railways. George Fife Angas, (a Baptist merchant and shipowner). ([23]) E. Barnard (liberal, and an investor in AACo ), J. E. Bicheno, (son of a Dissenting minister and later colonial secretary in VDL) (sic), C. Holte, (eccentric banker possibly involved with Henry Drummond), Bracebridge, Clayton Brown, John William Buckle (an uncle of the historian, Buckle, who is found an exception amongst mostly philanthropists, AACo investor and SA promoter), Charles Buller, Sir Francis Burdett (dilettante radical), Rev. F. A. Cox, Howard Elphinstone, John Gibson, John Gore, Hon Sec Rbt Gouger, Arthur Gregory, Woronzow Grieg, Richard Heathfield, Sir John Hobhouse (dilettante radical), R. W. Horton, Erskine Humphreys, John Hutt ([24]), William Hutt, R. H. Innes, Edward King, T. Kavanagh, John Labouchere, Thomas Potter Macqueen (AACo investor and SA promoter), Lawrence Marshall, Charles Merivale, John Stuart Mill, Lucius O'Brien, William Smith O'Brien, Sir Henry Parnell, R. S. Rintoul, Rev. G. V. Sampson, Robert Scott, John Abel Smith, James Spedding, John Sterling, Rev Dr Styles, Sir Philip Sydney, Colonel Talbot, Charles Tennant, Charles Tennyson, J. H. Thomas, Colonel Torrens FRS, ([25]) E. S. Tucker, R. Trench, Hyde Villiers, John Young. A non-MP member is Edward King (later Viscount Kingsborough and an antiquarian who recommended Mexico be colonised by Israelites), T. Kavanagh (an Irishman who with Wm. Smith O'Brien spent years exploring Egypt), R. S. Rintoul (editor of The Spectator). Members not on the committee included John Simeon Hare (classics scholar), James Spedding, Charles Merivale, Viscount Howick (Charles, Earl Grey), Charles Tennyson, William Hutt (fresh from Cambridge and later MP, friends of colliery owners by his wife's connections and with his own shipping interests) and John Hutt, Charles Buller, John Sterling (he was for the Spanish patriots then in London), Charles Tennant, Stephen Spring Rice, W. S. O'Brien, John Romilly, Sir William Molesworth and Edward Strutt.

Other promoters of South Australia who were shareholders in the Australian Agricultural Company were: J. W. Buckle, Thomas Potter Macqueen, G. W. Norman (AACo investor and SA promoter), Hyde Villiers, John Smith (banker, AACo investor and SA promoter) and John Melville (retired India merchant).

Pike ([26]) also provides an 1832 list of members of South Australian Association, as: Major Aubrey Beauclerk (a Benthamite), Rev. Abraham Borradaile (reformer Anglican clergyman assisting the poor, who finally suicided in the Thames; he had brothers as merchants at Cape of Good Hope and London, members of "the wealthy Borradaile clan"), Charles Buller (born in India in 1806, a Benthamite), J. L. Childers (liberal Whig, reforming land owner and financier), William Clay (wealthy Port of London merchant), Raikes Currie (radical, banker, gambler), Capt. William Gowan, George Grote, Benjamin Hawes (soap manufacturer), Dr. J. H. Hawkins (Benthamite), Rowland Hill (Benthamite), Matthew Hill (Benthamite), William Hutt, John Melville, Samuel Mills, Sir William Molesworth (Benthamite), Jacob Montefiore (a banker link to Rothschilds), George Ward Norman, Richard Norman, Joseph Parkes, Thomas Pottinger (formerly in business in India), J. A. Roebuck, G. Poulett Scrope (Poor Law reformer, head of a firm of Russia merchants), Nassau William Senior (Poor Law reformer), Dr. Southwood Smith (Benthamite) Edward Strutt (Benthamite), Henry Warburton (Benthamite), William Wolryche Whitmore MP (Whitemore?), son of a London banker and director EICo, in EI sugar, an anti-slaver, also in NZ Co.), John Wilks, Henry George Ward (Benthamite), Daniel Wakefield, Joseph Wilson, John Ashton Yates. Also interested was Joseph Wilson, a wealthy family connection of Gouger. George Grote is a Benthamite. Pike also lists as "interested parties", George Palmer (Whig, anti-Capt. Swing movement, of Palmer, Mackillop and Co.), John Wright (a banker of Henrietta Street, London. In 1835, several interested parties also were W. A. McKinnon, Edward Barnard and John Shaw Lefevre of Colonial Office.

List for The New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land Commercial Association: (supposedly by 1836 a semi-secret group). ([27])

Richard Aspinall, John S. Brownrigg MP of Cockerell and Co, Robert Brooks, John William Buckle, S. Donaldson of Donaldson, Wilkinson and Co., Duncan Dunbar of Duncan Dunbar and Sons, John Gore, Jacob Montefiore, ([28]) William Walker (who had a son-in-law, Donald Lanarch, a director of Bank of New South Wales) of Walker Bros. and Co., Arthur Willis of A. Willis Sons and Co., and Joseph Moore formerly a clerk for Buckles and later a partner of Devitt and Moore. ([29])

The New Zealand Company was, "a notable institution for all its dishonesty"... ([30])

1800 and later: ([31]) A Maori visited London. Active was Capt. John Stewart, brig Elizabeth seeking flax.

In 1823, Commissioner Bigge suggested New Zealand had a small military force to maintain order. ([32])

An 1823 document "probably" paved the way for the appearance of the New Zealand Company in 1826. It is "enigmatic" that so little is known of the NZ Co's origins and plans. The 1826 NZ Co. included John George Lambton, Earl Durham, and it raised £20,000. The "vague and elusive nature of its proceedings is inexplicable". (From McLintock).

By October 1824, a schooner Prince of Denmark was about to sail and Asquiths wanted the protection of the Colonial Office, but this was refused. By January 1826, Stewart was at the Bay of Islands with a party of eleven or so people, to go to Port Pegasus, Stewart Island, but this venture failed. In 1823, Colonel Edward Nicolls (sic) of Royal Marines had submitted a proposal to Earl Bathurst on spars and cordage for the royal navy. Later in 1823 appeared an anonymous Address to the People of England on the Colonization of New Zealand. (From McLintock) ([33])

Treaty, by 1825. The first New Zealand Company was formed. In 1826, Colonel R. Torrens applied to command a military force in New Zealand. Capt. James Herd's failure cost £20,000. ([34])

By 1832, R. M. Hay at the Colonial Office was collecting information on New Zealand. ([35])

In 1838, J. Montefiore gave evidence to a House of Lords committee on State of the Islands of New Zealand. Montefiore had spent months in the area in 1830 while establishing business. He thought the southern island bleak and not yet good for habitation. In the north was the settlement of Nelson, two years old with 3000 people. Otherwise there were the Deans at Port Cooper and John Jones at Wailouaiti. ([36])

Alfred Narine, (little information). Thompson A. Hankey (MP, governor Bank of England). Sir Henry George Ward. Diplomat John Ward (died 1890). MP William Wolryche Whitemore. James Brodie Gordon (little information). Sir Henry Webb. Arthur Willis (perhaps of the Willis owners of Cutty Sark?) John Ellerker Boulcott. MP Philip Henry Howard. MP Thomas Mackenzie. Rear-Admiral Sir William Symonds. MP Walter Frederick Campbell. MP Robert Ferguson. MP Benjamin Hawes. Rev Samuel Hinds, Bishop of Norwich. Ralph Fenwick. George Lyall (director/governor of EICo.). Admiral Sir Courtenay Boyle. Governor EICo James Pattison. Ross Donnelly Mangles. Edward John Littleton, Baron1 Hatherton. James Faden. William Mannings (who might be William Manning?). SA Co. and NZCo. figure Sir William Hutt. Sir George Sinclair Bart (died 1868). Charles Enderby. Colonel Robert Torrens. Russell Ellice. MP George Frederick Young.

From the early 1840s, Sydney merchant A. B. Spark was investing in New Zealand. (See the note on him above). Later, the New South Wales politician, William Charles Wentworth became interested in making an outrageously large land claim on New Zealand. It seems Wentworth's interest was provoked by the views of one of Wentworth's legal clients.

An ancestry chart on the family of South Australia and New Zealand colonist Edward Gibbon Wakefield may be of interest, as it is convoluted with the Pattle family information: (Pattle genealogy)

Members of the New Zealand Company are listed by Adams. ([37]) They include Abraham Wildey Robarts, James Faden, William Mannings, Russell Ellice a merchant in East India trade, chairman of the East India Company in 1853. Edward Ellice (1781-1863), politician and merchant, involved in the Canadian land and fur trade, with a life connection with the Hudson's Bay Company, a radical Whig MP and government minister. Stewart Marjoribanks a merchant in the India trade, connected with the East India Company and in 1825 a founder of the Pacific Pearling Company ([38]); he was also associated with the Australian Agricultural Company. Ralph Fenwick, member of a family firm in shipping insurance. George Lyall (died 1853), politician and merchant, head of a family firm in East India trade and shipowners from 1805, chairman of The General Shipowners Society in 1832, Tory MP for Essex. Colonel Robert Torrens (1780-1864) of Royal Marines, political economist, a founder of South Australia, chairman of the South Australian Commissioners. ([39]) Hon Admiral Sir Courtenay Boyle (died 1844). Edward John Littleton (1791-1863), the first Baron Hatherton, landowner and politician, MP, chief secretary for Ireland 1833-1834. James Pattison MP, in 1818, chairman of the East India Company, governor of Bank of England in 1834-1837. ([40])

Edward Marjoribanks for bankers Coutts and Co. Alexander Baring the financier. Andrew Loughnan of Andrew Loughnan and sons, wool brokers of Coleman Street, later partners with Henry Hughes a Blackwell Hall factor, of 11 Basinghall St. Also in Coleman Street were John Saunders of Latreille, Wool and Co, Blackwell Hall factors of Coleman Street. Wool dealers Everett Son and Co, clothiers of Basinghall Street. John Jacob of John Jacob and Sons, colonial merchants of 21 Birchin Lane. Charles Bischoff, (solicitor to Van Diemens Land Co.) John Ingle, shipowner (see ADB) William Wilkinson, who became a pro tem secretary of the Australian Agricultural Company. ([41])

Note: Below, LEC denotes London Emigration Committee is it of 1830? CPEFAC denotes Committee for Promoting Emigration of Females to Australian Colonies. (On this committee, see Sydney Gazette, 1 November, 1834). ([42])

George Fife Angas, Baptist merchant and shipowner, SA Company, NCS, South Australian settler. ([43]) From 1840, , the directors of the South Australian Banking Company included G. F. Angas. George Fife Angas. ([44]) Angas' story should be prefaced by the seldom-told story of Anthony Bacon (see above).

Charles Barry Baldwin London, a director in 1834 of the Bank of Australasia, co-founder of that bank.

William Bingham Baring (1799-1904), second Baron Ashburton, NZ Co., also president, Royal Asiatic Society from 1862. ([45])

Edward Barnard, a senior clerk in the Colonial Office, by 1825 became a colonial agent to Australia. ([46]) NCS, AA Co. investor.

Charles Bosanquet (1769-1850), AA Co. and chairman, Canada Co., of that company by 1825. ([50]) Also, South Sea Company. Levant Co. merchant.

John Ellerker Boulcott, of the first NZ Co. with Lambton/Earl Durham, Littleton, George Lyall, Aaron Chapman, Stewart Marjoribanks, Colonel Robert Torrens, Edward Ellice, John William Buckle, James Faden, William Manning, George Palmer, in 1825. ([51])

George Brown a director of the West India Docks, AA Co. Perhaps owner of the ship Boyd (which had been chartered in Sydney for a New Zealand voyage) of the notoriety of the 1810 massacre on a New Zealand coast? ([53]) Re George Brown also: In 1810, a group of (unnamed) Sydney merchants wish to set up their own New Zealand colony at their own expense, interested in flax. ([54]) About 1810, a different group wanted a similar venture at Port Macquarie (Bluff), Foveaux Strait. Both projects were abortive. Mr. Brown, of Brown Welbank and Petyt, a firm active circa 1800 as convict contractors, was probably of the same firm which tendered the ship Bethia, which became HMAV Bounty, in 1787. ([55])

John Studholme Brownrigg, (died 1853), deputy-governor of AA Co. Firstly of Palmer, Wilson and Co., then of the Cockerell firm. In this connection, useful Macarthur associates were Brownrigg and W. S. Davidson. In the later Bank of Australasia, influential men were Jacob Montefiore, J. S. Brownrigg of Cockerell and Co., and Richard Norman.

Walter Buchanan, died 1856, AA Co., once of Buckle, Buckle, Bagster and Buchanan.

John William Buckle, convict contractor, trader, AA Co., SA promoter, NZ Co., NCS, . ([56]) Also, General Shipowners Society. Buckle's firm were associated with the ship Marquis of Anglesea landing at Fremantle on 23 August, 1829. In 1837 or later, Buckle was linked with the Bank of Australasia/ Union Bank of Australia. And for example, in 1832 Buckles sent two ships direct to Launceston.

Cornelius Buller, MP, died 1849, AA Co., NCS, governor, Bank of England. ([58]) Influential London wool dealers included Cornelius Buller, Sir John William Lubbock (Spanish and German wool) and Henry Hughes, with 400 shares the largest single shareholder in VDL Co.

Bulwer, MP, in London during 1834-1835, assisting Donaldson and Wilkinson, London merchants trading with NSW, providing parliamentary representation concerning New South Wales while Sir John Jamison and lawyer William Charles Wentworth formed the Australian Patriotic Association. ([59])

Sir Robert Campbell, died 1858, AA Co. He is in Le Couteur's lists; he once loaned money to John Macarthur Jnr. ([61])

Aaron Chapman, NZ Co. ([62]) By 1828, Thomas Chapman had taken seven contracts with Thomas Shelton for convict transportation. One Thomas Chapman, it is hard to say which one, as chairman of Lloyds in 1840, 1842, and 1846. In 1817, James Chapman was on the Blackheath New Cross Turnpike Trust lists.

William Crawford, AACo, LEC, CPEFAC, also in Le Couteur's lists. He was of the India house, Bazett, Crawford and Co.

Raikes Currie, died, 1881, banker, VDL Co., SA Co. (Bishop Blomfield (SA Co.) of London is president and his committee includes "such prominent churchmen" as Raikes Currie. ([63])

Timothy Abraham Curtis, AA Co., LEC, also unsuccessfully interested in flax in NSW. His banker father, Sir William Curtis, banker, was partner with Robarts and Were. T. A. Curtis was one of the first people seen by Macarthurs as plans were laid for the creation of the AA Co., but this seems to come to nothing, historically.

Richard Hart Davis, MP, wool dealer, AA Co., LEC. Also in Le Couteur's lists. MP for Bristol, earlier one of Britain's largest importers of Spanish wool. ([64])

Walter Stephenson Davidson (1785-1869), banker with Herries-Farquhar, which bank in the late 1830s became Union Bank of Australia. A friend of the Macarthur family following Davidson's years in New South Wales in the early 1800s, after which he became an eastern trader. Dealing with Barings, and helping set up Dent and Co., one of the precursors of what became Jardine-Matheson in the east. AA Co. investor. Before 1838, Davidson had become a partner in bank of Herries, Farquhar and Co. in London, and not long after the establishment of the AA Co., it is said, he became "an expert in the transfer of funds between London and Sydney". By 1832 he was elected to a committee formed to select migrants in London. In 1834 he was appointed an executor of Alexr Riley's will. Davidson's son Gilbert owned Canning Downs. W. S. Davidson's uncle was Sir Walter Farquhar (1738-1819) physician to the Prince of Wales. ([66]) Davidson was a friend of the Sydney merchant, Richard Jones. On Davidson's earlier career, the following is useful. W. S. Davidson may or may not have had family links with the India agency house, (active by 1813 if not earlier), Hogue and Davidson, ([67]), an agent for the Indian Insurance Co. Davidson was cousin of "a prominent Calcutta merchant" whose career remain unexplained. ([68])

J. Donaldson of Donaldson-Wilkinson, London wool and general merchants, traders to NSW. VDL Co. In 1835 letters they were supporting the rise on of the Patriotic Association and conferring with Bulwer MP in London. ([69])

Henry Thomas Ebsworth, wool trader, secretary, AA Co. at offices, 12 King's Arms Yard of Coleman Street. A clerk there was James E. Ebsworth, plus James Brogden. Thomas Ebsworth was the AA Co.'s London wool broker till he died in 1832. Ebsworth's partner John Marsh was also a promoter of VDLCo. Ebsworth had handled the bulk of Australian wool auctions since 1816; his sons acted in the wool business in both London and NSW. ([71])

Edward (Edmund?) Ellice, MP? NZ Co. Russell Ellice, NZ Co. Edmund Ellice, MP, VDL Co., died 1863; also a director of Canada Co. Edward Ellice MP, Canada Co.

Rt Hon. Henry Ellis, a co-founder of Bank of Australasia, c.1833). Ellis chaired most early meetings. (John) Wright and Co. were appointed bankers and Horatio Montefiore the stockbroker. The Sydney Gazette on 19 August, 1834, reported the formation in London of the Bank of Australasia, with a capital of £200,000. ([72])

Charles Enderby (d.1876), promoting the development of coastal New Zealand. His parents' generation had been part of The Blackheath Connection. The younger Enderby generation was notable for letting their whaling industry slip from their grasp, and failing to re-establish a (new) South Whale Fishery ranging New Zealand waters by 1849. A letter of 16 September, 1823, from S. Enderby and Son, William Mellish and Daniel Bennett and Son, to Lt. Col. Edward Nicolls, Royal Marines, outlined the advantages of whalers operating from New Zealand if a settlement existed there. ([73]) ([74])

Notes on the Second South Whale Fishery: From 1832, Robert Brooks became interested in an Australian whale fishery. He was still interested by 1848 when other London owners were Young, and Parbury, By 1846, Towns also was interested in whaling. Oil prices collapsed in England in 1847-1848, In June 1849, Brooks actually joined the revised Southern Whale Fishery as a director, By January 1849, Charles Enderby initiated with £100,000 capital the Southern Whale Fishery to operate from the Aukland Islands south of New Zealand, Enderby himself went out to Port Ross. Brooks was an investor, but all this liquidated in a few years. Some investors were Frederic Somes, John Gilmore, shipbroker W. S. Lindsay, and shareholders included Thomas Baring and his partner Thomas Bates, oil merchants William Beale and Elhanan Bucknell, shipowner Money Wigram, and a New Zealand shipbroker Willis. In Sydney, Robert Towns became agent for this whale fishery. ([75])

(Genealogy of Money family: (broken link?) - http://members.tripod.co.uk/Adrian_Money/william.htm

Sir Robert Townsend Farquhar, director, AA Co., and Sir Walter Farquhar, Bart1, AA Co. investor. ([76]) With some links to the bank, Herries-Farquhar, and the extended family of W. S. Davidson. Sir Thomas Harvie Farquhar (died 1836) Bart2 was of the Herries-Farquhar bank. Sir Robert Farquar (died 1830), once governor of Penang, was married to Maria Frances Latour, who also married Capt. Thomas Hamilton. ([77])

Flower and Salting, a surprisingly successful Sydney firm with principals retiring to Britain. On 1 July, 1842 was established Flower and Salting. Severin Kanute Salting (1805-1865) was a Dane. Philip W. Flower (died 1872 with an estate worth near £250,000), had an eldest son Cyril, MP, who developed Battersea and became Lord Battersea, who in 1877 married a niece of Lionel de Rothschild. Flower also has a second son, Arthur, who became chairman of Union Bank of Australia. Philip Flower had a brother Herbert who married a sister-in-law of Queen Victoria's daughter, Louise. Salting (who died with an estate worth more than £175,000), had sons William (died 1905) and George, who had a fortune worth £1.3 million and left the Salting Collection of art to the National Gallery. The family fortune also endowed Sydney University with professorial chairs. Horace Flower in Sydney dealt in wool, tallow and gold. Commercial links were to Mclaren, later with Tertius Campbell, and probably also Donaldson. ([78])

John Gore, NCS. ([79]) Little information. (Probably of a wool trading family).

Capt. Sir Andrew Pellet Green, London re Bank of Australasia, 1833. Little known.

Charles Grey (1764-1845), second Earl Grey, Viscount Howick, once prime minister, pro the Reform Bill. Interested in NCS, though not a member. ([83])

Pascoe St Leger Grenfell (1798-1879), banker with family interests in copper, churchman, SA promoter. He was a director of the London and Birmingham Railway. ([84])

William Haldimand, MP, AA Co. William Haldimand, MP, AACo., director of Bank of England, son of Anthony Francis Haldimand. He is listed by Le Couteur for the 1825 AA Co., and was AA Co. auditor. ([85])

Simon Halliday, AA Co. Little information. He may have been a London banker of the family Halliday from which William Halliday Halliday (formerly Cosway) married Maria a daughter of Sir Thomas Harvie Farquhar, Bart2. ([86])

Wool trader Henry Parnell Hicks, director, VDL Co. A Blackwell Hall factor of No 6 Aldermanbury. ([88])

R. W. Horton, MP, Chair of National Colonization Society, as reported in Sydney Gazette, 4 December, 1830.

Henry Hughes, Blackwell Hall wool factor of 11 Basinghall Street. AACo., VDL Co (400 shares). ([91]) Andrew Loughnan of Andrew Loughnan and Sons, wool brokers of Coleman Street, were later partners with Henry Hughes.

John Hullett, Canada Co., prospectus issued 6 July, 1824. He may have been of the family Hulletts connected with John Macarthur and shipping to NSW before 1820.

Sir William Hutt (1801-1882), shipping and colliery interests, NCS, SA. Co., NZ Co. John Hutt (1799-1880), WA Co., NCS. John Hutt became the second governor of Western Australia from 1839. ([92]) William's mother, Gilly Flower, may or may not have been a family connection to the principals of the successful Sydney firm, Flower and Salting, which had useful links in London.

John Peter Labouchere (1799-1863), banker, NCS. ([95]) John Labouchere, SA Co. John Labouchere Esq. (NCS) (Possible links to Barings or Hopes and Co?) ([96])

George Gerard Hochpied Larpent and Anna Larpent (AA Co.), a merchant with Paxton, Cockerell and Co., and also linked to the St Katherine Dock.

