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This webpage updated 11 January 2009. These webpages will remain under construction for a long period.

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Merchants and Bankers
From 1750-1775

Trade - an international perspective

This website, produced by Australian historian Dan Byrnes, is a no-frills, text-based website designed simply to list historical and genealogical information on many notable merchants and traders of what is termed, the Western World.

Please use the table on the main page of this website for navigating this Merchants and Bankers website.

It is hoped that this web page will be of assistance to family historians in the UK, the US and Australasia, by way of providing contexts for further research.

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Reference item: John L. McMullan, The Canting Crew: London's Criminal Underworld, 1550-1700. New Brunswick, 1984.

1750++: James G. Parker, 'Scottish Enterprise in India, 1750-1914', pp. 191-219 in R. A. Cage, (Ed.), The Scots Abroad: Labour, Capital, Enterprise, 1750-1914. London, Croom Helm, 1985.

The Merchant Networks Project

	The history websites on this domain now have a companion website on a new domain, at Merchant Networks Project produced by Dan Byrnes and Ken Cozens (of London). This website (it is hoped) will become a major exercise in economic and maritime history, with some attention to Sydney, Australia.

1750: Using the ship William, Samuel Sedgeley and Co. of Bristol were transporting nearly all the convicts of the western part of England to Maryland. By 1760 the firm was called Sedgeley and Hillhouse. (A. E. Smith, Colonists in Bondage, p. 115.)

1750: The British East India Company assumes control of Bengal and Bihar, opium-growing districts of India. British shipping dominates the opium trade out of Calcutta to China.
From website based on book: Opium: A History, by Martin Booth Simon and Schuster, Ltd., 1996. e-mail info@opioids.com

1750-1753: A slave ship the Duke of Argyle about 1750 carried the slaver John Newton who later converted to Christianity and wrote hymns including Amazing Grace. (James Walvin, Black Ivory: A History of British Slavery. London, HarperCollins, 1992., pp. 38-40, 46-47, 59, 219).

1750 Circa: Sir William Baker KT MP alderman is a director of EICo, a West Indies and American merchant, friend of Marquis of Rockingham. In 1751 a director of South Sea Co is Richard Baker, Madeira merchants.

1751: More to come

1752: H. Crabb Boulton MP Paymaster to EICo till 1752, director 1753-1773 and several times chairman.

1752: Last day in Britain of use of the Julian Calendar. Replaced by Gregorian Calendar (an eleven-day difference).

1752: John Wilkes was born on 17 October, 1752 the son of pious and well-to-do parents. His father was Isaac Wilkes a distiller of St John's Square, Clerkenwell. (George Rude, Wilkes and Liberty: A Social Study of 1763 to 1774. Oxford, 1962., p. 17). Wilkes first married the affluent Mary Meade of Aylesbury.

Follows material on family of Lord Mayor 1753-1754 Sir Thomas Rawlinson
2. London Lord Mayor Sir Thomas Rawlinson (c.1753) sp: Dorothea Ray
3. Alderman MP Sir Walter Rawlinson (b.1734;d.1805) sp: Mary Ladbroke
4. Anne Rawlinson wife1 sp: Chancellor Exchequer, naval treasurer, John Aislabie (b.1670;d.1742)
5. William Aislabie MP (b.1699;d.1781) sp: Elizabeth Cecil wife1 (m.1722;d.6 Apr 1733) 6. Anna Sophia Aislabie sp: William (Laurence) Lawrence MP (b.1723;m.21 Nov 1759;d.1798) sp: Elizabeth Vernon wife2 (m.6 Sep 1745) 6. Elizabeth Aislabie coheir (c.1765) sp: Charles Allanson MP (b.1720;m.14 Feb 1765;d.1775) 5. Mary Aislabie sp: MP Sir Henry Slingsby, Bart5 (b.1693;m.1729;d.18 Jan 1763) 3. Susannah Rawlinson (d.27 Sep 1816) sp: EICo chairman, Sir George Wombwell, Bart1 (b.1734;d.4 Jun 1765) 4. Sir George Wombwell, Bart2 (b.14 Mar 1769) sp: Anne Belasyse 5. Sir George Wombwell, Bart3 (b.13 Apr 1792) sp: Georgiana Hunter (m.23 Jun 1824) 6. Sir George Orby Wombwell, Bart4 (b.23 Nov 1832) sp: Julia Sarah Alice Child-Villiers 7. Julia Georgiana Sarah Wombwell-92530 sp: Vesey Dawson Earl2 Dartrey (b.22 Apr 1842;m.29 Aug 1882) 6. Sir Henry Herbert Wombwell, Bart5 sp: Myrtle Mabel Muriel Mostyn

1753: Sir Edward Ironside Lord Mayor of London.