Colonel Peter Latour, WA Co., presumably of the Latour family mentioned elsewhere here. He possibly also had some land dealings in Tasmania. In 1803 some of the major Fort St George (Madras) Houses of Agency were: Harington, Burnaby and Cockburn, Colt, Baker and Hart, Abbott and Maitland, Chase, Chinnery and McDouall, Tulloh, Connell and Brodie, Francis Latour and Co., Lys, Satur and deMonte, Adrican, John and Lewis De Fries, Hunter and Hay, Binney and Dennison. ([97])

Solomon Levey, Sydney ex-convict, businessman and ill-fated promoter of Western Australian development. ([99]) Here, the names Stirling, Mangles, Edward Gibbon Wakefield (also SA Co., NZ Co.), Sir Francis Vincent, Edward Schenley, John Hutt, Colonel Peter Latour, Thomas Potter Macqueen, Robert Gouger and Jacob Montefiore should all be mentioned. ([100]) ([101]) In merely eleven years, Levey had become one of NSW's wealthiest men. He began about 1814 selling lollipops in Sydney streets as a crown prisoner. He later had land in George Street with a convict general dealer, Edward Franks. Levey gained a free pardon in 1819, and married a currency lass Anne Roberts, daughter of roads contractor William Roberts who arrived by the First Fleet., Levey had a general store at 72 George Street, and was joined by his brother Barnett. He had small ships, imported from Tasmania, and traded to New Zealand and Tahiti, sealed in Bass Strait, engaged in rope manufacture. By 1825, Levey was partner with Daniel Cooper, as owners of the Waterloo Company (or, Hutchinson, Terry and Co.), an operation quite successful by 1826 when Levey went to London. The syndicate was William Hutchinson, Samuel Terry, George Williams, William Leverton and Daniel Cooper. Hutchinson in 1825 married Jane Roberts, mother of Levey's wife, Anne. Daniel Cooper also a publican. ([102])

When the Cooper-Levey partnership arose, by about 28 June, 1825, they employed W. C. Wentworth to draw up a deed of co-partnership. Then they began to import from Cape Town, Mauritius, India. Grono built for them the Australian of 264 tons, used as a whaler. When in London, Levey visited noted commercial houses and persuaded Jewish emigrants, Phillips, Samuel and Montefiore families to go to NSW. Between October 1828 and March 1829, Levey decided to become involved with the Swan River colony, and with the London merchant, John Fairweather Harrison, Levey met Thomas Peel (who was possibly then in a debtors prison). A syndicate of four men saw the Colonial Office, Thomas Peel, Sir Francis Vincent, Edward Schenley and Col. Thomas Potter Macqueen. (Their memorial was of 14 November, 1828, and perhaps requested a grant of four million acres for 10,000 persons.) The syndicate was under a false impression they could go ahead and bought Lady Nugent . In December, 1829, Cooper sent the Waterloo Company's brig Industry to Swan River with provisions. By 1829, Levey had probably been deceived by Peel but anyway bought Gilmore and chartered also Hooghly and Rockingham. By 1833, Levey was ill, and tried to discover the truth of Western Australian matters from the Colonial Office, but was given no help.

Sir John William Lubbock (1774-1840 - or 1865?), Bart2, AACo investor. The Lubbocks had been in banking since 1772. ([104])

George Lyall, earlier noted, NZ Co., a director and governor of the East India Company.

John Macarthur Senior (1767-1834), AA Co. investor. James Macarthur, died 1867, AA Co. John Macarthur Jnr, died 1831, AA Co. ([105])

Thomas Potter Macqueen, (died 1854) MP, AA Co., WA Co., SA promoter, NSW settler, NCS, London, re Bank of Australasia circa 1833. Macqueen was a strangely arrogant man even by English standards of the day. He settled for a time in NSW and made proposals re establishment of Commercial Banking Company of Sydney, with an interim secretary, Lesley Duiguid. Sydney Gazette, 6 September, 1834.

William Alexander Mackinnon, MP, a wealthy Tory, London, re Bank of Australasia, NCS. ([106])

Ross Donnelly Mangles, director NZ Co., interested in Western Australian development.

William Manning, MP, AA Co., NZ Co., little information. Le Couteur's lists.

Stewart Marjoribanks, merchant with East India interests, also involved in the Australia trade, AA Co., NZ Co., in 1825 founder of the Pacific Pearling Co. Also, Archibald John Marjoribanks, AA Co. ([107]) One Edward Marjoribanks had connections with the bank, Coutts and Co. Marjoribanks had many dealings with Bank of Scotland from the bank's origin into the nineteenth century.

John Marshall, shipping operator, emigration agent to Australian colonies, engaged in the Australian trade. By 1825 John Marshall of London is loading home New Zealand timber. Marshall first became active in the passenger shipping scene from 1822, and in 1830 he became a passenger broker, linked closely to Joseph Somes. ([108]) The London Emigration Committee merchant interest included: William Crawford and Charles Lushington, bankers Edward Forster, Samuel Hoare, John Abel Smith as a partner of Magniac Smiths and Co. and as a banker with Smith Payne and Smiths; and alderman/shipowner John Pirie, who by 1832 owned 20 ships. By March 1841, Australasian trade men met regarding emigration regulations to Australia, including Buckle, Brooks, Gore, Donaldson, Lambert, Willis, Angas, Cummins, Thomas Icely, Alexander Smith of Liverpool, John Gilchrist from Glasgow (once resident in Sydney as director of UBA). All approved of John Marshall's ideas. Marshall ended bankrupt. ([109])

John Leslie-Melville (1786-1876), Earl11 Leven. AA Co. He was an original partner in the bank Williams, Deacon, Labouchere, Thornton and Co. ([110])

Sir William Molesworth (1810-1855), radical, SA promoter, NZ Co., NCS. ([112]) Later, Secretary of State for Colonies.

Jacob Barrow , NSW colonist, trader and shipping agent, representative of Bank of Australasia, 1833 (which later became the ANZ Bank), WA Co, promoter of New Zealand whaling. The Montefiore Bros. failed n London in the 1840s, to be bailed out by Rothschild as a matter of solidarity between Jewish interests. In 1828 Montefiore helped found the Cornwall Bank to foster trade with Launceston. As Broeze has it, by the 1830s, the "hardnosed" men in Australasian trade included: Buckle, J. A. Smith, John Gore and Jacob Montefiore. In Sydney, 1834 representatives of Bank of Australasia were William Hayward AGC, Robert Campbell Jnr., William Dawes and J. Barrow Montefiore. (Sydney Gazette, 18 November, 1834.) "I expect the introduction of about a quarter of a million of money within twelve months.", J. B. Montefiore told the Legislative Council. (Sydney Gazette, 22 July, 1834.) The Gazette conveyed that JB was a brother of Jacob Montefiore in London, who married a Rothschild daughter, also a son-in-law of the London bullion broker, Moccatta. The implication in this Gazette report was that such family linkages would form a conduit for money transfers, and the Gazette seemed to feel that NSW would be nurtured by Rothschild, who was a friend of John Abel Smith of Smith, Payne and Smiths. When in London, Solomon Levey had visited noted commercial houses and persuaded Jewish emigrants, Phillips, Samuel and Montefiore families to go to NSW. In 1838 evidence to a House of Lords Committee on State of the Islands of New Zealand, Montefiore gave that he had spent months in New Zealand in 1830, establishing business. Montefiores later invested profitably in South Australia. Balanced information on the contribution of the Montefiore interests to Australasia has yet to be written, more so as the misfortunes of Solomon Levey with Thomas Peel were part of the early Montefiore story in Australasia. ([113])

Richard Norman, from the same banker family of Bromley Common. NCS, London, re Bank of Australasia.

James Hastings Norton (1795-1862), solicitor, AA Co shareholder.; director, Bank of Australasia from 1826 till it foundered in 1843. Also a director, Bank of NSW, 1823-1826. He was of Elswick, son of John Norton and Mary Bradford. ([115])

George Palmer, in 1825 of the NZ Co. Probably the same as George Thomas Palmer, died 1854, of the AA Co, whose mother was a rare Loyalist settling in New South Wales, Susan Stillwell. Brother of John below. That is, his family was of the noted India agency house, John Palmer and Co. He became a senior member of the General Shipowners Society.

John Horsley Palmer, AA Co., director of the Bank of England, merchant of the East India house, Palmer and Wilson and Co., although John may finally have avoided heavy AA Co. involvements. Brother of George above. ([117]) J. H. Palmer seems also to have been of the firm, Palmer, Mackillop and Co. Little is known of the Mackillop interests.

James Pattison, MP, He is listed by Adams in Fatal Necessity, re NZ Co. Governor, East India Company, governor, Bank of England, MP for City of London. Little known, though his family was of Plumstead in Kent. ([119])

John Pirie (1781-1851), shipping operator, has been greatly underestimated as a London Lord Mayor supporting colonial endeavours. He was a director of the SA Co., and of the NZ Co., CPEFAC. The SA Colonial land and Emigration Commission of 1840 had signatories including George Fife Angas ([120]), Brooks, Gore, Brownrigg, Cummins, Mangles, Price and Co., Ellice Kinnear and Co., Pirie, Somes, Walker, Willis, James Bogle Smith, Magniac Smiths and Co., Rickards Little and Co., and AA Gower Nephews and Co. In 1832 Pirie proposed for an organisation promoting female emigration. In 1834 he was a London alderman for City Ward of Cornhill and in 1841-1842 was Lord Mayor. ([121]) His name surfaces also too little in discussions of business enterprise.

Thomas Pottinger, SA Co., little known, formerly in India business. ([122])

Richard Mee Raikes, Russia Merchant, AA Co., a director of the Bank of England. ([123])

John Goldsborough Ravenshaw, AA Co., an East India Company director. ([124])

Rev E. T. Sampson, NCS. (He may have been of the Sampson family intermarried with the families Larkins and Enderbys of Blackheath, or, to the Magniac family?)

Martin Tucker Smith, banker, died 1880, nil interest in AACo, but part of Canada Co. ([128]) Of the bankers, Smith, Payne and Smiths.

John Abel Smith (died 1879), banker, AA Co., NZ Co., SA promoter, CPEFAC, NCS. Of the bank, Smith, Payne, Smiths. John Abel Smith (LEC) was also a partner of Magniac Smiths and Co. He became "mentally ill" by 1844 and resigned positions regarding the promotion of South Australia. ([129])

Joseph Somes, shipowner, convict contractor, promoter of colonisation, deputy-governor and governor of NZ Co. ([130])

Thomas Tooke, Russia merchant, AACo; his partner is a governor of Bank of England, Mr. Artile.

William Thompson (1793-1854), Lord Mayor of London 1828-1829, iron master and shipowner, NZ Co. Director, Bank of England 1827-1852. Director of the Cambrian, Gloucester and London Railway Company. Sometime chairman of Lloyd's. ([131])

Edward Gibbon Wakefield, WA Co., SA. Co, NZ Co. ([134]) His family were deeply involved in a major thrust to colonise New Zealand.

William Ward, auditor, AA Co., a director of the Bank of England. Senior partner with W. and H. B. Ward, New Broad Street, Spanish and Mediterranean merchants. Lecouteur 1825 lists for AA Co.

William Wolryche Whitmore, MP, early chairman of South Australian Land Co. NZ Co. In an East India sugar business. Son of a London banker. Director of East India Company. ([135])

Arthur Willis, NZ Co. (It is uncertain if this man was of the family Willis, owners of the famed wool clipper Cutty Sark).

John Wright, little known London banker, re Bank of Australasia. (Attention should be paid to Wrights bankers as they are particularly little known). ([136])

Men interested in the Bank of Australasia (which became the ANZ bank, see Merrett) included:

The Bank of Australasia had a capital of £200,000. Secretary, Frederick Boucher (sic), Samuel Eustace Morgan (sic), Jacob Montefiore, Richard Norman, William Sargent, John Wright (of Wrights the bankers, little-known) ([137]), Charles Barry Baldwin, Edward Barnard, John Studholme Brownrigg, Rt Hon Henry Ellis, Oliver Farrer, Sir Andrew Green, RN. ([138])

The Australasian vice-regal sector - the results of deeper genealogical probes: section eleven

Some governors of Australasia's colonies in the nineteenth century came from virtually a new, "bureaucratic" class found in British life of the nineteenth century - the professional governor, a sort of civil servant who took a brief to guide colonial political and other developments in often subtle ways. (Arguably, the British government did not stand in the way of the increasing self-determination of Australasian colonies.) Some of these men had risen through a "meritocracy". Some had "family connections". Some were interested in their job and some were bored. Some found it too expensive, others not. What is inescapable in many of their genealogies - or those of their wives - is connection to the rising group of intermarried banker families. And a great many of such interconnections concentrated in London life - cultural/literary, financial, political, rather than being dispersed in England's provincial, or gentry, life. One can wonder, then, what to make of the interconnected influences of London's financiers on Australasian developments. For here, the word "convict" is also inescapable, via the words convict contractor, via some of the family connections of convict contractors, who have also been little-studied by Australians.

What can we say that we find? It seems strange that during the hegemony of the long application during the Twentieth Century, of Marxist interpretations of historical movements, the genealogical linkages (or other kinds of linkages) between the members of the Australasian vice-regal sector, British bankers, a variety of intermarried Anglo-Australian families, ship managers including convict contractors, and financial operators in many fields, were never noticed as extensive. For the findings would seem to fit the more Marxist-conspiratorial theories of the ownership of the means of production (etcetera), almost perfectly. ([139]) Yet there are gaps, too.

Many financial operators, such as Pirie, noted above, are little discussed, whether their career was noticed in London or elsewhere. One rather thinks that with genealogical pursuits having become so popular before the advent of the Internet, and now with the Internet in such frequent use by genealogists of all sorts, many findings will be made which will confirm the directions hinted at in the preceding sections of this article.

Can we say, in an interpretation that fits more with an Australian cultural habit, of providing sympathy to the figure of the convict, "more sinned against than sinning", that the contribution of that abstract figure, "the transported convict", was that of a beast of burden, used to create new developments at the edge of the known world. That this abstract figure, low in society, had a destiny guided by financier families in Britain, families who had representatives in the vice-regal sector, who also via many interlocked companies extended credit to men willing to invest their time and effort in "pioneering" Australia. This too is also simplistic, however "Australian" it may be in tone of voice. One thing notable in Australian history, life and culture, a distinguishing characteristic, is a respect for individualism of a new kind, for individualism of many new kinds, and one suspects that more Australian writers would prefer to writer about an individual convict than an individual governor.

This is perhaps the problem with Australian writing on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, too great a concern for the picaresque, for stand-out individualism, plus a collective cultural good such as "egalitarianism", plus notice of a difficult climate in a harsh land, and too little concern for the way Australian development was plugged into the Imperial warp and weft of British concerns.

The intermarriedness of Britain's banker families, of notable Anglo-Australian families, especially the Macarthurs of Parramatta, with shipping operators has been long overlooked. Not until the history is written of World War One, does any note of scepticism about Imperial concerns enter the Australian mind. The rise of this scepticism came from within Australians themselves, after the traumas of Gallipoli. And this in its way is also appropriate.

Ultimately, the greatest problems to be noticed here seem to spring from an expectation in the mind of historians, that Australian history should be explicable by sets of linearities. ([140]) Australia after all is quite recently settled, from 1788. New technology was always soon up-and-running, and easy to transplant to Australia, however distant it was. Navigation was increasingly reliable. One can associate ups-and-downs in Australian events with ups-and-downs in British affairs in relatively clean ways. One may as well suggest that developments can be sensibly traced, with linearity, from inception, from 1788.

Here, the present writer disagrees. With his long preoccupation with one question - who owned the convict ships, why did they bother to send them to Australia? - the present writer has found a large-scale non-linearity in history. Matters genealogical are, rather, a question of unexpected curvatures, something like this. The most notorious convict contractors, and some of the most cruel voyages for convicts, operated before 1800. ([141]) From 1800, and certainly after 1815, when more convicts were sent to Australia following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the convict contractors had quite different concerns. It was possible for them to be less interested in Eastern affairs, or, more interested in Australasian affairs, simply because their associates had Eastern interests. There was probably a blending in financial circles, in London, between Eastern and Australasian interests, that does not show in Australian economic history, for lack of evidence, and research, both. (In fact, as the nineteenth century proceeded, the number of convict contractors active in the business shrank markedly, but then, from the 1840s, so did the number of convicts transportable to Australia.

The slack in maritime business was taken up with the emigrations of free people.) What little information we have on the commercial careers of the convict contractors from 1800 indicates that they were greatly preoccupied with the standard business concerns of their lifetime, often in standard ways. It is not finally surprising that if they were affluent, their families shared the middle-class or upper middle-class sensibilities of their day - which might have entailed marriage into Britain's great clan of intermarried banker families. Any notable Anglo-British families almost naturally shared such sensibilities - and broadening financial concerns. These sorts of familial concerns were so broad, and so shared, they lack focus. The backers of Australasian development in the nineteenth century were a kind of amorphous clan, influential, powerful, and most of all, unquestioned because they did not question. If not financially united, they were ideologically united, since there was no reason not to be so.

In terms of explanations of Australian history, the influences of their familial groupings cannot be explained by any kinds of linearities, because they were more a fractalised phenomenon. So also were some of their radical or idealistic attitudes, or theories on the development of society in new lands, fractalised and fractalising. In various ways, this "phenomenon" meets no linearity in history, simply because it will elude linear-style explanations, whether chronological, ideological, or "financial" (in any Marxist sense). Or, linear in the sense that there are any straight lines in terms of cultural development in Australia. In Australasian shipping and maritime history, of which the transportation of convicts is a part, one concludes that there are few straight lines; which may be just one reason such history is so little-studied. Yet it also seems absurd to ignore the maritime history of what in fact is the world's largest island, settled so late in terms of the chronologies of European history, with general history long-written to the accompanying paen of praises of British maritime achievements - Captain James Cook and all that!.

Sir Gerard Smith (1839-1920), KCMG, governor of Western Australia, was of the extended family of the first chairman of the Australian Agricultural Society, John Abel Smith (1801-1879) (noted above). Sir Gerard Smith was a grandson of East India Company director, politician and banker (as a senior partner of Smith, Payne, Smiths) and East India Company director, John II Smith (1767-1842), MP. ([142]) John II Smith of Blendon Hall, Kent. (John II's mother was Mary Bird of Warwickshire, but it is difficult to establish if she was of the families associated with the first English bankers who held the account of the US government, Bird, Savage and Bird, noted elsewhere herein. ([143]) John II Smith married three times; to Sarah Boone (1), then to Miss Tucker, (2) then to Emma Leigh (3).

Oddly enough, many members of the banker-networks noted above knew family members who also populated the Australasian vice-regal sector. An example from New Zealand may serve to introduce this new theme... ([144])

The merchant Logan Campbell became influential in New Zealand's commercial circles. ([145]) If he had chosen to exercise his extended family's connections (as does not appear to be the case), Logan Campbell could have had access to such as: Grenfell bankers, Smith, Payne, Smith bankers, Dunbars of Northfield, and a governor of the Bank of Scotland, James Ramsay (1812-1860), tenth Earl Dalhousie, governor-general of India, and railway and telegraph promoter. Campbell seems to have confined himself however to connections in India and London.

Many investors in Australasia of course were Londoners, and some of them had investments in other areas of the British Empire of the day, such as India, China, South Africa or Canada. Names known to Australasian-Pacific popular history include Ben Boyd, who amongst other failures, failed to keep his portfolio suitably diversified. ([146]) But this observation is made also in the context of a generally land-based history, while in fact, investors in Australasia were constrained to use shipping. In the context of maritime history, the records for Australasian activity suffers from a severe problem, which is that there is no central register enabling the user to quickly find which investors - or, financial names - might have been associated with which particular patterns of ship usage. As a result, our outlooks on linkages in the Australasian region, between shipping management, activity and investment lacks comprehensiveness, and worse, lacks a sense of structure. ([147])

Where genealogical considerations arise, as is the case with W. S. Davidson, the Macarthur family, with Stirling-Mangles in Western Australia, with the reformation of the Bank of NSW in the 1850s, litanies of the names of members of British banking houses become commonplace because of the narrowness of the social circles in England which are to be discussed. Which is hardly surprising, except that many family names can also be found populating the rather little-studied Australasian vice-regal sector. Upon examining the Australian vice-regal sector, genealogically, we find not merely some persons with links to the British nineteenth century network of intermarried banker families, we als find some family histories which present themes which go back to the dawn of English colonisation, to Elizabethan or pre-Elizabethan times.

(1) By legend, Hannibal Hawkins Macarthur (1788-1861), AA Co. investor and chairman of Bank of Australia (which failed in 1843), is said to be descended from the Hawkins family which from the 1550s inspired the first English involvements in slavery, a family which also greatly aided the more formal organisation of the Elizabethan navy. ([148])

Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton (1837-1915), third baronet, governor of South Australia from 29 October, 1895, was son of Sir Edward North Buxton and (from a banker family) Catherine Gurney; he married Catherine Noel. A partner with the brewers, Truman, Hanbury and Co., he had two brothers who were bankers. His forebears include the banker names Gurney, Hanbury, Lloyd, and also the whalers Enderby of Blackheath. ([149])

Hallam Tennyson (1852-1928), second Baron Tennyson, a barrister son of the poet Tennyson, became governor of South Australia. Indicating a certain closedness in the social circles under discussion, his second wife, of 1918, was Mary Prinsep a grand-daughter of the indigo pioneer, John Prinsep, noted above. ([150])

A governor of NSW 1899-1902, William Lygon (1872-1938), seventh Earl Beauchamp, Viscount Elmley, was also a representative of the Smith, Payne, Smiths "clan". William, was son of Frederick Lygon (1830-1891), sixth Earl Beauchamp, and Mary Catherine Stanhope; he married Lattice Mary Elizabeth Grosvenor. ([151]) ([152]) Mary Catherine Stanhope on her mother's side was descended from Abel II Smith (1717-1788), of the Smith banker family.

The governor of New South Wales from 12 December, 1885, Charles Robert Wynn-Carrington (born 1843), third Baron Carrington, first Marquis Lincolnshire, had genealogical links to the families of the bankers, Smith, Payne and Smiths, plus the name Bird, and to Barings as well. His father, confusingly, was Robert John Smith, of the Smith banker family. Third Baron Carrington married Cecilia Harbord, a daughter of Charles Harbord (1830-1914), fifth Baron Suffield, and Cecilia Baring, a daughter of Henry Baring (1776-1848), who had spent his early years at Canton, and who probably knew W. S. Davidson, later of Herries-Farquhar.

Hon. Louis Hope (1817-1894), ([153]) a "planter" who "lived as a landed aristocrat in NSW", was the seventh son of John Hope, fourth Earl Hopetoun, by his second wife, Louisa Wedderburn; he married Susan Frances Dumaresq, a relative of Colonel Henry

Dumaresq, who helped settle the Armidale/New England area of New South Wales. ([154]) John Adrian Hope (1860-1908), seventh Earl Hopetoun, first governor-general of the Commonwealth of Australia, was also a link to Susan Dumaresq of the extended family of Colonel Henry Dumaresq (in family matters also linked to the descendants of Macleay of New South Wales). ([155]) Seventh Earl Hopetoun was associated with the Bank of Scotland, as a deputy-governor 1904-1908. He was son of John Alexander Hope, sixth Earl Hopetoun, and Ethelred Birch-Reynardson; he married Hersey Alice De Moleyns. ([156])

A governor of Queensland, Charles Ross-Cochrane-Wishart-Baillie, second Baron Lamington, was brother of Violet Mary Louise Cochrane, third daughter of Alexander Dundas Ross-Cochrane-Wishart-Baillie, first Baron Lamington, and Annabella Mary E Drummond; Violet married Henry Dundas (1835-1904) fifth Viscount Melville. ([157]) Second Baron Lamington's sister, Constance Mary Elizabeth Ross, married Reginald Windsor Sackville (died 1896), seventh Earl De La Warr; their daughter Edeline Sackville married Gerald Strickland (1861-1940), first Baron Strickland, a governor of NSW. ([158]) Here, Edeline Sackville as daughter of Constance Mary Ross-Baillie, a daughter of first Baron Lamington, was niece of a governor of Queensland, once governor of Bombay, Charles Wallace Baillie (d.1940) second Baron Lamington.

Genealogical interconnections entwine through the Australian vice-regal sector, but it is difficult to say where they might lead. Henry Dundas, first Viscount Melville, ([159]) had married as second wife, Jean Hope, daughter of John Hope, Earl2 Hopetoun. Genealogically, some links are here proposed to the merchants Hope of Amsterdam, a powerful group which were blasted by the American Revolution, their remnants taken over after 1800 by Barings. And so it is not hard to imagine that banker connections at high political and social levels, had worked throughout the nineteenth century to manipulate investments in Australia - working through somewhat narrow family interconnections. Of course, what is not yet known, is, if this happened. However, if such interconnections had been at work, the most useful evidence does not surface till late in the nineteenth century. One never reads that Barings invested in Australian colonies.

Yet, Henry Robert Brand (1841-1906), a governor of NSW 1895-1899, second Viscount Hampden, Lord Dacre, was son of Henry Bouverie Brand, 23^rd Lord Dacre, and Eliza Ellice. Second Viscount Hampden married firstly Victoria Alexandrina Van De Weyer (sister of Eleanor the mother of Lady Sylvia Brett/Brooke (1885-1971), of the Brookes of Sarawak), and then Susan Henrietta Cavendish (who has the names Lascelles in her background). Henry Robert Brand's daughter Gertrude married to the father of a governor of Western Australia, William Campion (1870-9151). ([160]) Here arises yet another possible link to Barings, or, Baring investments? A financier with Brings, Joshua Bates (d.1864), was born at Weymouth near Boston in 1788. From 1803 he was clerk in a large US trading house, W. R. and W. Gray. In 1815-16 he went to Europe as a confidential agent. Leter he went to Boston and entered partnership with John Baring. From 1825 this partnership became part of Baring and Co. ([161])

A governor of Western Australia, also a governor of Madras, Arthur Lawley, (1860-1932), sixth Baron Wenlock, KCMG, before World War Two was once a chairman of a child emigration society. ([162]) He becomes a link to J. Donaldson of the VDL Co., and the London wool traders, Donaldson/Wilkinson, and possibly to the bankers Barclay; also to Lascelles, plus a link to the shipping managers, Cunard. Sixth Baron Wenlock was a son of Beilby Richard Lawley, fourth Baron Wenlock, Elizabeth Grosvenor; he married Annie Allen Cunard. ([163]) Meanwhile, J. Donaldson, a director of the VDL Co., was a son of Sir Stuart A. Donaldson and Amelia Cowper. His sister May Ethel Donaldson married Rev. Algernon Lawley, a missionary to Brisbane, a son of fourth Baron Wenlock, and a brother of a banker with Barclays, Beilby Lawley. ([164])

W. S. Davidson may have been a link between Barings and other investors in Australia? Barings interests probably dealt with WS Davidson, from 1810 or so? He later worked at Herries-Farquar in London, a discreet bank with pre-existing international financial links due to its promotion of the use of traveller's cheques since the 1770s. W. S. Davidson dealt with Macarthurs in NSW as their "family banker", with John Abel Smith MP, first chairman of the AA Co., who had strong links to what became Jardine-Matheson. Davidson had some family links with John Lambton, first Earl Durham, and the Farquhar family. One Caroline Farquhar married Charles Grey, Viscount Howick, a son of prime minister Charles Grey, second Earl Grey, whose daughter, Louisa Elizabeth (1797-1841) married Durham. Davidson's mother was sister of a physician to royalty, Sir Walter Farquhar. Charity Graeme Farquhar married Rev Hamilton; her sons became involved in the Australia trade (see E. W. T. Hamilton listed below), and Farquhars were also married to Latours, who became AA Co investors.

Latours in turn were married to members of the Marjoribanks family, who were also engaged in the Australian trade. W. S. Davidson's siblings married with the name Leslie, a name found in Australian pastoral history. Further, one William Leslie once worked for Dent and Co., a company linkage traceable also to W. S. Davidson. The NSW explorer John Oxley was once linked with Dent and Co. (Dent and Co had links to the large eastern firm, Palmer-McKillop). ([165]) W. S. Davidson may also have had links with Plummer and Co. of London (a link to Macarthurs of NSW), and to the wool trader Stuart Donaldson. When in the east, Davidson had sent American-linked ships to Sydney for Robert Campbell and Alexander Riley. Davidson also became linked to Peter Latour of Western Australia and Thacker "of the Australian trade", plus Londoners William Chapman and Lord Mayor John Pirie. One of Davidson's Sydney agents was Richard Jones, who in turn was linked to Donaldson, Wilkinson and Co. (Note: Too little is known of Donaldson and Wilkinson. London wool dealer Sir Stuart Alexander Donaldson dealt with Dawes and Co. (see below) of Sydney and Richard Jones/W. S. Davidson.)

During the nineteenth century, Australian entrepreneurs not only dealt with British aristocracy intermarried with banker families, their families intermarried also in some cases, providing a de facto Australian aristocracy, of a kind. However, the resulting genealogies have never been probed in respect of Australian economic development, broadly. What we do not know is the extent to which banker affiliations, considered genealogically, were also reflected in actual interventions in economic life in Australasia, and a correlative approach is all that can be used presently. What becomes evident from a survey made between 1780 and 1900 is that from 1786, the originally operating convict contractors, or, government contractors, had no widely influential family connections. By 1840, after John Prinsep's first initiatives, about 1800, this situation had changed markedly. The number of convict contractors operating shrank, and some of their families, or families of their associates, had increasingly tended to marry well - sometimes to a distinct section of the upper classes - families comprised of intermarriages between aristocracy and banker families. Australian enterprise could have been managed at financial levels by groupings of such family-linked members. The extent to which this phenomenon can be reflected in the family histories of a number of governors of Australasian colonies still needs assessment. What seems clear is that while the number of convict contractors operating shrank, government support for their operations as contractors waned - but while this happened, the contractors and their associates were able to make inroads in the Australasian investment scene.

A simple mapping of some players in Australia's colonial economies, partly mapped above, helps to illustrate this more clearly, by way of a simple relisting: (the information below is drawn more from treatments of strictly commercial matters than matters genealogical): in some order of precedence in terms of apparent status in commerce:

Stewart Marjoribanks of the NZ Co: His wife Lucy Pratt also married Rev. William Thelluson, of that London financier family. Other family linkages were to Champion De Crespigny and Robarts of the bank, Robarts, Curtis and Were. ([166])

Robert Brooks, convict contractor, dealt at organisational levels with Buckle in London, plus the wool trader John Gore and the London Dock Co. He dealt via the UBA with the Australian Gold Mining Co. He dealt with the earliest versions of Dalgety, Elders; and with Younghusband, wool dealers in Melbourne. In eastern Australia he dealt with Thomas Potter Macqueen, Thomas Iceley (see below), Robert Towns (see below), and Alexander Stuart a premier of NSW. His son Herbert became a director of the Bank of England. In London, Brooks assisted emigration by assisting Caroline Chisholm. He supported the Union Bank (UBA). He became the third-largest importer of Australian wool. He also dealt in Pacific sandalwood. He dealt with James Cain in Melbourne, with Anthony Fenn Kemp, "the father of Tasmania" and also a whaler; and Raine and Ramsay in Sydney. (Thomas Raine had started as a convict ship captain. He engaged in whaling and his brother John, a shipowner, dealt in elephant seal oil and wool). ([167])

William Walker (father-in-law of an investor in New Zealand, Donald Larnach) was a London wool trader who dealt with Alexander Riley at Sydney. (Edward Riley at Calcutta was linked with Richard Jones and Alexander Riley at Sydney. Alexander Riley once maintained links with the Tasmanian trader, Anthony Fenn Kemp.) Donald Larnach became involved with promoting New Zealand trade. Larnach was involved with the Bank of New South Wales, London Joint Stock Bank and the Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, London and China. He dealt with Daniel Cooper in Sydney (see below), William Westgarth of Melbourne (see below), his father-in-law, William Walker; and Robert Tooth (see below). William Walker (1787-1854) headed a London firm, Walker and Co., wool dealers. He was a London director of the Bank of NSW and involved with London Joint Stock Bank. In Sydney he had been engaged in whaling, coastal shipping, wharf management and grazing.

Richard Jones: Jones dealt early with Forbes and Co of Bombay ([168]) and W. S. Davidson (when Davidson was in the China trade). Jones promoted sandalwood trading, deep-sea whaling, and worked with Ranulph Dacre (see below). He was associated with the Bank of NSW, the Bank of Australia, imported from China and the East Indies. He also had pastoral interests in Southern Queensland. He also dealt with Donaldson and Wilkinson of London. One of his daughters married to the Sydney retailing family, David Jones. Ranulph Dacre (1797-1882) was a cousin of Walter Buchanan. Dacre dealt with Robert Brooks the convict contractor, acquired New Zealand timber for masts, became a Sydney wharf manager, and acquired land in the Port Phillip area. He was involved with the Union Bank of Australia.

William Fanning was ruined by Dent and Co. ([169]) Fanning was linked to Charles Swanston ([170]) of Tasmania and later of Melbourne, to Gores of London, and to the Hamiltons (noted above).

Robert Campbell of the Wharf, Sydney. He married Sophia Palmer, daughter of John Palmer of the family of a noted India agency house, but little is ever heard of co-operation between Palmers and Campbell in Sydney. Sophia's brother John Horsley became a director of the Bank of England; and her brother George was engaged in the Australian trade. Robert Campbell, an investor in sealing, dealt with a Blackheath Connection, William Wilson. Campbell dealt with a convict ship captain and NSW pioneer, Robert Brooks, who was no relation apparently of Robert Brooks the convict contractor, with whom Campbell also dealt. Campbell's daughter Mary married a brother of Benjamin Boyd, and Ben Boyd was possibly yet another link with Jardine Matheson. Ben Boyd was associated with Royal Bank of Australia.

Rothschild interests: became a link with John B. Montefiore of Sydney. The genealogy of the Australian Montefiores is inadequate, but in London, Montefiores married with Rothschild and other Jewish financier families, evidently producing links which nurtured some Australian enterprise. John Montefiore of Sydney dealt in Sydney retail business and also promoted New Zealand flax and whaling business. He was agent for Bank of Australasia, which some say was earlier supported by capital from Barings. From 1844, Montefiore's Australasian interests were supported by Rothschild. His brother Jacob in London promoted the colonization of South Australia. A son-in-law, Joseph Henrigues, was engaged in grain in flour in Melbourne, in Adelaide an associate was Philip Levi, who had business and pastoral interests.

John William Buckle (convict contractor, St Katherine's Dock Co., Bank of Australasia and UBA, New Zealand Company, Australasian Gold Mining Co.). He dealt with Walter Buchanan, who dealt with his own cousin, Capt. William Lamb. With E. B. Mowle of Sydney. With Thomas Iceley of Sydney, and Capt. George Bunn. With Mary Reiby. With James White, a pastoralist of areas north of Newcastle who started with the AA Co. With James Bowman (director, Bank Australia) a member of the Macarthur family of NSW. With various South Australian Wakefieldians.

Duncan Dunbar dealt with the 1838 NSW and VDL Commercial Association, along with Richard Aspinall, MP John S. Brownrigg of Cockerell and Co, an AA Co investor, with Robert Brooks, and with J. W. Buckle. It is possible that Dunbar's ships carried copper from South Australia for the Grenfell banker interests? Grenfells by repute made a great deal of money from copper in the later nineteenth century.

E. W. T. Hamilton, first chancellor of the University of Sydney, a cousin of W. S. Davidson. Hamilton married Anne Thacker, whose father was a wool trader who dealt with Jardine-Matheson. Hamilton dealt with William Fanning in Sydney, John Gore wool trader in London, with George Richard Griffiths. Hamilton's sons both became directors of the ES&A Bank.

A. B. Sparke (1792-1856), "the respectable merchant of Sydney", was more a purely financial operator than many other financial names in Sydney. He dealt for Duncan Dunbar and was involved with the Bank of Australia, Bank of Australasia, the Australia Marine Assurance Co. He dealt also as a manager for the AA Co., with the London wool dealers A. A. Gower and Co., and after reverses, revived his fortunes with trading in Australian gold during the gold rushes.

Thomas Potter Macqueen, interested in WA Co and an AA Co Investor, also in the founding of Swan River Colony, also international interests, dealt with WS Davidson and Col. Peter Latour, in whaling, banking, Royal Bank of Australasia, with Richard Hart Davis MP, wool trader. He also had links with Montefiore interests. Some of Macqueen's men helped pioneer the New England area of NSW, such as Sempill at Walcha.

John Oxley, explorer, dealt with Bank of NSW, with Thomas and William Ward of London, with W. S. Davidson at Canton, the Bank of Australia, and was a small investor in the AA Co.

Robert Towns was a remarkably successful operator, Towns was involved with the Bank of New South Wales. He dealt with Robert Brooks and Donald Larnach, imported Chinese labour, and helped create a steamboat service between Britain and Australia.

Robert Tooth: The active Tooth family (which included several Roberts) had interests in Bank of NSW, in brewing, and had a link to Tooth and Mort in London. Robert Tooth born 1799 as a hops merchant dealt with Duncan Dunbar. The Tooth family intermarried with the noted legal family of NSW, Stephen, plus the families Blaxland, Hassall and McCansh. Other interests of family members included CSR and Queensland pastoral interests and meat processing.

Thomas Iceley, He became involved with Bank of Australia. He dealt with Buckle's firm in London, imported cattle, sheep and horses to New South Wales and exported horses to India.

Dawes and Co. of Sydney were involved with Montefiore via Bank of Australasia.

William Westgarth of Melbourne returned to London to become a sharebroker investing in loans to Australian interests. He dealt with Rothschilds.

Daniel Cooper was firstly part of the Sydney firm, Cooper and Levey. Later Cooper had links with the banker family, Mills, who oddly enough had some forebears who were from the London partnership, Cox, Cox and Greenwood, the army agents of the New South Wales Corps.

We find that the ex-convict trader Mary Reiby dealt with the Buckles firm of convict contractors quite happily... ([171]) plus On sheep bloodlines and GM Macaulay's ships... ([172])

The continental overview of Australia was, finally, a capture effect from such families. Australians still lack a continental overview as to questions of sovereignty. Not till 1829 did Britain declare responsibility for the whole Australian continent.

[1] I have not here gone to the lengths of researching the names investing in the failed company of 1849-1852 trying to resurrect the South Whale Fishery. If one did this, the name Enderby would of course recur.

[2] Follows a list of Canada Co. names of interest. Richard Blanchard/Blanshard. MP William Williams dep-chair Canada Co. MP Robert Downe. William Hibbert Jnr. James Mackillop MP. MP Robert Biddulph.

[3] By 1841, migrant brokers included John Marshall, Masson and Higgins, and especially Carter and Bonus (Robert Carter of Bank of British North America, and the North American Colonization Assoc. of Ireland) along with Joseph Somes, J. A. Smith, John Chapman, Russell Ellice, Ross Mangles, Sir Edward Parry). Carter and Bonus dealt with UBA in 1840, and in 1841 were dealing with Brooks and John Gore for regular migrant carriage. Broeze, Brooks. By March 1841, men in the Australasian trade met regarding emigration regulations to Australia, including. Buckle, Brooks, Gore, Donaldson, Lambert, Willis, Angas, Cummins, Thomas Icely, Alexander Smith of Liverpool, John Gilchrist from Glasgow (once resident in Sydney as director of UBA). All liked John Marshall's ideas. In 1841, government stopped bounty payments for emigration, and those upset included Marshall, Pirie, Duncan Dunbar (about 1848 Dunbar sent seven ships to South Australia), Thomas Ward, wine merchant Frederick Friend and UBA chairman Cummins. Broeze, Brooks, pp. 133-134, p. 216.

[5] Pemberton, London Connection, p. 36, pp. 60-63. Timothy Abraham Curtis was a promoter with others of Alliance British and Foreign Insurance Co., with N. M. Rothschild, Moses Montefiore, Alexander Baring and Samuel Gurney, James Alexander and William Crawford and TA Curtis. T. A. Curtis was a partner with Nicholas Garry in a Russia House, Garry and Curtis of Old Broad St and New Broad St, large importers of Russian flax. They were testing Colonial Office officials on ideas to grow flax in NSW, (possibly NZ flax?). Pemberton says flax was "a topic of recurring interest". So in June 1824, 360 barrels of flax seed were sent from Riga to Leith, then shipped to NSW on the transport Ann and Amelia. Garry and Curtis were also commission agents for Gov. Brisbane.

[6] John F. Atchison, Port Stephens and Goonoo Goonoo - A Review of the early period of the Australian Agricultural Company. Ph.D. Thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, 1973., Ch 8, pp. 241ff. See also, Jonathan King, `In the Beginning...' The Story of the Creation of Australia from the Original Writings. South Melbourne, Australia, Macmillan, 1985. Jonathan King and John King, Philip Gidley King: A Biography of the Third Governor of New South Wales. North Melbourne, Australia, Methuen Australia Ltd., 1981.

[7] George F. Bergman, `Solomon Levey in Sydney', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Vol. 49, Part 6, 1963., pp. 401-422. George. F. Bergman, `Solomon Levey: From Convict to Merchant Prince, Part II: The Foundation of Western Australia', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Vol 54, Part 1, 1968., pp. 22-44.

[8] See Holder, Bank NSW, p. 97, Wakefield also notable in SA Co. and New Zealand settlement.

[9] For the late 1840s, for South Australia's external trade and on Montefiore, see Pike, Dissent, p. 340.

[13] On the siting of Australian cities largely by mariners, see Pamela Statham, (Ed.), The Origin of Australia's Capital Cities. Sydney, Cambridge University Press, 1989.

[14] On George Moore: Roger A. Ekirch, `Great Britain's Secret Convict Trade to America, 1783-1785', American Historical Review, Vol. 89, No. 5, December, 1984., pp. 1285-1291. Wilfrid Oldham, Britain's Convicts to the Colonies. Sydney, Library of Australian History, 1990., pp. 54, 59, 84ff and elsewhere. Alan Frost, Convicts and Empire: A Naval Question, 1776-1811. Oxford University Press, 1980. Alan Frost, 'Botany Bay: An Imperial Venture of the 1780s', English Historical Review, Vol. C, 1985., pp. 309-330., in rebuttal of Mollie Gillen, 'The Botany Bay Decision, 1786: convicts, not empire', English Historical Review, Vol. 97, No. 385, October 1982., pp. 740-766.

[16] By 1832 the largest London importers of Australian wool were John Gore and Co.

[17] Burke's Landed Gentry for Younghusband formerly of Prior House (re Helen Magniac). W. E. Cheong, Mandarins and Merchants: Jardine Matheson and Co, pp. 88ff, p. 243, p. 269. W. E. Cheong, 'China Houses and the Bank of England crisis of 1825', Business History, Vol. 15, No. 1, January 1973., pp. 56-73., here, p. 58. Austin Coates, Macao and the British, 1637-1842: Prelude to Hong Kong. Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1988., pp. 139ff. S. B. Singh, European Agency Houses, p. 74. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p. 256.

[19] Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Rathdonnell. W. E. Cheong, Mandarins and Merchants: Jardine Matheson and Co, pp. 88ff; p. 240. W. E. Cheong, `China Houses', pp. 69ff. Keswick, Jardine, p. 24 and appendices. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1. p. 256.

[21] George Drummond, London banker, of Stanmore, Middlesex, was active by 1803. Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1754-1790. [Two Vols.] London, Parliament Trust of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1964., Vol. 1, p. 568. Henry Drummond (1730-1795), banker, MP, of Charing Cross, was son of William Drummond and Margaret Murray, (a Jacobite). As a bank, Drummonds were said to be able to withstand the call of half the world. They are noted in Christie, non-elite MPs, p. 70. Of Charing Cross, London. and the Grange, near Farnborough, he was eighth son (fourth survivor) of fourth Viscount Strathallan. He began as banker with his uncle, Adam Drummond, and handled much American business, especially as a financial agent for New Jersey. He shared contracts with Richard Cox and Thomas Harley for army remittances to America and was intimate friends with Lord Suffolk. In 1778 he was involved with a loan to Geo III, and this later brought ill feeling with the king and Lord North. John Booker on Herries, in Traveller's Money, pp. 55ff. Valentine, Vol. 1, British Establishment, Vol. 1, p. 269; these bankers deal with Smith and Payne. Leightons, Smiths the Bankers, p. 98. Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1754-1790. [Two Vols.] London, Parliament Trust of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1964., Vol. 2, p. 342.

[22] In 1787, the royal bank account was with Coutts, but then went to the banker Hammersley. One banker Hugh Hammersley died in 1840. See Edna Healey, Coutts, p. 157, p. 294; and also F. M. L. Thompson, `life after death', p. 52.

[23] Pike, Dissent, pp. 84ff, provides lists of members of Britain's National Colonisation Society of 1835.

[24] Pike, Dissent, p. 54 finds also a member is John Sterling, who agrees with Hutt.

[25] For a brief life of Torrens see Pike, Dissent, pp. 92ff.

[27] Broeze, Brooks, pp. 117-119, p. 237 and variously.

[28] The Montefiore Bros. failed in London in the 1840s.

[29] Broeze, Brooks, p. 79: The pioneer brokers of the 1830s Australian trade were Devitt and Moore, whom Brooks used; they loaded 39 ships for Australia in 1840 at a peak for their business.

[30] A. H, McLintock, Crown Colony Government in New Zealand. Wellington,. R. E. Owen, Government Printer, 1958., p. 52. In Ch. 1, p. 3, is noted Hugh Carleton's remark on the "utter untrustworthiness" of certain official papers.

[31] W. H. Oliver, The Story of New Zealand. London, Faber and Faber, 1960. On Cook and Dusky Bay, pp. 38ff.

[32] McLintock, The Story of New Zealand, p. 15ff.

[34] For more on the formation of the New Zealand Association, see T. Lindsay Buick, The Treaty of Waitangi: How New Zealand became a British Colony. New Plymouth, New Zealand, Thomas Avery and Sons Ltd., 1933., p. 45. Thomas Morland Hocken, Contributions to The Early History of New Zealand (Settlement of Otago). London, Sampson Low, Marston and Co., 1898., p . 37.

[35] Harrison M. Wright, New Zealand, 1769-1840: Early Years of Western Contact: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1959., p. 26. On trade see James Busby, Authentic Information Relative to New South Wales and New Zealand. London, 1832. On whaling 1830-1840, Mcnab, Old Whaling Days.

[36] Hocken, Contributions to The Early History of New Zealand, on J. B. Montefiore, pp. 32ff.

[37] Peter Adams, Fatal Necessity: British Intervention in New Zealand, 1830-1847. Oxford University Press, 1977. Adams also lists members of the New Zealand Association of 1837.

[38] Pearlers included Stuart Donaldson, William Wilkinson and W. E. Ferrers.