Follows an impression of family history of Banker, London Lord Mayor, Sir Edward Ironside:
1. Banker, Sir Edward Ironside (c.1753) sp: Miss Notknown
2. Jane Ironside wife1 (d.1738) sp: Banker MP William Belchier (d.1772)
Belchier bankrupted in 1760. Earlier he had received much money via remittances from Clive of India. Thus, he is a failed banker with Belchier and Ironside, later with How, and later of 34 Nicholas Lane. On Ironside, see Namier/Brooke, Vol. 2, p. 80. Sutherland, Braund, p. 156. Namier, Structure, p. 55.

1753: Linnaeus, the father of botany, first classifies the poppy, Papaver somniferum - 'sleep-inducing', in his book Genera Plantarum.
From website based on book: Opium: A History, by Martin Booth Simon and Schuster, Ltd., 1996. e-mail info@opioids.com

1753: 1750-1753 - A slave ship the Duke of Argyle about 1750 carried the slaver John Newton who later converted to Christianity and wrote hymns including the famous Amazing Grace. (James Walvin, Black Ivory: A History of British Slavery. London, Harper Collins, 1992., pp. 38-40, 46-47, 59, 219).

1753: George II of England gives East India Co. permission to administer Calcutta.

List of London Bankers 1754:
BLAND, BRASSEY and LEE, CAMPBELL, CHILDS and BACKWELL at Temple Bar, GISSINGHAM COOPER, DRUMMOND, FREAME and BARCLAY, GIBSON, GOSLING and BENNET, HANKEY, HOARE and ARNOLD, HONEYWOOD and FULLER, MARTINS, STONE and BLACKWELL, MINORS and BOLDERO, PEWTRESS and BOLDERO, SNOW and DENN without Temple Bar, SURMAN, DINELY and CLIFF, VERE, GLYNN and HALIFAX.
From Little London Directory 1677 by J. C. Hutton, reprinted in The Handbook of London Bankers F. G. Hilton-Price, 1876.

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1754: When The Royal Society was founded in 1754, an original subscriber was John Julius Angerstein aged less than 20. There were only seventeen original members. The Society was a brainchild of William Shipley, son of a stationer, a provincial drawing master. By 1764 the Society had over 2100 supporters in Britain. As early as 1757 it had remained concerned about supplies of naval timber, by 1756 it had noted France had recently been remapped and it wanted the same for Britain, new cartography. By 1761 it began to promote useful inventors. (Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837. London. Yale University Press. 1992., p. 90).

1755: Samuel Johnson issues his Dictionary of English language.

1756: By 25 June, 1756, the ship Lux, 100 tons, sailed for Sydenham and Hodgson, landing 47 London convicts at Annapolis. Notable here was Jonathan Forward Sydenham of London for whom some early dates are 1721-1722, then 1749, London. Jonathan Forward Sydenham was a nephew of Jonathan Forward. Information on long-standing English provincial intermarriages between the names Sydenham and St Barbe are explained elsewhere on this website, see entry on John St Barbe. (Sources: Oldham, Britain's Convicts, p. 13.

1756: As war broke out, one of the Russia Company, Jonas Hanway, who had inherited the mantle of Coram, met with 22 merchants at King's Arms tavern at Cornhill to establish the Marine Society to get unemployed people, vagrants and orphaned pauper lads into the Royal Navy. At the end of 1756 the society had over 1500 subscribers and sent 10,000 men and boys out to sea. (Colley, Britons, pp. 91-92). In 1759, Hanway organised a similar society, the Troop Society, to help soldiers fighting in North America.

1756: "Black Hole" of Calcutta.