[39] On 22 October, 1834, Freemasons interested in settling South Australia met at No 7 John Street, the Adelphi for the formal consecration of SA Lodge of Friendship, No 613 under the English constitution. They had another meeting at the same place in 1835. (Australia Encyclopedia, 1925, entry on Freemasonry.) It seems highly unlikely that the great number of other notables interested in colonising South Australia would have been hostile to such expressions of Masonic fervour. Later, on 11 August, 1838, a Masons Lodge of Friendship No 613 met at Black's Hotel in Franklin Street, Adelaide, and in August 1841, governor Grey of No 83 Military Lodge became a member of 613. Royal Arches by 1861. Other notable Masons have been: in 1889, Chief Justice Way a senior Mason. In 1889, the Earl of Kintore, governor of NSW, was elected Grand Master, when Lord Carrington was Grand Master of Grand Lodge of NSW and Sir William John Clarke was grand master of the United Lodge of Victoria. If information on Masonic connections is juxtaposed for nineteenth century Australian history, with information on merchant/trade linkages, and banking developments, it would appear that Masonry was a significant social influence, also at the vice-regal level. This was during a century when very few Lords Mayor of London were not Masons. See for example, Kent Henderson, The Masonic Grandmasters of Australia. Melbourne, Ian Drakeford Publishing, 1988.

[40] In 1826 arose a "premature" New Zealand Co. Buckle and Marjoribanks were joined by men including Lord Durham, Colonel Torrens, Russell Ellice (later, see Kinnear Ellice and Co.).

[41] Pemberton, The London Connection, pp. 165-170.

[42] A. H. McLintock, Crown Colony Government in New Zealand. Wellington,. R. E. Owen, Government Printer, 1958., p. 33, lists members of Church Missionary society (founded 1799) as Buxton, Sir James Stephen (his father being in the Clapham Sect), Lord Bexley, Lord Glenelg, William Wilberforce. By 1834: The Committee for Promoting Emigration of Females to Australian Colonies: Sydney Gazette, 1 November, 1834 included: Edward Forster chairman, Samuel Hoare, Charles Holt Bracebridge, Thomas Lewin, S. H. Sterry, John Abel Smith, MP, Colonel Phipps, William Crawford, Capt. Daniel Pring, RN, John Taylor, John S. Reynolds, Capel Cure (sic), Charles Lushington, George Long, John Pirie, Nader/Nadir Baxter, agent was John Marshall of 26 Birchin Lane, Cornhill. (There had been recent use of ships Layton, David Scott).

[43] Douglas Pike, Paradise of Dissent: South Australia, 1829-1857. London, Longmans Green, 1957., p. 214

[44] Pike in Dissent, pp. 84ff, provides lists of members of National Colonisation Society of 1835. On p. 87, Pike presents lists of the 1832 members of the South Australian Association, whom I have overlooked here, except to mention Rev. Abraham Borrodaile, Raikes Currie, Jacob Montefiore, G. W. Norman, Richard Norman, and George Grote. On the Anthony Bacon story, Pike, Dissent, pp. 53-65.

[45] Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p. 22; Vol. 2, pp. 20ff. Adams, Fatal Necessity, Listings. GEC, Peerage, Northampton, p. 689; Ashburton, pp. 276ff.

[46] Pemberton, The London Connection, pp. 47ff. Pike, Dissent, pp. 84ff.

[48] See George Sugden Le Couteur, Colonial Investment Adventure, 1824-1855: a comparative study of the establishment and early investment experiences in New South Wales, Tasmania and Canada, of four British companies. Ph.D. thesis, Sydney University, 1978.

[49] The name Borradaile repeats in colonial history, but it is hard to say why. Borrodaile were merchants supplying some goods to the First Fleet, but for lack of information they cannot be connected with the First Fleet ship of that name. (That ship name was pronounced "Barradale" by Gov. King's strong accent.) Once again the trail leads into the shrubbery of banker intermarriages. One Isabella Mary Borradaile, daughter of William of Surrey, married Richard Harman Lloyd (1807-1867), son of banker Richard Lloyd. Burke's Landed Gentry for Lloyd of Dolorbran.

[50] Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 208, p. 360. Charles Bosanquet's father was Samuel Bosanquet, his mother, Eleanor Lannoy; he married Charlotte Anne Holford. He was part of a firm noted in S. R. Cope, 'Bird, Savage and Bird of London, merchants and bankers, 1782 to 1803', Guildhall Studies in London History, 1981., pp. 202-217., here, p. 213, William Manning Jnr, J. P. Anderdon and Charles Bosanquet. Per Le Couteur's lists: he was in the Canada Co., as an initial director, 1825. Kynaston, City of London, pp. 22ff.

[53] Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 67. Pemberton finds, that backers of shipping to New South Wales include George Hawthorn re George and Archibald Mossman, John Ward former partner with William Haldimand, for John Betts and Robert Lambert. Edward Deas Thompson for Donald Maclean, George Brown and John Carrick in 1828. This George Brown may possibly be noted as follows in Albert James Howard, `The Coromandel,' in Russell Mackenzie Warner, Over-Halling the Colony: George Hall, Pioneer. Sydney, Australian Documents Library, 1990. The convict transport Coromandel of 1801, owned by Reeve and Green, was broked by Messrs Brown, Welbank and Petyt.

[54] McNab, Historical Records of New Zealand, Vol. 1, p. 297. McLintock, Crown Colony, p. 13.

[55] Gaylene Mansfield-Smith. Trade and Violence: Early European Contact in New Zealand and the Massacre of the Boyd. M. Litt thesis, University of New England, Armidale, NSW , 1997.

[56] Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 66; and p. 73, noting that AA Co. directors were forbidden to have an interest in contracts let by the Company, so the Buckle firm and Stewart Marjoribanks could not let their shipping for company operations. Pike in Dissent regards Buckle on the NCS as an "exception amongst philanthropists".

[58] Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 65, pp. 74-75

[59] Bulwer is often mentioned in this capacity in Sydney Gazette issues of late 1834 and 1835. Broeze, Brooks, p. 61, regards the leading British firms in the Australian trade as John Gore and Co., Aspinall Browne and Co. at Liverpool, Buckles and Co., Walker and Co., Robert Brooks and Donaldson Wilkinson and Co., to about 1833. At Sydney was merchant Stuart Alexander Donaldson. One William Wilkinson became a pro tem secretary of the AACo.

[61] Sir Robert Campbell (who is surprisingly resistant to research) owned a ship Macqueen, suggesting to link to T. P. Macqueen. John Macarthur Jnr seems to have had a considerable debt with a wealthy East India merchant and MP, Sir Robert Campbell (c1771-1858). Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 47, p. 58.

[62] Sources: Sarah Palmer, Politics, Shipping and the Repeal of the Navigation Laws., pp. 23-26. Aaron Chapman was a director of the Hudson's Bay Company, the London Dock Company and the London Assurance Co.

[63] Raikes Currie (1801-1881), banker with Glyn's, director, VDL Co., associated with Samuel Mills at the London Assurance Co. He was a banker with Glyn's, an East India proprietor, director of Sun Fire Office, and an advocate of national education. Roger Fulford, Glyn's, 1753-1953: Six Generations in Lombard Street. London, Macmillan, 1953., p. 187. Pike, Dissent, p. 117, p. 187, p. 528, Note 52. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p. 98. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Currie. Possibly confusing matters on the names Currie-Larkins are outlined above in material cited in Byrnes, 'The Blackheath Connection".

[64] Pemberton, The London Connection, p.64. One AACo shareholder engaged in wool trade was Richard Hart Davis MP, Bristol merchant with a banker background.He made £200,000 in 1810 in Spanish wool, about 1811 he set up his son Richard Vaughan Davis as RH Davis and Son, Coleman Street Buildings, London (which was an old haunt of alderman George Macaulay of Blackheath (died 1803) who had part of the First Fleet ship Lady Penrhyn). Davis was a friend of governors Darling and Bourke, and corresponded with Col. Henry Dumaresq.

[65] His own ADB entry. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 281.

[66] Proper information on Davidson's so far untold story could easily fill a short book. Davidson's own ADB entry. See De Falbe, Dear Miss Macarthur, p. 73.

[67] S. B Singh, European Agency Houses, pp. 20-23, p. 75. Malcolm D. Prentis, The Scots In Australia: A Study of New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland, 1788-1900. Sydney, Sydney University Press, 1983., p. 55, p. 86. Hainsworth, Builders, p. 71; Hainsworth, Traders, p. 73, pp. 92-93.

[68] D. E. Fifer, 'The Sydney merchants and the wool trade, 1821-1851', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Vol. 78, Parts 1 and 2, 1992., pp. 92-112., here, p. 96, p. 101. Richard Jones in Sydney was an agent for Donaldson, Wilkinson and Co., London. S. B. Singh, European Agency Houses in Bengal, 1783-1833, presents various associated details. Prentis, The Scots in Australia, variously.

[69] Genealogical information on either Donaldson or Wilkinson remains in an unsatisfactory condition. Broeze, Brooks, pp. 32ff. J. C. Garran and Leslie White, Merinos, Myths and Macarthurs: Australian Graziers and their sheep, 1788-1900. Canberra, Australian National University Press, 1985., p. 141. Barrie Dyster, `The Rise of William Fanning and the Ruin of Richard Jones', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Vol. 67, Part 4, March 1982., pp. 366-374.

[71] Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 65, p. 324.

[72] Butlin, Australia and New Zealand Bank, p. 23.

[73] The names Enderby-Mellish-Bennett in this context are seen in pp. 28-31 of Phyllis Mander-Jones, (Ed.), Manuscripts in the British Isles Relating to Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific. Canberra, Australian National University, 1972. Adams, Fatal Necessity, listings. Broeze, Brooks, p. 227 on the 1849 South Whale Fishery failure. Note: When he returned home from New South Wales, Commissioner Bigge had taken an Enderby home at Greenwich/Blackheath to write his three reports on the state of New South Wales. P. P. King a commissioner to the AA Co. had his shares in the AACo jointly with the Enderbys who acted as his agents. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 48., citing AA Co. Minutes, 4 July, 1833. Such details suggest that with any suggestions concerning New Zealand development, Enderby interests were assuming the continued satisfactory progress of New South Wales.

[74] Historical Records of New Zealand, pp. 608-609. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 205, Note 2.

[76] On the origins of Herries-Farquhar, bankers, see John Booker, Traveller's Money. London, Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd., 1994. The later history of the bank is unfortunately still incomplete, and has never been seriously examined in view of any Australian connections.

[77] Maria Latour was daughter of a French banker working in Madras, Louis Latour, died 1807, and was sister of Georgiana, who married Edward Coutts Marjoribanks, of Coutts Bank. Burke's Landed Gentry for Innes. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Farquhar and for Stirling Hamilton. Edna Healey, Coutts, p. 69, p. 272.

[78] Broeze, `imperial axis', variously; Broeze, Brooks, p. 171. Priscilla Metcalf, The Park Town Estate and the Battersea Tangle: a peculiar piece of Victorian London property development and its background. London, London Topographical Society, Publication No. 121, 1978.

[80] Douglas Pike, Paradise of Dissent: South Australia, 1829-1857. London, Longmans Green, 1957., p. 99. Gouger's own ADB entry.

[81] J. M. R. Cameron, Ambition's Fire: The Agricultural Colonization of Pre-Convict Western Australia. Nedlands, Western Australia, University of Western Australia Press, 1981. Which has many citations listed on colonization for various parts of Empire in the period, of the more intellectually respectable kind, and some other articles of interest including: J. M. R. Cameron, 'Traders, government officials and the occupation of Melville Island in 1824', The Great Circle, Vol. 7, No. 2, October 1985., pp. 88-99. A. C. Staples, 'Memoirs of William Prinsep; Calcutta years, 1817-1842', Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol. 26, No. 2, April-June 1989., pp. 61-79. An additional list has become available, by way of parties interested in shipping Chinese labour to Australian colonies, in Maxine Lorraine Darnell, The Chinese Labour Trade to New South Wales. 1783-1853: An Exposition of Motives and Outcomes. Ph.D. thesis, University of New England, Armidale, Australia, January 1997. However, discussion of other commercial and/or pastoral activities of such parties is necessarily complex. Pike, Dissent, pp. 84ff.

[83] Cassis, `Bankers in English Society in the late eighteenth century'', p. 223. GEC, Peerage, Grey, pp. 119ff. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p. 168. Pike, Dissent, pp. 84ff.

[84] Cassis, City Bankers, p. 225, genealogical table. Cassis, `Bankers in English Society in the late eighteenth century', p. 221. Fulford, Glyn's, p. 122. Pike, Dissent, p. 67, p. 117. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Grenfell. One Pascoe Grenfell is noted as involved in shipping to New South Wales before 1821, named in Pemberton, The London Connection. GEC, Peerage, Wolverton, p. 827. See Kathleen Burk, Morgan Grenfell, 1838-1988: The Biography of a Merchant Bank. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1990.

[85] He was perhaps from a family of silk merchants; and was a brother-in-law of Sophia Prinsep, daughter of John Prinsep earlier mentioned. A. C. Staples, William Prinsep of Calcutta. S. R. Cope, 'Bird, Savage and Bird of London, merchants and bankers, 1782 to 1803', Guildhall Studies in London History, 1981., pp. 202-217., here, p. 202, has some information on the Haldimand family.

[86] Burke's Landed Gentry for Halliday of Glenthorne.

[88] Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 229. Le Couteur's listings.

[89] He was probably Samuel III Hoare, (1783-1847), banker, son of banker Samuel II Hoare and his first wife, Sarah Gurney; he married Louisa Fry, and resided at Hamstead Heath House. Burke's Landed Gentry for Hoare of Gateley Hall and for Gurney of Walsingham Abbey.

[91] Marnie Bassett, The Hentys: An Australian Colonial Tapestry. 1954. Alan Barnard, The Australian Wool Market 1840-1900. 1958. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 74, pp. 99-101, p. 117, pp. 168-170.

[94] John F. Atchison, Port Stephens and Goonoo Goonoo: A Review of the early period of the Australian Agricultural Company. Ph.D. Thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, 1973., Ch 8, pp. 241ff.

[95] J. P. Labouchere was earlier with the vestiges of the notable pre-American Revolution firm, Hopes of Amsterdam, which by 1814 was wholly absorbed by Barings. Whether is can be said that Labouchere's investments represented investments by Barings in Australasian concerns is a question seldom asked; I remain unsure for an answer. He was son of Peter Caesar Labouchere and Dorothy Elizabeth Baring; he married Mary Louisa Du Pre. When he departed Hopes, he became a partner of the London bank Williams, Deacon, Thornton and Labouchere in London. Cassis, City Bankers, p. 136. Ralph W. Hidy, The House of Baring in American Trade and Finance: English Merchant Bankers at Work, 17630-1861. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1949., variously. Pike, Dissent, p. 66. Algar Labouchere Thorold, The Life of Henry Labouchere. London, Constable, 1913., pp. 1ff, pp. 12-13. It is remarkable that so little is known of Hopes, since they were a large firm, indubitably respected, before 1775, as "first house in the world". Peter Caesar Labouchere (born 1772 at The Hague) of Essex, and of a later form of Hopes, was son of Matthieu Labouchere and Marie Madeleine Moliere; he married Dorothy Elizabeth Baring from 1796. Ralph W. Hidy, The House of Baring in American Trade and Finance: English Merchant Bankers at Work, 17630-1861. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1949., p. 44, genealogical table. In 1800, Hopes was temporarily relocated in England after Pichegru invaded Holland. In 1800, as Napoleon made life impossible for Hopes in Holland, Mr. John Hope sent Peter Caesar went to England to re-establish himself there, and Peter ended up becoming a negotiator for, or with, Napoleon. Peter also had some connections with Spencer Perceval, the later-assassinated British prime minister. There was a "prominent churchman" in the 1834 South Australian Church Society, possibly John Labouchere. (Pike, Dissent, p. 66.); also listed as an 1830 member of National Colonisation Society.

[96] Peter Caesar Labouchere (born 1772 at The Hague) of Essex, of the house of Hope, was son of Matthieu Labouchere and Marie Madeleine Moliere; he married Dorothy Elizabeth Baring from 1796. Hidy The House of Baring in American Trade, p. 44, table. The 1816 "Alliance Loan" that Barings (as in Algar Labouchere Thorold, The Life of Henry Labouchere. London, Constable, 1913., pp. 12-13.) made to France, happened to double Labouchere's fortune. (Cf., Fifty Years in Both Hemispheres, American translation 1854, by Vincent Nolte.) In 1800 Hopes, formerly an immense firm in Amsterdam with influence on North America, was temporarily relocated in England after Pichegru invaded Holland. In 1800 (Thorold, The Life of Henry Labouchere, p. 4) as Napoleon made life impossible for Hopes in Holland, Mr. John Hope sent Labouchere to England to re-establish himself there, and Labouchere ended up becoming a negotiator for or with Napoleon and he also had some connections with Spencer Perceval the later-assassinated British prime minister. Hopes was assumed to be "first house in the world'. A clerk in Hopes at Amsterdam was Vincent Nolte. There is a family tale that Peter Caesar went to England to see Sir F. Baring on business and fell in love with Dorothy. Asked permission to be engaged, this was refused. Labouchere then told Baring, that he, Peter had been asked to become a partner in Hopes. Would this change anything? Yes, said Baring. So then Peter told Hope he was engaged to a Baring, and this got him a partnership. He was sent to work in 1790 in his uncle Pierre's business at Nantes. Later he entered in 1790 in Hopes at Amsterdam as "the French clerk" where he began to amass a fortune; within six years he was a partner. He was of Hylands, Essex. GEC, Peerage, Taunton. Peteer and Dorothy had a son, John Peter Labouchere (1799-1863) of Hopes House, Amsterdam, London, who married Mary Louisa Du Pre. There was a "prominent churchman" in the 1834 South Australian Church Society noted in Pike, Dissent, p. 66. He may be the John Labouchere Esq. listed as an 1830 member of the National Colonisation Society. John Labouchere was also a partner in Hopes at Amsterdam and later a partner in the bank of Williams, Deacon, Thornton and Labouchere. He had a house in Portland Place, his brother the lord was at No 16 Portland Place.

[97] List per Dr. Pennie Pemberton, 1993, pers comm.

[98] For a list of New Zealand Company members, see Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 206. McLintock, Crown Colony, p. 16. An 1823 document "probably" paved the way for the appearance of the New Zealand Company in 1826. McLintock regards it as "enigmatic" that so little is known of the company's origins and plans. The 1826 New Zealand Company included John George Lambton (1792-1840), Earl Durham, and raised £20,000, but the "vague and elusive nature of its proceedings is inexplicable". Perhaps, as with the establishment of South Australia, Freemasonry was a factor? After his time as governor-general of Canada, "Radical Jack" Lambton was a provincial grand master of Freemasons, 1839-1840, till he died. C and C Manson, Curtain- Raiser to a Colony, pp. 51ff. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Cawdor. GEC, Peerage, Durham, p. 559. Lambton married a daughter of Viscount Howick, second Earl Grey.

[99] George F. Bergman, `Solomon Levey in Sydney', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Vol. 49, Part 6, 1963., pp. 401-422. George. F. Bergman, `Solomon Levey: From Convict to Merchant Prince, Part II: The Foundation of Western Australia', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Vol 54, Part 1, 1968., pp. 22-44.

[100] For South Australia's external trade and on Montefiore for the late 1840s, see Pike, Dissent, p. 340.

[101] A. C. Staples, 'Memoirs of William Prinsep; Calcutta years, 1817-1842', Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol. 26, No. 2, April-June 1989., pp. 61-79.

[102] William Hutchinson was partner with Samuel Terry in flourmilling; see Holder, Bank NSW, p. 81.

[103] Listed in Adams, Fatal Necessity. GEC, Peerage, Hatherly, p. 394. Note: McLintock, Crown Colony, p. 17; in 1823, Commissioner Bigge suggested New Zealand had a small military force to maintain order.

[104] Youssef Cassis, `Bankers in English Society in the late eighteenth century', p. 215. Healey, Coutts, p. 405, indicates he died in 1865, in a note on the amalgamation of Robarts/Lubbock and Co. with Coutts Bank. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 350. Burke's Landed Gentry for Gurney of Walsingham. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Avebury, pp. 359-360. Cassis, City Bankers, p. 226 has Lubbocks John, Henry James and John Birkbeck Lubbock on the boards of five colonial banks, eight insurance companies and five investment trusts including Bank of New Zealand, Royal Exchange Assurance Co, Lloyd's of London, Australian Mortgage Land and Finance Co., Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Co.

[105] John Manning Ward, James Macarthur, Colonial Conservative, 1798-1867. Sydney, Sydney University Press, 1981.

[106] Pike, Dissent, pp. 84ff. McKinnon's son founded Imperial East Africa Co.

[107] Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 165. Edna Healey, Coutts and Co., 1692-1992: The Portrait of a Private Bank. London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1992., genealogical tables. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, Tweedmouth, 1938. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p. 260, Vol. 2, p. 242. GEC, Peerage, Selborne, p. 615; Tweedmouth, pp. 85ff. Adams, Fatal Necessity, listings. GEC, Peerage, Rendlesham, p. 767. Broeze, Brooks, pp. 32ff.

[108] When Earl Durham died 1840, Joseph Somes, former deputy-governor stepped in as governor of the New Zealand Company. Somes was a self-made man from a family long engaged as Thames watermen and lightermen. His father was Samuel, also a coal dealer. Joseph as a lighterman bought ships and chartered them to the EICo. He built a fitting-out establishment at Poplar (near the West India Docks complex). When the EICo lost its monopoly and disposed of its ships, Somes bought many, paying £10000-£14000 each for some. Soon he had 15-20 ships in the India trade, plus others carrying convicts, or in the China tea trade, carrying passengers to Australia and whalers sailing to the South Pacific. Somes was instrumental in founding Lloyd's Register of Shipping, and became the largest owner of private shipping in UK. He later stood for Parliament. Somes is seen as a self-interested philanthropist, and from his Devon constituency he sent settlers to New Plymouth. (C&C Manson, Curtain- Raiser to a Colony, on Joseph Somes, pp. 37ff, pp. 56ff.) However, on behalf of the NZ Co, Somes tried to sell the Chatam Islands, influenced by an idea from Wm. Wakefield, who sent R. D. Hanson to effect the purchase. In London, could the Chatam Islands be turned into cash? Germans agreed to pay $10,000 for the islands, although now the British Government had noticed matters, and Crown lawyers looked into legalities. Somes wrote to the Colonial Office, but the Crown thought Hanson's deal was illegal. On 10 December, 1838, Somes as director of NZ Co agreed to sell his ship Tory to the Co. for £5250. She was fitted out by Col. William Wakefield at Milwall Dock, Somes advancing much cash. In early May 1839, Somes gave a large dinner party prior for Tory's sailing. A Maori, Nahiti, returned to New Zealand on Tory. Young Jerningham Wakefield sailed on Tory.

[110] In Leven's background are Thorntons of the Clapham sect, and Wentworths as Baron Fitzwilliams. Leighton-Boyce, Smiths the Bankers, GEC, Peerage, Leven, p. 624.

[111] Adams, Fatal Necessity, listings. Pike, Dissent, pp. 84ff, p. 188.

[113] On J. B. Montefiore: Sydney Gazette, 21 August, 1834. Ian Berryman, `Solomon Levey: Business Entrepreneur', pp. 63-75 in W. D. Rubinstein, (Ed.), Jews in the Sixth Continent. Sydney, Allen and Unwin, 1987. Thomas Morland Hocken, Contributions to The Early History of New Zealand (Settlement of Otago). London, Sampson Low, Marston and Co., 1898., on J. B. Montefiore, pp. 32ff. J. B. Montefiore in 1838 gave evidence to House of Lords Committee on State of the Islands of New Zealand. Montefiore had spent months in New Zealand in 1830, while establishing business; he thought the southern island bleak and not yet good for habitation. In the north was settlement of Nelson, two years old with 3000 people. Otherwise there were the Deans at Port Cooper and John Jones at Wailouaiti. On the south-east coast of New Zealand was a station kept by Montefiore, who provided trade goods and paid a monthly wage plus commissions on flax deals, to agents such as John William Harris by about 1831 and George White by about 1831. John Horsman, The Coming of the Pakeha to Aukland Province. Wellington, Hicks Smith and Sons Ltd., 1971., pp. 18-19.

[114] Burke's Landed Gentry for Norman of Bromley Common. A more extensive set of citations for the Norman family of bankers is given in a note above.

[117] Palmers are difficult to research genealogically. Added to this is that the principals of many often-mentioned East India firms active 1800-1840 (and often their nephews as well) still lack detailed attention, whether their principals were resident in the east, in London, or both.

[118] Parry's daughter Katherine married into the banker families Hoare and Gurney. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Eardley-Wilmot.

[119] He is probably the man with a nephew, James Pattison, MP, listed in Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p. 303.

[120] Buick, Treaty of Waitangi, pp. 56-57. On 29 December, 1838, George Fife Angas wrote to Lord Glenelg on the 1825 failure of the New Zealand Land Company and the new efforts of the New Zealand Company of 1838, warning of the French. This new NZ Co. was formed of an amalgamation of a Colonisation Company, the old NZ Assoc. and the Company of 1825, with Lord Durham as chairman and a paid up capital of £100,000.

[121] Broeze, Brooks, pp. 124-132. Little however is seen of Pirie in Valerie Hope, My Lord Mayor: Eight Hundred Years of London's Mayoralty. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson in association with the Corporation of the City of London, 1989. Adams, Fatal Necessity, listings.

[123] The name Raikes is commonly found in titles on nineteenth century banking, but the genealogy remains unclear. This man may have had a brother as listed in Burke's Landed Gentry for De Chair.

[128] Martin Tucker Smith (1803-1880), banker (a senior partner in Smith, Payne and Smiths), MP, AA Co., Canada Co., a director of the East India Company. He was son of banker John II Smith, MP and his second wife, Miss Tucker; Martin married Louisa Ridley. (As found in Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Dalrymple-White, and genealogies for the Ridley bankers. His son Gerard has an ADB as a governor of Western Australia. Le Couteur, 1825 lists of Canada Co directors. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 389. Leighton-Boyce, table, Smiths the Bankers, p. 273. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p . 353.

[129] Singh, European Agency Houses, p. 74. Pike, Dissent, p. 121. Charles Magniac of Charles Magniac and Co., an agency house, was trading to China by 1823. On Smith, Payne and Smiths, see also, Charles P. Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe. London, George Allen and Unwin, 1984., p. 80, citing Baker.

[130] Cecil and Celia Manson, Curtain-Raiser To A Colony: Sidelights On The Founding Of New Zealand. Aukland, Whitcomb and Tombs Ltd., 1962. For some views on Somes and/or on questions of New Zealand sovereignty, see also T. Lindsay Buick, The Treaty of Waitangi: How New Zealand became a British Colony. New Plymouth, New Zealand, Thomas Avery and Sons Ltd., 1933., p. 63, p. 187, p. 196, p. 359.

[131] Adams, Fatal Necessity, listings. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p. 376.

[133] Ian Berryman, `Solomon Levey, Thomas Peel, and the Founding of the Swan River Colony' p. 465. Cameron, Ambition's Fire, pp. 40-41.

[134] Holder, Bank NSW, p. 97. By late 1830s, in the Wakefield family, per Daniel's wife, Angela Attwood, can be found connections with the bankers Attwood and Spooner. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Freeman-Attwood, formerly of Sion Hall.

[136] One Thomas Wright, banker, Russell Street, Covent Garden, is given in Edna Healey, Coutts, and, Co., pp. 234-237. Pike, Dissent, p. 87, gives Wright as a banker of Henrietta Street, London. One Thomas Wright, or, "Tommy the banker" (in NSW?), re 1835 "Defiance Bankers", is found in Butlin, Foundation of the Australian Monetary System, p. 257, and on Austilin Bank, p. 258.

[137] See Thomas Wright, banker, Russell Street, Covent Garden, in Edna Healey, Coutts and Co., pp. 234-237. Also, Thomas Wright, or, "Tommy the banker" (in NSW?), re 1835 "Defiance Bankers", in Butlin, Foundation of the Australian Monetary System, p. 257, and on Austilin Bank, p. 258.

[138] Sydney Gazette, 21 August, 1834. (And also name Edward Blount in 21 August, 1834, Sydney Gazette.

[139] E. W. Campbell, The 60 Families Who Own Australia. Sydney, Current Book Distributors, 1963.

[140] Many years ago, I was impressed by Martin's remarks about finding "patterns" in Australasian history, as expressed in A. W. Martin, 'Australia and the Hartz "fragment" thesis', Australian Economic History Review, Vol. 13, No. 2, September 1973., pp. 131-147.

[141] Newspaper writers still dwell on those times. By 2000 we find that The Daily Telegraph now publishes a regular historical page. The writers seem to be recycling many topics that gained attention from a time when the present writer was 12, in 1960, when The Daily Mirror in Sydney published an often-daily historical page, often concerned with the grimmer aspects of life in colonial Sydney. Topics such as the legally outrageous case of "the Scottish Martyrs" after 1792.

[142] Sir Gerard's mother was Louisa Ridley of the White-Ridley family of bankers from Northern England. Sir Gerard's father was MP Martin Tucker Smith. Here there are some links with the Onslow family producing the Macarthur-Onslow family of NSW. Sir Gerard arrived in Western Australia and observed the gold boom resulting from discoveries at Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie. He invested unwisely in mining and other speculation and was unfortunate in his choice of business partners. Scandals resulted and London disapproved. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Dalrymple-White. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, pp. 352-353. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 389. Leighton-Boyce, Smiths the Bankers, p. 273, genealogical tables. Le Couteur's lists. Sir Gerard's ADB entry.

[143] See S. R. Cope, 'Bird, Savage and Bird of London, merchants and bankers, 1782 to 1803', Guildhall Studies in London History, 1981., pp. 202-217.

[144] As to NSW/London networks: W. C. Wentworth , educated in England, stayed with the family of Richard Brooks. John Macarthur Jnr. kept in touch with other Australians in London including Wentworth, Alexander Riley, William Jones and Gov. King's family [whose agents were Enderbys]. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 45.

[145] Logan Campbell made his way into the financial elite of New Zealand. Amongst other organisations he promoted the Aukland Savings Bank, Bank of New Zealand, and New Zealand and South British Insurance Company. R. J. C. Stone, Young Logan Campbell. Aukland, Aukland University Press, 1982. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Campbell of Aberuchill and Kilbryde.

[146] Marion Diamond, The Sea Horse and the Wanderer: Ben Boyd in Australia. Carlton, Victoria, Melbourne University Press, 1988.

[147] Relevant work by Broeze here is listed in footnote 1 above. It is still difficult to discover reliable information on the major backers of retailing in New South Wales, concerning retailers noted in Sydney Gazette issues of the financially volatile 1820s-1830s. Frances Pollon, Shopkeepers and Shoppers: A Social History of Retailing in New South Wales from 1788. Sydney, Retail Traders Association of New South Wales, 1989.

[149] GEC, Peerage, Haddington, pp. 234ff; Polwarth, p. 572. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Polwarth and for Gainsborough. His own ADB entry (CD-ROM version). Buxton in Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, pp. 60-61. Burke's Landed Gentry for Gurney, Hanbury, Lloyd.

[150] Tennyson's ADB entry, CD-ROM version. GEC, Peerage, Tennyson, p. 668. He became governor of South Australia on 10 April, 1899.

[151] GEC, Peerage, Beauchamp, p. 43. Burke's Landed Gentry for Hoare of Gateley Hall. For some original guidance on some points of "long-range genealogy", I am indebted here to gleanings from R. G. Lang, `Social Origins and Social Aspirations of Jacobean London Merchants', Economic History Review, 2, V, 27, 1974., pp. 28-47.

[152] GEC, Peerage, Beauchamp, p. 43. Seventh Earl Beauchamp befriended NSW writers including Victor Daley and Henry Lawson; he paid for Lawson to go to England. He was homosexual but married. His own ADB entry, CD-ROM version.

[153] On Louis Hope: (See also, C. T. Wood, Suhar Country. Brisbane, 1965.) Hope lived as a landed aristocrat, and used Kanaka labour for sugar production. He was otherwise a grazier and sugar miller. His own ADB entry.

[154] Henry Dumaresq (1792-1838), MLC for NSW, son of John Dumaresq and Anne Jones; he married Elizabeth Sophia Butler-Danvers. His father John had fought in the American Revolution. Henry Dumaresq had runs in the Armidale area, at Tilbuster and Saumarez; near Muswellbrook, St Heliers. In 1833 he was appointed a commissioner of the AA Co. His ADB entry. He was involved with Wentworth, Blaxland and H. Macarthur in the crash of the Bank of Australia. See also, ADB entry for Barnett Levey. GEC, Peerage, Derwent of Hackness, p. 223. See also, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Lanesborough and for Strickland.

[155] His own ADB entry, CD-ROM version. Davis McCaughey, Naomi Perkins and Angus Trumble, Victoria's Colonial Governors, 1839-1900, p. 285. Leighton-Boyce, Smiths the Bankers, indicates pp. 286-287 there had long been connections between Smith, Payne and Smiths and Bank of Scotland. GEC, Peerage, Hopetoun, pp. 575-576, and p. 576, Note A.

[156] Adrian was a rare name for a nineteenth century British aristocrat. Adrian Hope was one of the firm, Hopes of Amsterdam, at the time of the Boston Tea Party, and the seventh Earl Hopetoun may have had genealogical links to this Adrian's family? (Bearing in mind that from 1814, Barings took over what remained of Hopes of Amsterdam) This Adrian Hope is named in Benjamin W. Labaree, The Boston Tea Party. New York, Oxford University Press, 1968., p. 10; and in H. R. Fox Bourne, English Merchants: Memoirs in Illustration of the Progress of British Commerce. London, Chatto and Windus, 1886. [Kraus Reprint Co., New York, 1969 in Two Vols]., here, Vol. 2, p. 243, and in Burke's Extinct Baronetage for Hope of Kerse.

[157] GEC, Creations after 1901, Strickland, 1928, p. 439. GEC, Peerage, De La Warr, p. 165; Melville, p. 656.

[158] GEC, Creations after 1901, Strickland, 1928, p. 439.

[160] Campion's entry in ADB, CD-ROM version GEC, Peerage, Hampden of Glynde, p. 288. On Joshua Bates: Fox Bourne, Merchants: Memoirs, Vol. 2, p. 248. Joshua Bates is mentioned in the autobiography by Sylvia Brooke noted below.

[161] Sylvia Brooke, Queen of the Headhunters: An Autobiography of HH the Hon. Sylvia Lady Brooke, Ranee of Sarawak . London, Sidgwick and Jackson, 1970., pp. 1-2.

[162] During 1998, increasing complaints were made in both Australia and Britain in the media regarding child emigration from Britain (Liverpool) to Australia. Many such children were landed in Western Australia, destined to experience various forms of sexual or physical abuse. It could here be noted that as a European nation, Britain is unique in having engaged in child emigration since about the 1640s, when agriculture on Barbados was turned more toward a sugar monoculture. That is, Britain has indulged in exporting young people for three centuries. Barry Coldrey, `"A thriving and ugly trade": The first phase of child migration, 1617-1757', History of Education Society Bulletin, No. 58, Autumn, 1996. Barry Coldrey, '"...a place to which idle vagrants may be sent", The first phase of child migration to the Americas, 1618-1778', Children and Society, Vol. 13, February 1999., pp. 32 - 47. (On child migration, especially the kidnapping aspect, during the seventeenth and eighteen centuries, from Britain to the eastern seaboard of America.) Barry Coldrey 'Child Migrants from Post-War Britain', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, No. 53, September 1997. Barry Coldrey, `Good British Stock: Child and Youth Migration to Australia, 190183', 1999. See National Archives Website at http://www.naa.gov.au

[163] Sixth Baron Wenlock's ADB entry. GEC, Peerage, Wenlock, p. 488, Note B. GEC, Creations after 1901, 1928, p . 437.

[164] GEC, Peerage, Wenlock, p. 488, Note B. Le Couteur lists. As wool traders, Donaldson and Wilkinson are often noted 1829-1830 in Sydney Gazette. He is noted in Garran and White on Merinos and Macarthurs due to his links to such as Sydney merchant Alexander Riley. He was of the house, Donaldson and Wilkinson, and a director in 1826 of VDL Co.

[165] Broeze, Brooks, p. 88, By about 1832, Brooks "allowed" Robert Campbell Jr to import tea to Sydney from Dent and Co ["the opium house"]. Broeze does not seem to have followed up other "Australian" connections enjoyed by Dent and Co.

[166] Burke's Landed Gentry for Grant-Dalton (Thellusson) of Brodsworth Hall.

[167] Margaret De Silas, Captain Thomas Raine: An Early Colonist. Self published, 1969.

[168] One of the principals of Forbes and Co. of Bombay was Sir Charles Forbes, Bart1. He loaned funds to the East India Company. His own DNB entry. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Forbes of Newe.

[169] Barrie Dyster, `The Rise of William Fanning and the Ruin of Richard Jones', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Vol. 67, Part 4, March 1982., pp. 366-374.

[170] It remains difficult to find information on Swanston's family history.

[171] J. C. Garran, 'William Wright Bampton and the Australian Merino', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Vol. 58, Parts 1&2, March 1, 1972., pp. 1-12. J. C. Garran, 'Indian Sheep in early New South Wales', Newsletter , Royal Australian Historical Society, April 1974. J. C. Garran, 'Sheep and other livestock in New South Wales, 1788-1805', Canberra and District Historical Society Journal, March 1970., pp. 1-17. J. C. Garran and Leslie White, Merinos, Myths and Macarthurs: Australian Graziers and their sheep, 1788-1900. Canberra, Australian National University Press, 1985.

[172] Ian Berryman, `Solomon Levey, Thomas Peel, and the Founding of the Swan River Colony', Journal of the Australian Jewish Historical Society, Volume 10, Part 6, 1989., pp. 463-475.

A preponderance of Scots names is apparent in the above outlines. (Some names of French origin seem mere distractions) After the American Revolution, in the later 1780s, Henry Dundas (first Viscount Melville, 1742-1811) as a government minister, and as a senior Scottish politician, worked at the level of policy on the management of the East India Company to promote the installation of more talented young Scotsmen in Company operations in the East, especially in India. ([1]) Orchestrating this policy coincided with other operations, including the establishment of a convict colony at New South Wales, (Sydney, Australia), from 1786-1788. With the movement of British whalers, then sealers, into the Pacific. With British conflict with the French over India interests. With moves by American merchants into East India and Chinese trade, followed by the entry of United States whalers in the Pacific. With British conflict with the Spanish at Nootka Sound on the West Canadian coast over seal fur destined to be sold at Canton.

One result of Dundas' policy was the projection of Scottish family linkages more deeply into Imperial affairs, whether military and expansive, or in commercial affairs where a search for greater cohesion was noticeable. This makes the study of Scottish family histories extremely valuable in tracing the family histories of non-Scottish families as well - which can be noted especially with Australian colonial history. As people - and their money - moved about the British Empire of the Nineteenth Century, to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, (and also the United States), extended families became "extended geographically". Today, we can complain that family histories (as we now find them), as influenced by this general trend; they tend to ramble considerably. ([2]) Records are far-flung, it is difficult to keep track of multiple trends in social and economic development in the more distant reaches of the British Empire, and so on.

However, members of Scottish families, more so those who did well out of working for British Imperial interests, and also due to the way they intermarried chiefly with British stock, can be easy to trace because of the Scots tendency to "clannishness", to stay close to what they viewed as their own. ([3]) With family histories, the use of this approach, if pursued methodically, will benefit also from information gained from economic history, maritime history, the history of the application of new technology.

The point can be illustrated within British Imperial history, generally, by reference to some notable families, some with a Scottish background. Such as that of the historian, Thomas Babington Macaulay, who spent time in India. Robert Campbell (1769-1846), from Greenock, Scotland, of Campbell's Wharf, Sydney, one of Sydney's most productive merchants, who had been preceded in India by his less-known merchant brother, John. ([4]) The New Zealand merchant, John Logan Campbell (1817-1912) (no relation to Robert Campbell of Sydney or Duncan Campbell the Thames hulks overseer and relative of William Bligh). The outcomes of the American Revolution had the effect of putting a centrifugal kind of spin on many family histories, as opportunities and income sources changed markedly. This certainly showed in the history of the extended family of the hulks overseer, Duncan Campbell (1726-1803), since some of them worked in India. ([5]) Given Campbell's commercial career, his interests on Jamaica, and the careers of his relatives, one suspects that his descendants would not have spent time in India, or dealing in Eastern trade, if Britain had won the American War of Independence.

George Fife Angas (1789-1859), financier, promoter of the colonisation of South Australia, and a settler there, was a Scot notable in Australasian history. If such family histories are elaborated, it is impossible to ignore trends in British Imperial development which may be taken as a vindication of Dundas' original 1780s policy of promoting Scots' initiative in the context of changing Imperial fortunes, opportunities and theatres of action. Two things can be noted about here about Dundas' policy...

(a) Historians of the politics of his day, or, of the East India Company, still confess to a sense of mystery as to how he arrived at his policy, and seem not to know whom he conferred with about it. One might feel that Dundas simply had great confidence in the likely outcomes of the Scottish Enlightenment that had spread since the union of Scotland with England in 1708.

(b) This may all be the case, but to date, family historians, and indeed, historians using family history for purposes of illuminating other sorts of histories, have tended to be blinkered about the use of family history by the way they reference the high-points of history, generally. Emphasis on the connections of family members with the hero of some military encounter, a famous admiral or politician, a notable writer, a successful exercise in colonisation, can deflect both amateurs and professional historians from gathering more of the often-far-flung facts that successful family history requires. The particular value of at least beginning with Scottish-based family histories is that the information gathered becomes cohesive and indicates validly how many individual families intermarried. At times, inheritances can be traced usefully. Here, a question can be asked: what happens if connections are gathered into sets, and the sets bestride "history" in some unexpected ways? What happens to the high points of history? Are any new realisations possible?

An excellent example of the way notable and non-notable family histories can ramble in historical contexts arises with the case of the background of the English writer Virginia Woolf, nee Stephen. (1882-1941). ([6]) A talented writer, though suffering from bipolar disorder, and with a disturbed family background, it is said, due to sexual abuse in her youth, she finally suicided. ([7]) The Stephen family from which she came was originally, as noted, from Aberdeenshire, and male members later shone in the legal profession in both Britain and in New South Wales, Australia. Sir James Stephen (1789-1859) was at the Colonial Office, and Virginia's father Sir Leslie (1832-1904), edited the English Dictionary of National Biography. The Stephens were a family however which seemed to leave its Scots heritage behind, at least as far as folkways are concerned. ([8])

One of Virginia's forebears has become entertainingly notorious, James Pattle (1775-1845). ([9]) In noting what happened to Pattle after he died, Virginia Woolf-Stephen helped to firm a tradition of citation which has been less than helpful in widening the curiosities of researchers in family history. One tale on Pattle is bizarre and deserves to be commented liberally. James Pattle, judge of a High Court Appeal in India, died 1845 at Calcutta, was born 31 December, 1775, at Beauleah, Bengal, the son of a director of the East India Company 1787-1795, Thomas Pattle, and his first wife, Sarah Hasleby. James married a Frenchwoman, Adeline De l'ETang. James Pattle was known as "a drunkard and a liar", renowned for extravagant wickedness, known as "King of Liars", or "Jim Blazes". By repute, he drank himself to death by 1845. ([10]) As Virginia Woolf wrote, James Pattle wished to be buried "for family reasons" beside his mother at Camberwell in London. The story goes, his body was sealed in a cask of rum for transport to London. ([11]) He wished to be buried besides his mother.

James Pattle's father applied for a Bengal cadet writership for him in 1791, after his education by Daniel Duff, writer (lawyer), MA of Battersea. Pattle became a senior member in India of the Board of Revenue and a judge of the Court of Appeal at Mursedabad. He began his service in 1792 in Bengal, where he'd been born, as a writer before moving to other legal posts.

With 53 years' service, Pattle became "one of the longest-serving East India Company men". At one time he lived in Garden Reach overlooking the Hooghly River. ([12]).

(A talk by Prof. Joan Stevens, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand.) (Copyright restricted)

"In my last talk, I traced the connections between Edward Jerningham Wakefield, son of Gibbon Wakefield, and various families who had served with the old East India Company at the end of the eighteenth century. One of these was the family to which his mother belonged, Pattle. Jerningham Wakefield's grandfather was Thomas Charles Pattle. Now Thomas had a brother, James, who had seven beautiful daughters. James Pattle had married a French girl, daughter of the Chevalier de

l'Etang, one of Queen Marie Antoinette's pages. After the Queen's execution, he and his young wife were banished. They went to British India, where their one daughter married James Pattle. All the family became friends of the Thackerays, with whom there remained ties for the rest of their lives. As a young man in London in the 1830s and 1840s, the novelist William Thackeray was constantly in Pattle company, while he and his parents when in France kept up with old Madame de l'Etang in her widowhood, as well as with her daughter Mrs. James Pattle. As for the Pattle daughters, "they possessed", as a descendant, wrote "great beauty and vivid personality".

However, before I tell you tales of the seven beautiful daughters, I must say more about their father. James Pattle, nicknamed Jim Blazes.

Let me quote, first, the words of his great grandchild Virginia Woolf. "He was a gentleman of marked, but doubtful reputation who, after living a riotous life and earning the title of "the biggest liar in India", finally drank himself to death and was consigned to a cask of rum to await shipment to England." Here I interpolate, that the reason for the cask of rum was a bet. The cask story is best told in the breathless prose of young Kate Stanley, later to be the mother of Bertrand Russell, in a letter of 1860, where she repeats what she was just heard at Mrs. Carlyle's. As both accounts are needed to give you the picture, I shall thread them together. Here is young Kate, then. "Mr. Pattle once made a bet with a man that he would be buried in England - he lived in India - it was for £100, and this man said he would never live to go back to England. Mr. Pattle did die in India but, in his will, he said he only left his fortune to his wife on condition he was buried in England in the Churchyard he named -- so though it was very inconvenient -- Mrs. Pattle was obliged to go to the trouble and expense of doing it or else she could not have the fortune, so Mr. Pattle was put in a cask with spirits to preserve him and embalmed.

Here I must pause, to return to Virginia Woolf's narrative. She, at least, uses commas... "The cask was stood outside the widow's bedroom door", she writes, "In the middle of the night, Mrs. Pattle heard a violent explosion, rushed out; and found her husband, having burst the lid of his coffin, bolt upright, menacing her in death as he had menaced her in life." They put the cask on a ship for England but, when the sailors found out what was in it, says Kate Stanley, they "positively refused to go on with it and said they would throw it overboard or come back to Calcutta; so, as the Captain thought Mrs. Pattle would rather not have it thrown overboard, he had brought it back to her."