1757: The American merchant Charles Willing was wanting to deal with Anthony Bacon in April 1757. Charles Willing merchant, began as Charles and Thomas Willing in 1726; later the firm became Charles Willing and Co. Robert Morris became a partner. When Charles Willing died, the business went to his son Thomas Willing; the birth of this firm was on May 1, 1757. Robert Morris' father, son of a mariner, was originally a nailmaker, or ironworker, from Liverpool; later living at Oxford in Maryland. [See Ellis P. Oberholtzer, Robert Morris, Patriot and Financier. 1903.] Morris senior acted as a tobacco agent for a Liverpool firm), Foster, Cunliffe and Sons of Liverpool. Robert Morris was born January 31, 1734 in Liverpool; later he was sent to Philadelphia. Morris when with Charles Willing became successful as a supercargo on voyages to the West Indies; at about the age of 25 he was once captured by French privateers. Thomas Willing, called "Old Square Toes", had been educated to London's Inns of Court; he returned to Philadelphia to take a place with his father's existing firm. Another family link was Thomas Willing of London, who traded to Britain, Portugal, Spain, the West Indies, using the firm Mayne Burn and Mayne in Lisbon; in Madrid were Scott, Pringle and Co, and in Jamaica was Samuel Bean, Codrington Carrington in Barbados and Andrew Lessley in Antigua. Trade from 1778 was in flour and wheat to Ireland or Britain, lumber and provisions to West Indies, dry goods from Britain; salt, lemons and wine from Portugal and Spain, rum and molasses from the West Indies. Willing also headed an insurance group. Willing and Morris owned perhaps three ships, with Robert Morris the main manager of shipping by 1775. (Sources: Clarence L. Ver Steeg, Robert Morris: Revolutionary Financier (with an analysis of his earlier career). New York, Octagon, 1972. Ellis P. Oberholtzer, Robert Morris, Patriot and Financier. 1903.)

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1757: Military success for Clive of India, Battle of Plassey gives England territorial power in Bengal.
Or, Robert Clive defeats Siraj-ud-daula, Nawab of Bengal, at Battle of Plassey.

1758: Clive of India becomes governor of Bengal.

Follows an edited impression of the genealogy of Clive of India:
Descendants of MP Richard Clive of Salop:
1. Richard MP Clive of Salop (b.1693;d.1771) sp: Rebecca Gaskell
2. Robert Clive Baron1 Clive, of India (b.1725;d.1774) sp: Margaret Maskelyne (b.1736;m.1753;d.1816);
3. Edward Clive Baron2 Clive, Earl1 Powis Baron8 Powis (b.1754;d.1839) sp: Henrietta Antonia Herbert (b.1758;m.1784;d.1830);
4. Henrietta Antonia Clive sp: Sir, Bart5 Watkin Williams-Wynn (b.1772;m.1817;d.1840)
5. MP, Sir Bart6 Watkin Williams-Wynn Royal ADC (b.1820) sp: his cousin Mary Emily Williams-Wynn;
6. Louisa Alexandra Williams-Wynn sp: Sir, Bart7 Herbert Lloyd Watkin Williams-Wynn (b.1860)
4. Edward Clive Earl2 Powis Earl7 Powis Baron9 Powis (b.1785;d.1848) sp: Lucy Graham (b.1793;m.1818;d.1875);
5. Sir Percy Egerton Herbert KCB (d.1786) sp: Mary Petty-Fitzmaurice
6. George Charles Herbert Earl9 Powis, Baron11 Powis (b.1862) sp: Violet Ida Evelyn Sackville-FOX (m.1890)
5. Lucy Caroline HOWARD sp: MP Frederick CALVERT (b.1806;d.1891) 5. Edward James Herbert Earl8 Powis, Baron10 Powis (b.1818;d.1891);
4. Hon Robert Henry Clive (d.1854) sp: Lady Harriet Windsor Baron13 Windsor Lady Bedchamber (b.1797;m.1819;d.1869) 5. Lt-Col Robert Windsor-Clive (b.1824;d.1859) sp: Mary Selina Louisa Bridgeman (m.1852;d.1889) 6. Robert George Windsor-Clive, Earl Plymouth, Baron14 Windsor (b.1857) sp: Alberta Victoria Sarah Paget (m.1883);
7. MP Ivor Miles Windsor-Clive Visc Windsor (b.1889;d.1943) sp: Irene Corona Charteris (b.1902;m.1921) 8. Other Robert Ivor Windsor-Clive Earl3 Plymouth sp: Caroline Helen RICE (m.1950) 7. MP J. M. Windsor-Clive Earl2 Plymouth;
4. Charlotte Florentia Clive sp: Hugh Percy Duke3 Northumberland, Lord Percy (b.1785;m.1817;d.1847);
3. Rebecca Clive sp: Lt-General John Robinson ;
4. Charlotte Robinson wife3 (d.1813) sp: Lord Treasury, William Eliot Baron3 St Germans, Earl2 St Germans (m.1812);
5. Charlotte Sophia Eliot wife1 (d.1839) sp: Rev. George MARTIN (b.1791;d.1860);
6. Jemima Anne Frances MARTIN (d.1920) sp: General, Sir Charles Cooper Johnson (b.1827;m.1860)

1758: Stephenson, Randolph and Cheston of Bristol: From 1758-1760, the name is noted at Bristol of Sedgely and Co (Hillhouse and Randolph). This firm became [William] Stephenson, Randolph and Cheston. By 1766, Sedgely and Co at Bristol were replaced by William Randolph, William Stevenson, James Cheston, Bristol. Cheston: Sources: A. E. Smith, Colonists in Bondage. Kenneth Morgan, 'The Organisation of the Convict Trade to Maryland': Stevenson, Randolph and Cheston, 1768-1775', William and Mary Quarterly, Series 3, Vol. 42, No. 2, April 1985., pp. 201-227. (Oldham, Britain's Convicts.)