Mrs. Pattle then chartered a ship herself, but this too returned, baffled by a "great storm of thunder and lightning". Next, she put the cask inside a large wooden case and tried a third time. Ill with nervous strain, quite understandably, she then went to the seaside for a holiday. I quote young Kate Stanley again. "When she had been there two days, a frightful storm arose. Wind and rain and thunder, and the sea was in a great state; and a ship near the shore was in great distress. It struck and was quite wrecked, and every soul on board perished. What next morning, among the debris, should Mrs. Pattle find washed on shore to the foot of her house but a large case at once recognized as Mr. Pattle's tomb. So the cask was again taken out and put in a spare room in their house. Soon after, in the middle of the night, a great noise was heard as if the roof was coming down. Mrs. Pattle, running upstairs with the key of the room where Mr. Pattle was kept, opened it; and what should she see but the cask lid off and Mr. Pattle sitting up in the cask half out like a jack-in-the-box. She was so frightened, she fell ill and they gave up sending Mr. Pattle to England. The gas had generated and burst the cask."

Well, it's a wonderful story, you'll agree. Virginia Woolf summed it all up by reporting "That Pattle had been such a scamp, the devil wouldn't let him go out of India." If James Pattle brought a liar's imagination and unconquerable vitality to the marriage, his French wife brought great beauty, which all the daughters but one inherited. Let me now tell you more about them. Remember, they are the cousins of Eliza Pattle, the wife of Edward Gibbon Wakefield. The eldest was Mia, who married Dr. John Jackson. Her daughter, Julia Jackson, married Herbert Duckworth, publisher. He died, however, and she married again, taking as her second husband the author, Leslie Stephen. For Stephen, too, it was a second marriage; his first being to Harriet, younger daughter of William Thackeray; their child, little Laura Stephen, died young -- or what would she have done with her inheritance?

Stephen's second marriage, however, to Mrs. Julia Duckworth, grandchild of James Pattle, produced its own brand of genius. For there were four children, all noted in their day. The most brilliant, Virginia, married Leonard Woolf, and is known to you all as Virginia Woolf. If you've been able to keep my family tree in your head, you'll have worked it out that Virginia Woolf's mother, Julia Jackson-Duckworth-Stephen, and Edward Jerningham Wakefield, son of Gibbon Wakefield by Eliza Pattle, were second cousins. The next of James Pattle's lovely daughters, Sarah, married Henry Prinsep, a wealthy Indian merchant who returned to London in 1843. Her house was always open to Thackeray, who was a constant visitor. His letters and diaries record many delightful meetings there with the Pattle girls, as he called them.

Then there was Julia Pattle, who married Charles Cameron, an important Indian official; she was the only plain sister, but she made up for it by her picturesque behaviour, especially in middle life, when she became one of the pioneers of portrait photography. Together with Mrs. Prinsep who, by the 1860s, had the painters, Watts and Burne Jones, and who knows others besides, living in her menage at Little Holland House in London. Julia netted for her camera most of the celebrities of the day. Julia Cameron's story, which is delightful, I cannot cover here; but you will find it in all its vitality in her volume, called Victorian Photographs, which has the introduction by her niece, Virginia Woolf, from which I have been quoting. If you still believe that the Victorians were conventional, have a look at this book.

Then there was the youngest Pattle girl, Virginia, Thackeray's favourite, who was so strikingly beautiful that she used to be mobbed in the London streets. All through the 1840s, Thackeray commented on her loveliness, whenever he met her at the Prinseps or elsewhere. His admiration culminated in an article in Punch, "On a good looking young lady", in 1850. Her wedding to Charles, Viscount Eastnor, later 3^rd Earl Somers, in October 1850, was one of the brilliant occasions of the time. "She looked beautiful" wrote Thackeray "and has taken possession of Eastnor Castle and her rank as Princess, and reigns to the delight of everybody."

The above tales, with their mentions of various people who remained in association for family reasons if no other, could well be cross-referenced, as follows. It was presumably the case from 1787, that Thomas, Judge James Pattle's father, as an East India Company director had views on the opening up of the Pacific Ocean to British shipping by virtue of the establishment of a convict colony at Sydney. From 1787, an increasingly influential Company investor was the banker Francis Baring, who as chairman of the Company in the early 1790s took a dim view of London-based whalers operating in the Pacific, perhaps engaging in trade illicit from the Company point of view. Too little is known of Baring's view here, or the views of his associates. ([13]) In 1789 the Directors of the East India Company were: ([14])

Chairman: Nathaniel Smith ([15]); Deputy-chair, John Michie. William Bensley, Thomas Cheap, Lionel Darrell ([16]), Thos. Fitzhugh, Stephen Lushington ([17]), James Moffatt, Thomas Pattle, John Roberts, Joseph Sparkes, Robert Thornton ([18]), John Travers, Jacob Bosanquet ([19]), William Devaynes ([20]), William Elphinstone, John Hunter, Charles Mills, Thomas Perry, Abraham Robarts ([21]), John Smith, George Tatem, John Townton, John Woodhouse. Secretary, Thomas Morton. Deputy-secretary, William Ramsay.([22]) Of these men, some are notable for their association with the terms of "the Botany Bay debate". And given "the Botany Bay debate", it is important to note how few of London's merchants took opportunities to explore commercial opportunities which might have arisen in the Pacific. This of course can serve to throw the merchants who did become involved, into clearer relief.

The Pattle family is rendered thus: One Pattle progenitor is Thomas Pattle, born c.1710 in England, son of Edward Pattle and Ruth Casson. He married Elizabeth Brooke as second wife (a member of the family which became the Brookes of Sarawak.) He was "of Poplar and Stepney", and at one time a part-owner and/or captain of an East Indiaman. In 1748 he was of Poplar in the Parish of St Dunstan's, Stepney. ([23])

Edward Pattle, who married Ruth Casson, had a relative Thomas Pattle (died 3 July 1702), who had a son Thomas (who had a daughter, Elizabeth). The father here may be the same as one Thomas Pattle an East India Company factor on the Malabar Coast in 1677-78. In any case, the Pattles had a long association with East India trade, based in India. One Capt. Thomas Charles Pattle, a merchant at Canton, was born in 1773 at Beauleah, Bengal; he died in 815 at Macao. He was the son of Thomas Pattle, East India Company director and his wife Sarah Hasleby; this Thomas Pattle, son of Thomas and Sarah married as first wife, Eliza Anne Frances Middleton. He had brothers James ("Jim Blazes" as above, with seven daughters), and William, of a Bengal Light Cavalry.. This Thomas was also, confusingly, a half-cousin of the father of Rajah Brooke of Sarawak. ([24]) Capt. Thomas Pattle was of the Canton Civil Service in 1788 and a second member of the Select Committee off and on between 1805-1815. He was appointed a supercargo in 1794 and later became a director of the East India Company. The provers of his will in 1815 were Sir William Fraser (not yet identified) and Charles Magniac (of the firm which became Jardine-Matheson). (The Pattle family also has vague cross-links with the descendants of noted goldsmith Paul Storr (1771-1844), via the Baronets Champneys, as given p. 118 in Christopher Lever, Goldsmiths and Silversmiths of England. London, Hutchinson, 1975.) ([25]) The residue of Thomas' estate was invested in 1865. He had an estate worth not £90,000, as he thought, but £163,769. ([26]) Via inheritances, some of that fortune went to fund the colonisation schemes of Edward Gibbon Wakefield (1796-1862).

James ("Jim Blazes") Pattle "was highly successful, very wealthy, and had a beautiful, forgiving wife, Adeline Maria de l'Etang (1793-1845), and beautiful daughters who all made

successful marriages to wealthy men." ([27]) The daughters of "Jim Blazes" were thus:

7-- Virginia PRINSEP (Listed in the IGI) (Born 1848, christened Paddington, London)

sp-William Humble WARD, Earl3 Dudley, Viscount Ednam, governor-general of Australia (1867-1932) ([33])

Nathaniel Middleton is notable here only in that he had children, whom he recognised, by an unknown Indian woman. Their daughter was:

While the Australian colonies grew, disparate groups of British merchants worked in India, South East Asia and China. Little is known of many of them, such as the brother, John, of the better-known Sydney merchant, Robert Campbell (1769-1846). The figure who became "the family banker of the Macarthurs", the wool-producing family of Parramatta near Sydney, was Walter Stephenson Davidson (1785-1869), who spent many of his early years in the East, is still little-known. What, if anything, can unite mention of such names? Anything as simple as "Australian opportunity". None of the Pattles had forebears who had connections with moves to establish a convict colony at Sydney; or people associated with those moves, yet oddly enough, they, or, their extended-family connections, were linked with many figures who after 1800 did have connections with various sorts of Australian history - including the promoter of systematic colonisation, Edward Gibbon Wakefield.

And at this juncture, yet another "literary" set of connections can be traced...

Also part of the circles known to Virginia Woolf-Stephen were members of the family of the novelist William Makepeace Thackeray. It is little-known of this writer's family that they were distantly related to kin of the hulks overseer, Duncan Campbell (1726-1803), as follows, via the Shakespear family, which for present purposes can be regarded as originally of London. The Shakespears were yet another family which moved its members to India after the American Revolution.

Below is a partial descendancy list for Shakespears of London ([41]) as a link to line of Thackeray the novelist and also to the Campbells of Jamaica, also the family of Duncan Campbell of London, (1726-1803), overseer of the Thames Prison Hulks.

And so we find that while there are no formally or direct historical connections between the families of Duncan Campbell the hulks overseer, and Thackeray the novelist, genealogical interconnections nevertheless abound. Historians generally ought to be aware of such connections, if for no other reason than that interconnections, sometimes unexpected, existed amongst families who had members "working for the Empire" in India. Presumably, other interconnections will in time come to light which may bear more forcefully on questions in Australasian history, proper. In this vein, the story of John Prinsep becomes more entertaining. ([45])

The difficulties of explaining the Prinsep Connection in the context of "convict contractors" are several - and are connected with the contextual complexities of referring to the diverting Pattle family history as outlined above.

By 1800, a new name, Prinsep, had entered the lists of merchants wanting to send a convict ship to Australia. This Prinsep name came to London via India, with new ideas in mind - John Prinsep. Between 1800-1804, John Prinsep and his partners Lambert and Saunders were expressing interest in shipping prisoners to Sydney. ([46]) ([47]) Prinsep's involvements are little reported, but there is an air of mercantile giftedness in what little is known of him. John Prinsep (1746-1831) had been 17 years in India where he pioneered indigo production. He returned to London with a fortune by 1788, became established as a merchant, and by 1804 he (unsuccessfully) planned a whale fishery in the South Seas, transporting convicts on the outward voyage, as per John St Barbe's proposal of the early 1790s, and shipping wool and freight back to London. ([48]) In July, 1804, regarded as a London merchant, John Prinsep was examined in Council Chamber at Whitehall, presumably about such possibilities. In 1804, as commercial men operating on an impressive scale, Prinsep and Saunders tendered a remarkable 16 ships to the East India Company; probably, mostly in the Bengal rice trade.

However, the later involvements of John Prinsep's sons in Western Australia are still not clear. What is clear, however, is that Prinsep plans, however much they failed in execution, had moved from New South Wales to Western Australia - involving a continental overview - the first such continental overview adumbrated by any merchants with London-India shipping and commercial connections. And perhaps prompted by NSW wool-production promoter, John Macarthur, perhaps not, Prinsep early on had at least considered wool freight from New South Wales. But the Prinsep picture failed to develop.

1-- John PRINSEP, East India Company Indigo producer, London (c.1790-1832) sp-Sophia NOTKNOWN ([49]); Charles Robert PRINSEP EICo Calcutta (c.1844) sp-Louisa Anne WHITE ( -1853); 3-- Henry Charles PRINSEP Settler Western Australia (c1844-1922) sp-Charlotte Josephine BUSSELL (1849-1929); 3-- Mary Emily PRINSEP widow, wife2 ( -1931) sp-Hallam TENNYSON, Baron2 Tennyson, Governor South Australia, governor-general Australia (1852-1928); 2-- Sophia PRINSEP sp- Mr. HALDIMAND, 2-- Henry Thoby PRINSEP EICo merchant (1793-1878) sp-Sara PATTLE (IGI) (c.1848); 3-- Henry Auriol PRINSEP, 3-- Virginia PRINSEP (IGI) (c.1848), 3-- Alice PRINSEP sp-Charles Henry GURNEY Banker (c.1833); 4-- Rachel Anne GURNEY wife1 ( -1920) sp-William Humble WARD Earl3 Dudley, Governor -General Australia (1867-1932) ([50]); 5-- William Humble Eric WARD Earl3 Dudley (c.1894) sp- Lady Rosemary Millicent LEVESON-GOWER; 6--Lt. William Humble David WARD (c.1920); 5--Capt. (army) Robert Arthur WARD; 5-- Cyril Augustus WARD RNVR, 5--Lt. Gerald Ernest Francis WARD; 4-- Laura GURNEY sp- Sir Thomas Herbert TROUBRIDGE Sir, Bart4 ( -1938), 4-- Henry Edward GURNEY ([51]); 2-- James PRINSEP, Orientalist, reformer of currency of India, ( -1840); 2-- William PRINSEP, Merchant with agency house William Palmer and Co (c.1796) sp-? ([52]) ([53])

The Prinsep genealogy becomes tantalising. We find amongst the information, a governor-general of Australia, a Pattle daughter, a banker name (Gurney), and William Prinsep an agent of the agency house, William Palmer and Co. Too little is known of Palmer and Co., and one remains ambivalent about whether or not this family name, Palmer, was connected at all with the extended family of Palmer, from 1788 the first commissary of the new colony at New South Wales.

Where questions of investment in New South Wales are concerned, some of the great er weight, before 1800, needs to be gathered around evidence on the trading activities of the New South Wales Corps. By about 1800, the weightiest commercial names which can be mentioned regarding investment possibilities are ranged around the acquaintanceships of John Macarthur. Here, the name of Macarthur's later "family banker" Walter Stephenson Davidson (1785-1869) looms the largest, from 1803-1804, and rather mysteriously. ([54])

Davidson, who was in New South Wales by 1803, but departed, may have had links in eastern trade with two sons of Francis Baring (Thomas in Bengal and Henry at Canton, both with business careers unwritten to date). ([55]) The business linkages they formed have never been adumbrated, and Barings' work generally with the east remains little-known. It is with following up Davidson's career in this respect that many complexities of relationships commercial and personal between the banking fraternity in the United Kingdom need to be tallied. Lambert, Prinsep and Saunders were of 148 Leadenhall Street. ([56])

To 1830, one Robert Saunders, probably of Mincing Lane, with partners, was a London-Calcutta indigo dealer; he was probably son of the otherwise-unknown partner, Saunders, of John Prinsep, from about 1800. To 1826, a J. Saunders appears as a wool trader and is listed by Le Coteur as a member of the Van Diemens Land Company; but there is no proof he was connected with the original partner Saunders with Prinsep. ([57])

One Henry Thoby Prinsep was active with the East India Company by 1827. In S. B. Singh's findings, he is acting-secretary about 1827 to Government Territorial Department in India, ([58]) at a time when some European and Indian agency houses were failing, the failures affecting investors in England badly. ([59])

Meanwhile, the acquaintanceships of John Macarthur become devilishly complicated to delineate. However, there is a drift about "eastern trade" in plans suggested by Macarthur's acquaintances which presumably surfaced in Macarthur's later vision about Pacific opportunities, termed his "quadrangular trade pattern" as illustrated and discussed by Hainsworth. ([60]) ([61])

At this point, consultation of the footnotes given here will have alerted the reader to the existence of an excess of tantalising interconnections. In brief, one might say that the families already noted contributed later (Nineteenth Century) names who were involved in history proper in the administration of British colonies. This may be a reflection of the educational attainments of such families, of their income levels (sometimes drawn from Eastern trade?), or their social class. What is extraordinary about the social classes in question is the way they intermarried with England's banker families. For these banker families were remarkable for the way they married into social spaces confined (perhaps outlined is a better word), by long-term financial interests. When the lists are consulted, of Englishmen (Britishers?) investing in Nineteenth Century Australasian colonies, in companies devoted to the exploitation of the resources of those colonies, what is found at the core of available genealogical information - are the intermarriages of banker families. ([62])

We could at this point turn to listings historians have made of investors in the most influential companies promoting the development of Australasian companies. Here, the appearance of the colony of Western Australia still poses problems, as it involves the convict contractor name Mangles, (while two notable investors in Western Australia were Thomas Peel and Solomon Levey...).

The problem arises however of considering the career of Joseph Lachlan, not just a convict contractor, but a bulk-taker of such contracts, who seems to have operated for persons not unknown, simply unnamed. Lachlan's activities give camouflage and cover to better information about convict contracting involvements from about 1814. During Lachlan's period of activity from 1817-1829, some other convict contractors included: George Lyall, Samuel Francis Somes ([63]), Charles Enderby, Aaron Chapman and Thomas Henry Buckle. But what we do not know is whether Lachlan operated on his own account (which seems unlikely), for those named here, or other parties unnamed.

In general, the convict contractors as listed in Bateson's The Convict Ships had few relatives in Australasia, or none, even years later. This helps to explain why information of them surfaces so seldom via extended genealogical researches; and not in all cases does research on the merely commercial connections in the colonies, of convict contractors, lead back to solid caches of information in the United Kingdom. An exception to this is with the story of the founding of Western Australia, involving the convict contracting firm, Mangles.

By 1800, some merchants concerned with East India Company business included Mangles, Wilkinson, Hamilton and Co. Mangles were contractors who operated in low-key fashion, sending convict service ships regularly from 1800. ([64]) More successful from 1800 than Prinsep, Mangles can be regarded as having been a force in trade to India, and they also had one family member a director of the East India Company. An examination of their family history can be discouraging, however.

Also part of the family were the brothers George W. Mangles, West Australian settler and Capt. John Mangles, RN, Botanist, parents unknown.

As with other genealogies noted above, the Mangles genealogy is unsatisfactory. Some entries in the IGI helpfully support Mangles' genealogy from other sources, others in the IGI do not. One family member, Captain John Mangles, unmarried, helped the Western Australian botanist, Georgiana Molloy, ([73]) but he is difficult to place in his family history; his brother George became a West Australian settler. ([74])

The convict shipping run helped Mangles' trade to India, and between 1816 and 1842 their ship Surrey made eleven voyages with convicts to NSW and Tasmania. ([75]) One element in the Mangles family story is of the "small world" variety, since two Mangles men married to sisters Newcombe - who were daughters of George Newcombe of the Audit Office. If working at the Audit Office by 1830, Newcombe may well have known of the auditing of the papers associated with the contract-making for transportation by Thomas Shelton, and of the bureaucratic arguments on that strange matter. ([76]) Emily Mangles married to Norman, of the Norman banking family of Bromley Common, London.

The Norman family connection meant some connection to the family Stone, of the bankers Stone-Martin, whose (financial ) history is linked to the origins of the bank begun by Francis Baring - although this financial history is not yet in useful detail. Further to the mysteries of the Stone banker family, Caroline Mangles married Rev. Arthur Onslow, who by his second wife, Marianna Campbell, had a son, Arthur Alexander Onslow, who married Elizabeth Macarthur, daughter of James II Macarthur and Emily Stone. Emily, who was from the same Stone family; Emily being daughter of banker, Henry Stone. ([77]) Here, in brief, one Harriet Herring married the later Sir Francis baring. Her sister Mary married banker Richard Stone. Richard had a son, Henry Stone, banker of Lombard Street. In Clay's book on the bankers Norman, Henry Stone seems to be a partner in the bank Stone and Martin, later Martin and Co. From 1764, Francis Baring banked with his brother-in-law Richard Stone. ([78]) Later, John Martin MP can be noticed in these family linkages, since the name Martin became linked with that of the Norman banker family of Bromley Common. ([79])

And, Arthur Pooley Onslow married Rosa, daughter of the New South Wales colonial secretary, Alexander Macleay. ([80]) As to banker families, and surely a reflection of a confident class consciousness, a later female descendant here married a son of Gerard Smith, governor of Western Australia, who was of the line of the Smith-Payne-Smith bankers, that is, a relative of John Abel Smith, the first governor of the Australian Agricultural Company.

So with the little-studied Mangles family, who worked the convict service from about 1804, taking contracts handled by Thomas Shelton, are found genealogical linkages with noted British (London) banker families, some of which families invested in colonial Australia. That is, it is still not clear whether unexplained matters of (otherwise unremarkable?) family history can - or should - be directly or indirectly related to matters of investment in Australasia. This is all cloudier since the Mangles family is known to have invested in Western Australia, but they do not seem to have invested directly in New South Wales - and the extent to which they invested indirectly in New South Wales is also not clear. What the Mangles family history does indicate, clearly, is that a convict contracting firm had members who married to the emerging Australian upper class. The implications of any such facts remain unclear, partly since the vice-regal sector of Australasian society, in general, has never been studied in concerted ways. If it was studied, as a social sector, the genealogical interconnections noticed here could not be avoided.

Prior to the establishment of the Australian Agricultural Company: Section Eight

Since 1823 was a distinct watershed year, earlier-compiled lists of men influential in proceedings, perhaps, need recompilation. ([85]) It is here convenient to note the members of the London General Shipowners Society. ([86])

Now, we need to consider the first lists relevant to the Australian Agricultural Company as well as other companies active 1823-1840, including Edward Gibbon Wakefield and the promoters of the South Australian colony, with notes on various men interpolated. The list is alphabetical only.

Preceding however, is a matter involving the London shipowner and colonial emigration agent, John Marshall. ([87]) Marshall became a prime mover for the fusion of two underwriting societies (the Red and the Green), that is, the establishment of a single register on a broader basis. These issues came to a head at an annual meeting of the Shipowners Society on 11 December, 1823, and were resolved. It is ironic, of course, that in the 1790s, one of the names at Lloyd's of London, John St. Barbe, who helped start the rebel Red Book at Lloyd's, was also the whaling investor who suggested to government that whaling ships be regularly allowed to ship convicts to New South Wales.

Since 1823 was a distinct watershed year, earlier compiled lists of men influential in proceedings, perhaps, need recompilation. ([88]) Now, we need to consider the first lists relevant to the Australian Agricultural Company as well as other companies active 1823-1840, including Edward Gibbon Wakefield and the promoters of the South Australian colony, with notes on various men interpolated. The list is alphabetical only.

By 1816, members of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufacture and Commerce, who had later Australian Agricultural Company connections, included Lord Bathurst, James Brogden, Walter Buchanan, Sir Robert Farquhar and Sir Thomas Farquhar, James Esdaile Hammett, ([89]) John Macarthur Jnr, Thomas Potter Macqueen, ([90]) Richard Twining, and George Miller. Pemberton notes that John Macarthur Jnr. Had a "first meeting" with wool trader Donald Maclean of Carrick and Maclean, Blackwell Hall factors. Here, George Brown was a partner with G&J Brown, merchants and Maclean's father-in-law was George Gerard de Hochpied Larpent, a partner in the East India house of Paxton, Cockerell and Trail, ([91]) and a chairman of an East India Trade committee promoting the settlement of Northern New Holland. ([92]) By 1823, John Macarthur Jnr. Had become chairman of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts committee on colonies and trade, and he promoted prospects for Australian wool, in effect, his father's scheme of 1803. A mere fortnight after the Australian Agricultural Company as formed, Macarthur in that capacity obtained the services of Wilmot Horton as vice-president of the society, i.e., about May 1824. ([93]) In London, John Macarthur Jnr kept in touch with other Australians in London, such as W. C. Wentworth, Alexander Riley, William Jones, Governor King's family (whose agents were the Enderbys), plus various army and navy men and merchant ship captains.