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List of London Bankers 1759:
BLAND and Son, BLAND, GRAY and STEPHENSON, BRASSEY, LEE & son, CAMPBELL and COUTTS, CASTELL and Son, CHILDS and Co., Temple Bar, CLIFFE, WALPOLE and CLARKE, COLEBROOKE James and George, COOPER, GISSINGHAM, DRUMMOND, FREAME, BARCLAY and FREAME, FULLER , Son and WELCH, GINES, GOSLING, BENNET and GOSLING, HUNT and ROBINSON, MARTINS, STONE and BLACKWELL, MINORS and BOLDERO, PEWTRESS and ROBARTS, ROFFEY, NEALE, JAMES and FORDYCE, SMITH and PAYNE, SNOW and DENN without Temple Bar, VERE, GLYNN and HALIFAX, WILLIS, READE and Co., WRIGHT.
From Little London Directory 1677 by J. C. Hutton, reprinted in The Handbook of London Bankers F. G. Hilton-Price, 1876.

Follows an impression of the family history of London Lord Mayor of 1759 Sir Richard Glyn
Descendants of London Lord Mayor, Banker Sir Richard Glyn, Bart1
1. Banker London Lord Mayor, Sir Richard Glyn, Bart1 (c.1755;d.1773) sp: Elizabeth wife2 Carr heiress (c.1750;m.1754;d.1814) 2. London Lord Mayor Sir Richard Carr Glyn, Bart1 (b.1755;d.27 Apr 1838) sp: Mary Plumptre 3. Banker Sir Richard Plumptre Glyn, Bart (b.1787;d.1863) 3. Thomas Christopher Glyn husband1 (c.1817;d.19 Aug 1827) sp: Grace Julie (cousin) Bigge (c.1817;m.1817;d.30 Sep 1872) 3. Robert Glyn sp: Frederica Harford gdr Baltimore 3. London Lord Mayor George Carr Glyn Baron1 Wolverton (b.27 Mar 1797;d.24 Jul 1873) sp: Marianne Grenfell (b.22 Sep 1802;m.17 Mar 1823;d.30 Mar 1892) 4. Banker George Grenfell Glyn Brn2 Wolverton (b.10 Feb 1824;d.6 Nov 1887) sp: Georgiana Maria Tufnell-43451 (b.11 Oct 1825;m.22 Jun 1848;d.10 Jan 1894) 4. Banker St Leger Richard Glyn (b.3 Oct 1825;d.16 Apr 1873) sp: Florence Elizabeth Williams (m.5 Jun 1855;d.14 Sep 1887) 5. Florence Elizabeth Mary Glyn CBE sp: Sir William Whyndham Portal, Bart2 (m.23 Jun 1880) 5. Constance Gertrude Glyn (d.12 Apr 1933) sp: George Henry Eyre Matcham (m.5 Jun 1889) 4. Banker Pascoe Glyn sp: Miss Mildmay 4. Bishop Rev Peterborough Glyn 4. Vice-Admiral Henry Carr-Glynn Glyn (b.1830;d.16 Feb 1884) sp: Rose Mahony
5. Banker Henry Richard Glyn Brn3 Wolverton (b.18 Jul 1861;d.2 Jul 1888) 5. Banker Frederic Glyn Brn4 Wolverton (b.24 Sep 1864;d.3 Oct 1932) sp: Edith Amelia Ward (m.5 Jan 1895) 5. Rose Riversdale Glynn (b.10 Mar 1860) sp: Montagu Charles Francis Bertie Lord Norreys (b.3 Oct 1860;m.25 Jul 1885) 4. Capt. Sydney Carr Glyn (b.11 Oct 1835;d.26 Feb 1916) sp: Fanny Marescaux (m.31 Dec 1868) 5. Major-General Arthur St Leger Glyn (b.11 Nov 1870;d.30 Nov 1922) sp: Amy Frances Hohler (m.7 Jul 1908) 6. George Carr Glyn (d.12 Mar 1905) sp: Kate Alice Ashmead (m.13 Jul 1894) 4. Barrister Ashley Glyn (b.20 Nov 1839;d.11 Sep 1875) sp: Mary Louisa Duncombe (m.21 Feb 1871) 4. Rev Edward Glyn sp: Lady Mary Campbell (m.4 Jul 1882) 4. Alice Carr Glyn sp: Jocelyn Earl5 Chichester Pelham 5. Banker ??? Earl6 Chichester Pelham sp: Miss Buxton 2. Grenadier Guards Colonel Thomas Glyn sp: Miss wife1 Lewen, a fortune

1760: Appearance of first map of Hong Kong, showing only the island's west coast, prepared by East India Captain George Hayter, of EICo ship York.