When the Australian Agricultural Company was formed, banker and MP John Abel Smith (1801-1879) took the chair. He came from a family of highly discreet merchant bankers, Smith, Payne and Smiths, and took more interest in "eastern trade" than anyone else in his extended family; for which he became distrusted. One view is that he wasted his patrimony on eastern trade - and in Australasia. ([94]) Australasian historians have known too little about his activities - including his business links with precursors of Jardine-Matheson, and opium dealing. ([95])

An even more mysterious character is Walter Stephenson Davidson, who has been regarded as "family banker" for the Macarthur family. Davidson had a mostly unexplained position with the bankers, Herries-Farquhar and Co., and it is presumably partly via his position - partner? - with this bank that Farquhars invested in the Australian Agricultural Company? Here, a conjecture can be explored. From the early 1770s, Herries-Farquhar had pioneered the English use of what is today termed, the traveller's cheque; and to 1783, while they pioneered this financial innovation to fashionable England, Sir Robert Herries (1730-1815) had also managed to remain the main buyer of North American tobacco for the French Farmers-General - during a war. How Herries did this without incurring the odium of the City, and was actually knighted, is intriguing. One imagines that since the war was unpopular, finance names who disapproved of the war may have even helped Herries; he was certainly aided by Scots tobacco shippers for the duration. Suffice to say, the Australian Agricultural Company obtained a fine group of investors. It is not impossible that by 1824, since Herries-Farquhar had been promoting traveller's cheques to fashionable England for 50 years, their mailing list of affluent clients was long. ([96]) Perhaps, Davidson at Herries-Farquhar simply did a mail-out concerning the prospectus of the Australian Agricultural Company? This possibility is just one reason to review the lists of company investors?

Significantly for Australian commercial development, the watershed year of 1823-1824 meant that a greater concentration of purely finance names, including W. S. Davidson, and not just shipping managers (such as Mangles), or shippers also involved in Eastern trade (such as Paxton, Cockerell and Traill), turned their attention to Australasia. Politicians also. This meant new forces arose in mercantile capitalism, and from this decade, shipping operators viewing Australasia tended to be less of an old school, more of the newer school of Duncan Dunbar and Joseph Somes. From 1823, lists of "ship men", including whalers, are overtaken by the names of financiers and politicians.

This paper has had the ambition of placing financial names in a different sort of context, genealogical, to which it should be relatively easy to attach other data on commercial activity. The need arises to review all relevant lists of investors and other figures interested in: the Australian Agricultural Company ([97]) or New South Wales in general, the Van Diemens Land Company, ([98]), in Western Australia, South Australia, and also the Canada Company. (Pemberton meantime finds an indirect set of interests in NSW arising within Russia and Baltic houses, [though not in the Russia Company itself]. These were dealers in flax, hemp, oil and timber, such as Stephen Thornton and Brothers, Astell, Thornton and Tooke, William Astell and Thomas Tooke; William Astell of S. Thornton and Co., Old Broad Street.) Here, Henry Sykes Thornton may figure. ([99])

By 1823, John Macarthur Jnr. had become chairman of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts committee on colonies and trade, and he promoted prospects for Australian wool, in effect, his father's scheme of 1803. A mere fortnight after the Australian Agricultural Company as formed, Macarthur in that capacity obtained the services of Wilmot Horton as vice-president of the society, i.e., about May 1824. ([100]) In London, John Macarthur Jnr kept in touch with other Australians in London, such as W. C. Wentworth, Alexander Riley, William Jones, Governor King's family (whose agents were the Enderbys), plus various army and navy men and merchant ship captains.

When the Australian Agricultural Company was formed, banker and MP John Abel Smith (1801-1879) took the chair. He came from a family of highly discreet merchant bankers, Smith, Payne and Smiths, and took more interest in "eastern trade" than anyone else in his extended family; for which he became distrusted. ([101]) One family view is that he wasted his patrimony on eastern trade - and in Australasia. ([102]) Australasian historians have known too little about his activities - including his business links with precursors of Jardine-Matheson, and with opium dealing. ([103])

An even more mysterious financial operator is Walter Stephenson Davidson, who has been regarded as "family banker" for the Macarthur family. ([104]) Davidson had a mostly unexplained position with the bankers, Herries-Farquhar and Co. It is presumably partly via his position - partner with this bank? - that Farquhars invested in the Australian Agricultural Company?

Here, a conjecture can be explored. From the early 1770s, the bank Herries-Farquhar had pioneered the English use of what is today termed, the traveller's cheque. To 1783, while they pioneered this financial innovation to fashionable England, Sir Robert Herries (1730-1815) also remained as the main buyer of North American tobacco for the French Farmers-General - during a war! How Herries did this without incurring the odium of the City, and was actually knighted, is more than intriguing. (Herries' career reminds one of the tone of distaste that many commentators use, including historians, concerning the "disloyalty" of the financier who is committed to internationalism - and might end in playing off two or more warring parties against each other. Or, end in being "forced" to play them off in order to survive.)

One imagines that since the American war was unpopular to 1783, finance names who disapproved of the war may have even helped Herries; he was certainly aided by Scots tobacco shippers for the duration. Suffice to say, the Australian Agricultural Company obtained a fine group of investors. It is not impossible that by 1824, since Herries-Farquhar had been promoting traveller's cheques to fashionable England for 50 years, their mailing list of affluent clients was as long as it was interesting. ([105]) Perhaps, Davidson at Herries-Farquhar simply did a mail-out concerning the prospectus of the Australian Agricultural Company? This possibility is just one reason to review the lists of company investors?

Significantly for Australian commercial development, the watershed year of 1823-1824 meant that a greater concentration of purely finance names, including W. S. Davidson, and not just shipping managers (such as Mangles), or shippers also involved in Eastern trade (such as Paxton, Cockerell and Traill), turned their attention to Australasia. Politicians also. Reformers and "radicals", also. This meant new forces arose in mercantile capitalism, and from this decade, British-based shipping operators viewing Australasia tended to be less of an old school, more of the newer school represented by Duncan Dunbar and Joseph Somes. From 1823, lists of "ship men" interested in Australian colonies, including whalers, including convict contractors, are overtaken by the names of financiers and politicians.

The following section of this article has the ambition of placing financial names in a revised context, genealogical, to which it should be relatively easy to attach other data on commercial activity. The need arises to review all relevant lists of investors and other figures interested in: the Australian Agricultural Company ([106]) or New South Wales in general, the Van Diemens Land Company, ([107]), in Western Australia, South Australia, and also the Canada Company. (Pemberton meantime finds an indirect set of interests in NSW arising within Russia and Baltic houses, [though not in the Russia Company itself]. These were dealers in flax, hemp, oil and timber, such as Stephen Thornton and Brothers, Astell, Thornton and Tooke, William Astell and Thomas Tooke; William Astell of S. Thornton and Co., Old Broad Street.) Here, Henry Sykes Thornton may figure also. ([108])

[1] On Dundas here... James G. Parker, 'Scottish Enterprise in India, 1750-1914', pp. 191-219 in R. A. Cage, (Ed.), The Scots Abroad: Labour, Capital, Enterprise, 1750-1914. London, Croom Helm, 1985. Parker, p. 197 in Cage's book writes: "The origins of Dundas' interests in the (East India) Company's affairs are obscure, but he seems early to have developed a genuine concern for Indian matters over and above the obvious potential value of the Company's patronage to his political control of Scotland for Pitt." But Parker warns also against over-estimating the extent of Dundas' "personal Indian patronage".

[5] A model of research on meandering genealogical movements due to changes in Imperial fortunes is: Jacob M. Price, 'One Family's Empire: The Russell-Lee-Clerk Connection in Maryland, Britain and India, 1707-1857', Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 72, 1977., pp. 165-225. Some of the personnel discussed had business-political linkages with Duncan Campbell (1726-1803). As discussed in an unpublished article, Dan Byrnes, A Bitter Pill: An assessment of the significance of the meeting between Thomas Jefferson and Duncan Campbell of the British Creditors in London, 23 April, 1786. Unpublished. Armidale, NSW, Australia, November 1994.

[6] On Virginia Woolf see: Quentin Bell, Bloomsbury. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Nigel Nicolson, (Ed.), The Question of Things Happening: The Letters of Virginia Woolf, 1912-1922. London, The Hogarth Press, 1976. Louise DeSalvo, Virginia Woolf: The Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Her Life and Work. New York, Ballantine Books, 1989. L. M. Mowle, A Genealogical History of Pioneer Families of Australia. Fifth edition. Sydney, Rigby, 1978., genealogy for Stephen, p. 328. Alma Halbert Bond, Who Killed Virginia Woolf: a psychobiography. New York. Human Services Press. 1989. Lyndall Gordon, Virginia Woolf: A Writer's Life. OUP. 1984. Anne Olivier Bell and Andrew McNeillie, (Eds.), The Diary of Virginia Woolf, Vol. 2, 1920-1924. London, Penguin, 1981. Note: I am indebted to Armidale resident Georgina Chaseling (nee Bennett) for much assistance with the links between the name Prinsep and the circle of writer, Virginia Woolf, the Bloomsbury Group. Ms Chaseling is descended from the Stephen family who were part of Woolf's circle.

[7] Here we could discuss people in detail, with a Pattle progenitor... Thomas Pattle and wife Elizabeth Brooke, James Pattle, High Court Judge, Julia Prinsep-Jackson, Adeline Virginia Stephen-Woolf, Charles Somer Earl Somers, Frederic W. Maitland, Historian. Sir Francis Darwin died 1925, Henry Thoby Prinsep d. 1878 of EICo. Sir Henry Auriol Prinsep (1836-1914). Charles Henry Gurney, discuss Gurney/Overend bankers etc., William Ward Earl3 Dudley, governor-general of Australia, photographer Julia Margaret Pattle/Cameron, banker Charles Lloyd Norman, the Brookes (Rajahs) of Sarawak, Edward Gibbon Wakefield. On the name Henry Auriol Prinsep, son of John Prinsep (1746-1831-32) and Sophia Notknown... I have a suspicion that Sophia's surname name here was Auriol. This is based partly on a hint from the IGI (fiche version), partly on the commonality of a man having a middle name actually his mother's maiden name. In 1782, the daughter Charlotte Louisa Auriol, daughter of J. Auriol, married an East India Company employee, Thomas Dashwood. There is a chance she was a sister of the wife of John Prinsep. See Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Dashwood of Kirtlington Park.

[8] Sir Leslie Stephen was first editor of English Dictionary of National Biography. L. M. Mowle, A Genealogical History of Pioneer Families of Australia. Fifth edition. Sydney, Rigby, 1978. Genealogy for Stephen, p. 328. On Sir Leslie Stephen, KCB, Bart1 (1832-1904), son of the anti-slaver James Stephen, and his wife Jane Catherine Venn (of the Clapham Sect), he married Julia (Prinsep) Jackson (1846-1895 daughter of Maria Pattle (1818-1892) the daughter of "Jim Blazes" Pattle), widow, and as second wife he married Harriet Marion Anne Thackeray, (daughter of the novelist, William Makepeace Thackeray). On Sir Leslie Stephen, Bart1, KCB, Table by Q. Bell. Also on the Stephen family: Noel Annan, Leslie Stephen: The Godless Victorian. London and Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1984.

[9] I am here citing a talk by by Prof. Joan Stevens, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand, material provided by Mary Pattle Hover. James, who had seven beautiful daughters. James Pattle had married a French girl, daughter of the Chevalier Antoine de l'Etang, one of Queen Marie Antoinette's pages. After the Queen's execution, he and his young wife were banished. They went to British India, where their one daughter married James Pattle. "All the family became friends of the Thackerays, with whom there remained ties for the ..."

[10] Regina Marler, (Ed.), Introduction by Quentin Bell, Selected Letters of Vanessa Bell. London, Bloomsbury Pub Ltd., 1993-1994. (p. xxiii on a grandmother, Therese Blin de Grincourt). James King, Virginia Woolf. London, Penguin, 1994-1995., p. 7. Frances Spalding, Vanessa Bell. London, Phoenix, 1994. On William Wyamar Vaughan, a cousin of Virginia Woolf, see p. 271 of Anne Olivier Bell and Andrew McNeillie, (Eds.), The Diary of Virginia Woolf, Vol. 2, 1920-1924. London, Penguin, 1981. He was headmaster of Rugby school. Quentin Bell, Bloomsbury, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

[12] From further data per Mary Hover we find that another Pattle girl was baptised Louisa Calbrook Pattle, with Calbrook the name of Charles Pattle's arch enemy in India. (Presumably, Sir Edward Colebrooke, found to be corrupt and taking bribes at Delhi, as noted p. 318 of John Clive, Macaulay: The Shaping of the Historian. New York, Knopf, 1974.) Pattle and James Prinsep helped construction for the first Calcutta Ice House. His daughters were Adeline II, Julia Margaret (the eccentric one), Sara, Maria, Louisa. Virginia and Sophia.

[13] Prior to 1805, Francis Baring the banker had two sons in the East, one in Bengal, one at Canton. It is not known with whom these sons dealt. It may be possible they dealt especially with American clients at a time when the North-west American fur trade to China was expanding. On that fur trade, see James R. Gibson, Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785-1841. Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1992. Paperback edition of 1999.

[15] Nathaniel Smith (1730-1794), MP, governor EICo, son of Nathaniel Smith and Anne Gould; he married Hester Dance. Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1754-1790. [Two Vols.] London, Parliament Trust of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1964., Vol. 3, p. 448. He was a posthumous son of Capt. Nathaniel Smith of St Giles, Cripplegate, and spent 12 years in East India Company naval service, rising to commander and captain. He retired in 1771 and was active as a company director till he died in May 1794 Namier nmotes him as chairman of EICo 1783-1785 and 1788-1789. He was deputy-chair of EICo and an MP in 1786.

[16] Sir Lionel Darrell (1742-1803), first Baronet, governor East India Company, MP, son of Lionel Darrell and Honoria Hardwicke; he married Isabella Tullie. He remained in close contact with Richard Atkinson and was of the Sulivan EICo faction (the enemies of Clive of India). Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1754-1790. [Two Vols.] London, Parliament Trust of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1964., Vol. 2, p. 299. He had a younger brother, John, an EICo servant. Lionel was a director of the EICo from 1780 till he died in 1803, almost continuously. His wife's father was once an EICO director. His family was probably in the Portugal trade. Christie on non-elite MPs, p. 73. Sir Lionel Darrell's son-in-law was Miles Nightingale, who might have been selected as the NSW governor who actually became Lachlan Macquairie. (See DNB entry for Miles Nightingale.) Lt-General Miles Nightingale (1768-1829), KCB, married Florentia Darrell. He was aide-de-camp to Lord Cornwallis, often commanded Highlanders, and he avoided becoming governor of New South Wales by claiming arthritis in his writing hand. He became commander-in-chief of Java, once took Bali. H. M. Ellis in his biography of Lachlan Macquarie notes a rumour that Nightingale was a son of Cornwallis.

[17] This man seems to be Sir Stephen Lushington (1744-1807), Bart1, Director EICo., of South Hill Park, son of Rev. Henry Lushington and his first wife, Mary Altham. Burke's Landed Gentry for Lushington. He was an EICo director 1782-1786, 1792-1796, 1797-1801, 1802-1805, chairman 1789-1790. 1795-1796, 1799-1800. He was close to Henry Fletcher, a follower of the Duke of Portland. Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1754-1790. [Two Vols.] London, Parliament Trust of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1964., Vol. 3, p. 63. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p. 246 for his sons. There was also a Stephen Lushington (1782-1873), MP, son of Stephen Lushington, an MP for Tower Hamlets, a reformer and abolitionist, a Judge of the High Court of Admiralty in 1838-1867.

[18] Robert Thornton (1759-1826), MP, director of the EICo, son of Russia Co. merchant, John Thornton and Lucy Watson of Hull; he married Maria Eyre of Clapham. Burke's Landed Gentry for Thornton formerly of Birkin. He was of the EICo City interest, and admired Adam Smith as a citizen of the world. Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1754-1790. [Two Vols.] London, Parliament Trust of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1964., Vol. 3, p. 525. Ernest Marshall Howse, Saints in Politics: the `Clapham sect' and the Growth of Freedom. London, Allen and Unwin, 1973., p. 15.

[20] William Devaynes (1730-1809), MP, chairman, East India Company, army contractor, son of an émigré, John Devaynes and Mary Barker; he married firstly Jane Wintle and then Mary Wileman. Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1754-1790. [Two Vols.] London, Parliament Trust of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1964., Vol. 2, p. 319. Devaynes was in a bank known as Crofts, Roberts, Devaynes and Dawes. (Christie, non-elite MPs). He was a leader in the EICo directorate after 1770 and a large governmetn contractor, 1776-1782. With John Hennicker and George Wombwell and Edward Wheler had victualling contracts for 12-14000 men in America. (All except Henniker were EICo directors and friends of Hastings.) Devaynes by 1777 was the only commissioner of the Africa Co in parliament at a time when the EICo was accused of allowing private trade to be set up tending to a monopoly. Devaynes had a mulatto daughter mentioned in his will. This man was a friend of Colonel William Dalrymple, as noted in Frost, Convicts and Empire, p. 62 re strategic arguments on the location of possible Australian colonies or expeditions to the South Seas, pp. 99.

[21] Abraham Robarts (died 1816), banker, MP, son of Capt. Abraham Robarts. He married Miss Tierney, as in Burke's Landed Gentry for Robarts of Lillingstone Lovell. He was MP for Worcester from 1796 till he died in 1816. He can be noted as a slaver since in Christie on non-elite MPs he appears as a West India factor as well as an EICo director. He was also a partner in Lechmere's bank in Worcester. He is probably the man with a daughter marrying into the line of Grant-Dalton formerly Thellusson of Brodsworth Hall. Edna Healey, Coutts, pp. 405ff. Robarts' bank with (Sir) William Curtis began in 1791 at 15 Lombard St., the site of the old Lloyd's Coffee House. A firm Robarts, Payne, and Robarts of Kings Arms Yard were involved in the 1773 tea deals provoking the Boston Tea Party. Part of the family was Abraham Wildey Robarts (died 1858), Esq., Writer for the EICo for seven years at Canton from 1794, MP, member of the NZCo.; he married Charlotte Anne Wilkinson and inherited banking business in 1816. (See Christie, non-elite MPs.) See also Peter Adams, Fatal Necessity: British Intervention in New Zealand, 1830-1847. Oxford University Press, 1977., on the New Zealand Company. Robarts was in India at a time when Sir Wm. Curtis was sending regular ships to China. He joined his father's bank in 1801. (Edna Healey on Coutts, p. 406). Burke's Landed Gentry for Robarts of Lillingstone Lovell.

[23] Which raises a point. From post-Elizabethan times, so many commercial/maritime families lived in the parishes of St Dunstan's in the East, and the West, that a book should be written. Naval treasurer Sir John Hawkins (1531-1595) was of St Dunstan's as was Maurice Thompson (1651-1733 as noted in Robert Brenner, Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London's Overseas Traders, 1550-1653. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993.), one of the major early promoters of Anglo-Virginia trade.Hugh Pattle died 1653-54, a progenitor of the Pattles discussed here, married to Elizabeth Williamson, was of St Dunstan's. Similarly with the financier and London Lord Mayor, Sir Gilbert Heathcote, (1651-1733). Anne Launce of the extended family of Duncan Campbell (1726-1803) the hulks overseer was associated with the parish. A convict contractor to Australia, Samuel Moates, died 1831-32, married a widow Silvia nee Coombes in 18922 at St Dunstan's, Stepney, Letter to the author from Ian Berryman. The anti-slaver, Henry Venn (1796-1873) was a curate at St Dunstan's in the West.

[36] Cameron was governor of the Bahamas 1804-1820 and also a legal figure in India while Macaulay the historian was in India. Charles Hay Cameron's genealogy is given in Burke's Landed Gentry for Cameron of Lochiel. His genealogy also produces a governor of Victoria, Australia (1863-1866); Sir Charles Darling (1809-1870). Davis McCaughey, Naomi Perkins and Angus Trumble, Victoria's Colonial Governors, 1839-1900. Melbourne University Press, 1993. For lists of governors and/or governors-general of Australia and New Zealand, see A. W. Ward, G. W. Prothero, Stanley Leathes, The Cambridge Modern History. Volume XIII. Genealogical Tables and Lists and General Index. Cambridge University Press, 1911. Also on Charles Hay Cameron, see Frances Spalding on Vanessa Bell, given below.

[38] On Charles Lloyd Norman (1833-1889), banker, son of George Wade Norman, an investor in the Australian Agricultural Company and Sibella Stone, C. L. Norman married a first wife, Julia Cameron, and then Emily Mangles (daughter of director of the New Zealand Company Ross Donelly Mangles and Harriet Newcombe). The name Mangles is a London-based convict contractor name as discussed below, with connections to Western Australian settlement. See Burke's Peerage & Baronetage for Norman of Bromley Common. Youssef Cassis, 'Bankers in English Society in the late eighteenth century', Economic History Review, Series 2, Vol. 38, No. 2, May 1985., pp. 210-229., here p. 215. Sir Henry Clay, Lord Norman. London, Macmillan, 1957. pp. 1-12., here, p. 6. David Kynaston, The City of London: A World of its Own, 1815-1890. Vol. 1. London, Chatto and Windus, 1994., here, p. 29. G. W. Norman is a good example of how socially well-knit were bankers of a reforming outlook. He was "friend and neighbour" at Bromley Common to bankers such as Hankey, George Grote, Hay Cameron, Lubbock, Stone, Martin. See also, Pike, Dissent, variously.

[42] Elizabeth Currie (1726-1807) was of the extended family of the hulks overseer Duncan Campbell (1726-1803) as follows. Duncan's father was principal Neil Campbel of the College of Glasgow (Glasgow University). Neil had an uncle, Colonel John Campbell, who became the first Campbell to settle on Jamaica in 1700. Colonel John married Catherine Claiborne of a Virginian family. Catherine Caliborne had a daughter Anne Campbell (1700-1783) who married a London-West India merchant, David Currie (died 1771); they had a daughter, Elizabeth who married London alderman John Shakespeare. One of her sons was Arthur (1748-1818) an MP. This is not clear from an otherwise helpful book, J. Shakespear, John Shakespear of Shadwell and his Descendants, 1619-1931. Newcastle, UK, Self-Published. 1931. I am indebted to Virginian genealogist John Dorman for information on Catherine Claiborne's marriage. These Curries were no relations of the family Currie noted in Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Currie, of which family, incidentally, Sir Frederick Currie (1799-1875), Bart1, married to Susannah Larkins of the Larkins family noted in Byrnes, `The Blackheath Connection', p. 89, Note 134.

[47] Pemberton, London Connection, p. 121, July 11, 1804, wool gentlemen meet inc. Hunter and Waterhouse, both RN, Capts Prentice and Townson of New South Wales Corps, William Wilson of Monument Yard, agent for Rbt Campbell and Marsden, and William Stewart Master Mariner of Lambert, Prinsep and Saunders, shipping and East India agents of 147 Leadenhall St, owners of Anne to NSW in 1800. See also, Sibella Macarthur-Onslow, Some Early Records of the Macarthurs of Camden. [Orig. 1914] Sydney, Rigby, 1973..

[48] Pemberton, The London Connection, 1804ff, p. 121, Note 3. John Prinsep (1746-1831), partner in (Lambert) Prinsep and Saunders, was 17 years in India where he pioneered indigo production, to arrive back in London with a fortune by 1788. He re-established as a merchant, and by 1804 he planned a whale fishery in the South Seas, taking convicts by contract to NSW, backloading wool and freight. See DNB entrries on people of the Prinsep family.

[49] On John Prinsep, see Singh, European Agency Houses, p. 2, pp. 108ff, p. 116, p. 211, p. 244, Note 1. Prinsep by 1779 was also a chintz contractor; he had an indigo plantation near Baraset in the 24 Parganas, called Neelganj. He also set up a mint at Putah and contracted with governmetn for copper coinage for the presidency. In 1779 the EICo let a first contract for indigo for the Company to John Prinsep, who remained the sole contractor till 1784, but as the Company made losses, other contractors were used. One Lt. Boyce had found a way to manufacture indigo, but his terms were not accepted, by 1788 the Company still lost on indigo. Singh, European Agency Houses, pp. 106ff, notes that Prinsep and Saunders about the time they were dealing with Cockerell Trail and Co in India, shipping rice, edible in England, weer also shipping convicts to Aust. In London, Prinsep and Saunders engaged 16 ships to proceed out to bring back rice, Fairlie Gilmore and Co. had similar ideas at the same time had the same idea, with 15 ships intended from India to send rice, and 22 ships licenced in England to go out for rice, 37 ships in all. Henry Dundas and David Scott both wanted such uses for India ships. Similar dealings were desired for cotton for England. Prinsep and Saunders might have bought 1000 tons of rice with their country ships. These dealings are also noted - Prinsep and Saunders tendering 16 ships to the EICo - in C. Northcote Parkinson, (Ed.), The Trade Winds: A Study of British Overseas Trade during the French Wars, 1793-1815. London, Allen and Unwin, 1948., p. 143.

[55] Henry Baring (1776-1848), merchant at Canton and Thomas (1771-1846) at Calcutta/Bengal. H. R. Fox Bourne, English Merchants: Memoirs in Illustration of the Progress of British Commerce, Vol. 2, p. 243. Ralph W. Hidy The House of Baring in American Trade and Finance: English Merchant Bankers at Work, 17630-1861. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1949., p. 29, p. 495, Note 51. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, pp. 21-23, Vol. 2, p. 21.

[61] John Prinsep by 1804 laid plans - which were interesting but premature - to import wool from eastern Australia. The plans involved John Maitland, John Macarthur, Mr. Coles, Mr. Wilson at Monument Yard, Capt. Waterhouse and Mr. Stewart. John Maitland, of Basinghall Street, was an influential wool merchant who had links with Sir Joseph Banks and Macarthur. (See Harold B. Carter, His Majesty's Spanish Flock: Sir Joseph Banks and the Merinoes of George III of England. Sydney, Angus And Robertson, 1964. Harold B. Carter, Sir Joseph Banks, 1743-1820. London, British Museum (Natural History), 1988.) At an 1804 auction of the King's sheep, Maitland was interested in Macarthur's proposal for a company to produce wool in New South Wales and supported it in company with Hulletts, who'd dummy-bought two ewes for Macarthur, and owned the Argo. At the sale, Banks warned Macarthur of the Obstructive Act of 1788 preventing export of sheep. Later, Macarthur suggested to Lord Camden a Treasury warrant be drawn for the export. A company with a capital of £10,000 was proposed, but the plan went awry. By July 1804, John Prinsep was examined in Council Chamber at Whitehall. See also Sibella Macarthur-Onslow, Some Early Records of the Macarthurs of Camden, 92-95.

[62] Here, perhaps, a glance at the late eighteenth century is appropriate, in respect of the movement to abolish slavery, of "the Clapham sect", and especially a glance at the idealism of that sect. Their idealism apart, many of the abolition movement were moneyed men, skilled in financial dealings. It may even have been that given their collective financial acumen, the abolitionists thus had confidence that the Imperial financial sky would not fall in if slavery was abolished. For many of their enemies appeared to believe that ruin would be the result of abolishing slavery. The point here is that in their marriages, the families of the abolitionists observed the social habits of the much-intermarried English banker families. Here, the name Wilberforce, which has no direct connection with Australasian histories proper, becomes particularly noticeable in connection with families which did have some connections with Australasian history.

[65] Robert Mangles (1731-1788) of London was also of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, and had sons John and James. About 1750 he went to London and set up as a ships chandler. (In litt per Ian Berryman in WA in March 1996.) The Mangles genealogy given here has been sourced from the following references: ADB for James Stirling, governor of Western Australia. The IGI. Burke's Landed Gentry for Norman of Bromley Common. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Onslow. Cameron, Ambition's Fire, pp. 38-44. Hasluck, Thomas Peel, pp. 18-21ff. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 421 and elsewhere. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, pp. 258-259. Ian Berryman in litt. On the banker family, Norman; Sir Henry Clay, Lord Norman. London, Macmillan, 1957. pp. 1-12. Youssef Cassis, `Bankers in English Society in the late eighteenth century'', p. 215. Cassis, City Bankers, p. 226. Kynaston, City of London, p. 29, p. 84. Burke's Landed Gentry for Lubbock formerly Bonham-Carter. ADB entry for General Sir Henry Wylie Norman, (1826-1904), governor of Queensland. Autobiography of George Wade Norman, Completed 3 September, 1857, Kent County Archives, Microfilm U310-F69. [Copy, Dixson Library, UNE. I am grateful to Prof. Alan Atkinson for drawing my attention to this item]. On the genealogy of bankers Stone, see Clay, Norman, pp. 6-7. Lennard Bickel, Australia's First Lady: The Story of Elizabeth Macarthur. North Sydney, Australia, Allen and Unwin, 1991., pp. 175ff. Ralph W. Hidy, The House of Baring in American Trade and Finance: English Merchant Bankers at Work, 17630-1861. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1949., p. 15. Burke's Landed Gentry for Holland-Martin of Overbury.

[66] James Mangles, a Whig MP For Guildford 1832-1837, son of Robert Mangles, was a ships chandler and an East India proprietor, also a director of the East India Company. He was part of the firm, F&C Mangles of London. (From a discursive citation we find that in Trevelyan's life of Macaulay, Vol. 1, p. 431, some of Macaulay's circle in India included Cameron and MacLeod the law commissioners, Mangles, Colvin and John Peter Grant, the latter three of a younger circle.) James Mangles seems to have married a woman Camden, who was maybe related to the family of Camden linked to the early convict contractors, Camden, Calvert and King? James the MP, married to Mary Hughes, had a nephew, Capt. [John?] Mangles, RN. James' address was 6 Cannon Row, London, and Woodbridge, Surrey. He was high sheriff for Surrey in 1808. This family, Mangles, is supposed to have once have had much discussion with James Stirling, later governor of Western Australia, on "colonising matters". Some arcane ship-buying matters on Mangles' part are noted in Bateson, The Convict Ships, pp. 232ff and notes thereto. Confusingly, from 1816, the convict transport Mangles was owned not by Mangles, but by the Buckle firm..

[67] Charles Edward Mangles, MP, "of the Australia trade" (1798-1873) also pursued East India interests. He was son of MP James Mangles, of F. G. Mangles and Mary Hughes, and was married to Rose Newcombe, Broeze, Brooks, p. 80, has Charles on the Board of the Union Bank of Australia (UBA), and as a senior partner of Mangles, Price and Co. (From 1834, Mangles Price and Co. were at New Broad St as names with Lloyd's.) It should be noted that the bank, Herries/Farquhar, became part of the UBA. Broeze, Brooks, p. 314, Note 56 has a man Mangles as treasurer of the Australasian Church Missionary Society by 1838. Pemberton, London Connection, p. 421. Charles was also chairman of the London and South-Eastern Railway, 1859-1872. Butlin, Australia and New Zealand Bank, p. 56 has him on the early board of the UBA. I am grateful to Ian Berryman for discussion of some points here in litt. Broeze, Brooks, p. 80: by the 1830s the WA trade was dominated by Mangles Price and Co and the firm's senior partner Charles Edward Mangles was on the board of Union Bank of Australia.

[68] Ross Donnelly Mangles (1801-1877) was an India Merchant, director of the East India Company, MP, son of MP James Mangles and Mary Hughes; he married Harriet Newcombe. Ross Donnelly was of 9 Henrietta St., Cavendish Sq., London, and of Woodbridge, Surrey. He had spent time in the Bengal Civil Service. He became a director of the New Zealand Co. and once visited New Zealand on banking matters, about 1841. He was a deputy-lieutenant of London. A liberal, he was also anti-Papist. He was appointed a Member for the Council of India in September 1858, to 1866.

[71] Sir James Stirling (1791-1865), governor of Western Australia. Cameron., Ambition's Fire, p. 7, p. 38, p. 44, p. 86. Stirling once had a little-known partner, Matthey, thinking of an investment of £30,000 in WA by about 1825, when the Stirling family's own financial bubble burst. es of 1825. His own ADB entry. In 1833 a Mangles-family-inspired effort to settle Anglo-Indians near Albany on the south coast foundered when the first vessel was lost in 1833 with all hands, ship unnamed.

[74] George is noticed in Catalogue of the Australian Historical Exhibition, 1-26 Feb., 1938. Australia's 150th Anniversary Celebrations Council. 1938. Copy Dixson Library, UNE. The West Australian settler arriving 1829, a stock manager, George Mangles was a cousin of Ellen Mangles, wife of Sir James Stirling. George left WA in 1833-34 to begin a shipping service. Pamela Statham, (Compiler), Dictionary of Western Australians, 1829-1914. Two Vols. Vol. 1, Early Settlers, 1829-1850. Nedlands, Western Australia, University of Western Australia, August, 1979.

[75] Frank J. A. Broeze, 'British intercontinental shipping and Australia, 1813-1850', Journal of Transport History, New Series, Vol. 4, 1977-1978., pp. 189-207., p. 199 notes that the establishment of Western Australia under the governorship of James Mangles' son-in-law, James Stirling, signified "strong renewal" of Mangles' operations to Australia. The financial involvement of both Mangles and Stirling in the early colony was "undoubtedly considerable", says Broeze. The London firm known as C & F. E. Mangles started in 1834, and with the return of Stirling to his naval post, they liquidated their business to Western Australia in 1845 and used Asian ports at Java, Mauritius, Batavia, Launceston, Singapore, and China. Broeze says that the Mangles pattern of shipping operations is clear, despite the scantiness of relevant information.

[76] On the matter of Thomas Shelton's Accounts for making contracts for transportation being audited, see Byrnes, `The Blackheath Connection', Addendum 1. The next such contracts were made out by Shelton's nephew, John Clark. The Accounts of John Clark (Clerk of The Peace) relating to convict transportation, 13 July 1829 - Dec 1840, CLRO Shelf No. 209C. The dates covered by this volume are virtually identical with those of the 12 volumes of: List of Convicts on Board Ships ... To Australia, 13 July 1829 - Nov 27, 1840, CLRO Shelf No 209D. It seems likely that John Clark was responsible for both sets of records.

[83] Paxton, Cockerell, Traill and Co. are an often-mentioned firm, but surprisingly little is known about them. Banker Sir Charles Cockerell, Bart1, East India trader, was born in 1755, parents unknown. He married as first wife, Mary Tryphoena Blunt, and secondly, by 1808, Harriet Rushout. He went to India in 1776, then aged only eleven. He became an MP, a director of Globe Insurance Co., an honorary member of the Board of Control for India, a senior of Paxton, Cockerell and Traill. J. M. R. Cameron, Ambition's Fire: The Agricultural Colonization of Pre-Convict Western Australia. Nedlands, Western Australia, University of Western Australia Press, 1981. Which has many citations listed on colonization for various parts of Empire in the period, of the more intellectually respectable kind, and some other articles of interest including: J. M. R. Cameron, 'Traders, government officials and the occupation of Melville Island in 1824', The Great Circle, Vol. 7, No. 2, October 1985., pp. 88-99., here, p. 89. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p. 51. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 67. GEC, Peerage, Coventry, p. 475. There was later one John Cockerell (perhaps a son of Sir Charles by his first marriage?) who by 1843 was part of John Cockerell and Co. of Austin Friars, London, who had as agent in Sydney, Robert Campbell. J. Ginswick, `Early Australian Capital Formation, 1836-1850, a case study, the Australian Gaslight Company', Bulletin of the Business Archives Council of Australia, Vol. 1, No. 6, May 1956, pp. 22-49.

[84] Pemberton, The London Connection, pp. 158-159, p. 350. Here, the Larpent genealogy is as interesting as it is unclear. MP Sir George Gerard de Hochpied Larpent, of a Huguenot refugee family, was of Cockerell and Co, chairman of the East India and China Association, and a deputy-chairman of St Katherine Dock Co., and a director of Royal Exchange Assurance Co. His relative Albert Larpent became a director of the India General Steam Navigation Company established in 1844. Broeze, 'The cost of distance: shipping and the early Australian economy, 1788-1850', p. 597, Note 2, Le Couteur lists for the AACo, to 1825. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p. 227.

[85] Significantly, as Pemberton found, the East India Agency Houses developed from the 1780s as agency or commission houses for East India Company servants, civil or military. Their principals later moved into banking, insurance, ship owning, freight and general merchandise, and managing [indigo] plantations or saltpetre works. (As noted earlier, John Prinsep was a pioneer of indigo production in India .) Their operations ended overlapped in London, Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, Canton, the US, Cape of Good Hope, and New South Wales. Till 1819 these houses had tended to work alone, but in 1819 they formed the East India Trade Committee, and between 1819-1824 this committee was led by G. G. de Hochpied Larpent; several other Australian Agricultural Company shareholders were members also, and they desired recognition by Britain of the new free port of Singapore. The Dutch had protested this. Pemberton, The London Connection, pp. 58-59. S. B. Singh, European Agency Houses in Bengal, 1783-1883. Calcutta, Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1966.

[87] The origins of any need to resolve "the battle of the Red Book and the Green book" at Lloyd's of London are outlined in my `Blackheath Connection', Note 119. Charles Wright and Ernest Fayle, A History of Lloyd's. London, Macmillan, 1957., p. 305. Broeze, Brooks, pp. 124ff, discusses assisted emigration to Australia: since 1822 John Marshall had been involved in passenger shipping; in 1830 he became a passenger broker, linked especially to Joseph Somes.

[88] Significantly, as Pemberton found, the East India Agency Houses developed from the 1780s as agency or commission houses for East India Company servants, civil or military. Their principals later moved into banking, insurance, ship owning, freight and general merchandise, and managing [indigo] plantations or saltpetre works. (As noted earlier, John Prinsep was a pioneer of indigo production in India .) Their operations ended overlapped in London, Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, Canton, the US, Cape of Good Hope, and New South Wales. Till 1819 these houses had tended to work alone, but in 1819 they formed the East India Trade Committee, and between 1819-1824 this committee was led by G. G. de Hochpied Larpent; several other Australian Agricultural Company shareholders were members also, and they desired recognition by Britain of the new free port of Singapore. The Dutch had protested this. Pemberton, The London Connection, pp. 58-59. S. B. Singh, European Agency Houses in Bengal, 1783-1883. Calcutta, Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1966.

[91] Paxton, Cockerell, Traill and Co. are an often-mentioned firm, but surprisingly little is known about them. Banker Sir Charles Cockerell, Bart 1, East India trader, was born in 1755, parents unknown. He married as first wife, Mary Tryphoena Blunt, and secondly, by 1808, Harriet Rushout. He went to India in 1776, then aged only eleven, and became an MP, a director of Globe Insurance Co., an honorary member of the Board of Control for India, a senior of Paxton, Cockerell and Traill. J. M. R. Cameron, `Melville Island', p. 89. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p. 51. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 67. GEC, Peerage, Coventry, p. 475. There was later one John Cockerell (perhaps a son of Sir Charles by his first marriage?) who by 1843 was part of John Cockerell and Co. of Austin Friars, London, who had as agent in Sydney, Robert Campbell. J. Ginswick, `Early Australian Capital Formation, 1836-1850, a case study, the Australian Gaslight Company', Bulletin of the Business Archives Council of Australia, Vol. 1, No. 6, May 1956, pp. 22-49.

[92] Pemberton, The London Connection, pp. 158-159, p. 350. Here, the Larpent genealogy is as interesting as it is unclear. MP Sir George Gerard de Hochpied Larpent, of a Huguenot refugee family, was of Cockerell and Co, chairman of the East India and China Association, a deputy-chairman of St Katherine Dock Co., and a director of Royal Exchange Assurance Co. His relative, Albert Larpent became a director of the India General Steam Navigation Company established in 1844. Broeze, 'The cost of distance: shipping and the early Australian economy, 1788-1850', p. 597, Note 2, Le Couteur lists for the AACo, to 1825. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p. 227.

[94] John Abel Smith (1801-1879), first chairman of the AA Co. He was on the 1834 London committee for female emigration. His ancestors in Nottingham had been pro-Cromwell and were later rewarded. He was of 37 Chester Square, London. His family bank, Smiths, Payne and Smiths, originated before the Sulivan/Clive furore in the East India Company; in 1758, Payne being John Payne, outgoing chairman of the East India Company. Smith was "a considerable personality", and acquired land on a vast scale, MP for Hertfordshire 1835-1847. As a friend of Lionel Rothschild, he helped Rothschild to sit in Parliament. Smith's temperament in the view of his family was unsuited to the family bank. "He dissipated much of a considerable patrimony on the fringes of empire", in the east, in the Antipodes, in railway and colonial development. He had interests in Aust and NZ, he was a founder partner in Smith, (Hollingworth and Charles) Magniac and Co., East India and China merchants, the forerunners of Matheson and Co., the London agents of Jardine Matheson and Co. of Hong Kong. Earlier a chief partner in Smiths from 1834-1845, he opted to leave Smiths, to stay with Magniac, and end ruined for unclear reasons. Broeze, `Imperial Axis' in Push from the Bush. W. E. Cheong, Mandarins and Merchants: Jardine Matheson and Co: A China Agency of the Early Nineteenth Century. London, Curzon Press, (Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies, Monograph Series, No. 26), 1979., p. 243 and p. 258, Note 20. To make other connections, see S. B. Singh, European Agency Houses, variously, and on the similar topics, Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842. Cambridge University Press, 1951. Broeze, Brooks, pp. 32ff. Cassis in City Bankers sees him die in 1871. He is listed in Adams, Fatal Necessity, regarding the NZ Co. Maggie Keswick, (Ed.), The Thistle and the Jade: A Celebration of 150 years of Jardine Matheson and Co. Sydney, Octopus Books Ltd., 1982., pp. 24ff. Leighton-Boyce, Smiths the Bankers, p. 272. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 389. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, pp. 352-353.

[95] William Freshfield was solicitor to the Bank of England. The first AA Co. bankers were Smith, Payne and Smith, the solicitors were Freshfields. Both firms were prominent in joint-stock activity of the time; as given in Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 17, p. 182. Banker Dudley Robert Jardines Smith (1830-1897), of the same family. He once worked in the east and there developed scruples about handling opium-linked money. When he returned to England he refused to touch money tainted by opium trading. Such remarks are made of few bankers of his day. Cassis, City Bankers, pp. 239-241. GEC, Peerage, Ducie, p. 447.

[101] See Charles P. Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe. London, George Allen and Unwin, 1984., p. 80; citing Norman Baker on war contractors; the bankers Smith Payne Smith retained an excise sub-commission until 1841; Abel Smith II like ten London and three other country bankers, was a contractor to the British government during the American Revolution, providing victuals for 60,000 troops in America. (See Baker, 1971, pp. 218, 335-226.) Smith was already well-connected at the time, with two sons MPs in Parliament. Kindleberger, p. 80, notes Henry Thornton Jr., son of the author of Paper Currency, was a partner of Pole, Thornton and Co.

[102] John Abel Smith (1801-1879), first chairman of the AA Co. He was on the 1834 London committee for female emigration. His ancestors in Nottingham had been pro-Cromwell and were later rewarded. He was of 37 Chester Square, London. His family bank, Smiths, Payne and Smiths, originated before the Sulivan/Clive furore in the East India Company; in 1758, Payne being John Payne, outgoing chairman of the East India Company. Smith was "a considerable personality", and acquired land on a vast scale, MP for Hertfordshire 1835-1847. As a friend of Lionel Rothschild, he helped Rothschild to sit in Parliament. Smith's temperament in the view of his family was unsuited to the family bank. "He dissipated much of a considerable patrimony on the fringes of empire", in the east, in the Antipodes, in railway and colonial development. He had interests in Australia and New Zealand, he was a founder partner in Smith, (Hollingworth and Charles) Magniac and Co., East India and China merchants, the forerunners of Matheson and Co., the London agents of Jardine Matheson and Co. of Hong Kong. Earlier a chief partner in Smiths from 1834-1845, he opted to leave Smiths, to stay with Magniac, and end ruined for unclear reasons. (See Frank J. A. Broeze, 'Foundation of fortune: the imperial axis, Flower-Salting-Challis', The Push From the Bush, No. 8, December 1980., pp. 50-74.) W. E. Cheong, Mandarins and Merchants: Jardine Matheson and Co: A China Agency of the Early Nineteenth Century. London, Curzon Press, (Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies, Monograph Series, No. 26), 1979., p. 243 and p. 258, Note 20. To make other connections, see S. B. Singh, European Agency Houses, variously, and on the similar topics, Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842. Cambridge University Press, 1951. Broeze, Brooks, pp. 32ff. Cassis in City Bankers sees him die in 1871. He is listed in Adams, Fatal Necessity, regarding the NZ Co. Maggie Keswick, (Ed.), The Thistle and the Jade: A Celebration of 150 years of Jardine Matheson and Co. Sydney, Octopus Books Ltd., 1982., pp. 24ff. Leighton-Boyce, Smiths the Bankers, p. 272. Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 389. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, pp. 352-353.

[103] William Freshfield was solicitor to the Bank of England. The first AA Co. bankers were Smith, Payne and Smith, the solicitors were Freshfields. Both firms were prominent in joint-stock activity of the time; as given in Pemberton, The London Connection, p. 17, p. 182. Banker Dudley Robert Jardines Smith (1830-1897), of the same family. He once worked in the east and there developed scruples about handling opium-linked money. When he returned to England he refused to touch money tainted by opium trading. Such remarks are made of few bankers of his day. Cassis, City Bankers, pp. 239-241. GEC, Peerage, Ducie, p. 447.

[104] In terms of the remarks made above concerning the class-consciousness of the intermarriages of England's Nineteenth Century banker families, perhaps Walter Stephenson Davidson should be regarded as the first representative of that class to actually set foot on Australian soil. In this light, it appears that Davidson has been underestimated. He walked about Sydney early in his adult life, then went East, then returned to London. He retained a life-long interest in New South Wales' development. But the precise outlines of his financial dealings cannot be yet drawn. He does seem to have been an investor who decided on a long haul.