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1760: Dies English convict contractor Jonathan Forward in 1760 aged 80. He had extensive estates in the West Country left to his daughter Elizabeth, wife of Robert Byng, seventh son of Viscount Torrington, who became a paymaster of the navy, then governor of Barbados. (Coldham, Emigrants in Chains, p. 86.)

1760: John St Barbe whaling investor, and on 2 December, 1682 were married John St Barbe to Honor Norton, at St Mary's White Chapel, London, and on 16 Sept, 1765 was christened John St Barbe at Saint Catherine by the Tower London, the son of John St Barbe and the mother was Ann, and on 30 June, 1772 were married John St Barbe and Margaret Galbraith, at St Botolph Bishopsgate, London, and on July 1775 was christened at St Botolph Without Aldgate, John Dekewer [sic] St Barbe son of John and Margaret St Barbe; and on 2 Feb, 1779 was christened at Saint Katherine by the Tower, Harriet St Barbe daughter of John and Margaret St Barbe; and on 7 May, 1780 was christened at Saint Paul, Deptford, London, Carolina St Barbe father John and mother Margaret; and on 7 Feb, 1782 was christened Henrietta St Barbe at Saint Katherine by the Tower and also Frances christened the same day 7 Feb, 1782, mother Margaret; and on 13 May, 1785 was christened Etheldred [sic] Saint Barbe at St Botolph Without Aldgate, London, father Kingsman Baskett Saint Barbe mother Mary; and on 21 Mar, 1783 was christened at Greenwich Kent, Allan St Barbe son of John and Margaret; and on 26 Nov, 1802 were married Henrietta St Barbe and William Heyliger, at Saint Mary's, Portsea, Hampshire; and on 22 May, 1810 was christened at Allhallows London Wall, London, female child Ethildred [sic] daughter of John St Barbe and mother Elizabeth; and on 20 Dec, 1854 was christened John Frampton St Barbe son of John St Barbe and Eleanor at Holy Trinity, Paddington, London. Mormon IGI (computer) and mystery? on 2 Aug, 1810 Ann St Barbe married Edward Allen at Saint Mary, Lewisham, Kent, England, name St Barbe, back to 1580 in Wiltshire. Mormon IGI (computer).

1760: Chinese government publishes edict of "Five Regulations" for foreign traders in Canton. (Keswick, on Jardine-Matheson, appendices.)

1760: Carolinas: One James Crockat dealt sometimes in slaves. In 1760 the Crockat interest took in Alexander Watson and Richard Grubb. A firm formed at Charles Town, Carolina, commercially linked to Crockat's brother John, Ebenezer Simmons and Benjamin Smith; that firm dissolved in 1745. Smith then took one John Palmer as a partner, during the 1759 troubles with the Cherokee Indians. Joseph Nutt in South Carolina handled military supplies. In 1760 and 1761, Smith and Nutt imported 600 slaves. Here, Nutt and Crockat also dealt with John Beswicke; there were matters also perhaps with South Carolina merchants Henry Laurens, Benjamin Smith and John McQueen. [See Kellock, pp. 127-138]. James Crockat for a time was possibly a leading merchant at Charleston, Carolina, and in 1736 is supposed to have been prominent in insurance. In 1739 he returned to London where he traded extensively with America and also Canada. In 1749 he became London agent for South Carolina and remained so for seven years.

In April 1761 Frederick Pigou Jnr became partner of William Neate. Pigou Snr was in manufacturing and selling gunpowder, a partner with Miles Peter Andrews, at 28 Budge Row. Pigou Jnr went from Neate in 1768 and tried to take over Neate's correspondents. Booth had been briefly in New York, in 1759 with a store. By 1773, Pigou Jnr's father was a director of the EICo, and wanted tea consigned. The owners of the Nancy to carry tea to New York were William Kelly and Co and perhaps John Blackburn qv in Kellock. After the revolution began, Pigou returned to England, but in 1777 as British troops occupied he returned to New York, but back in England by 1779 or 1780. The partnership had been ended. Booth tried to set up alone but by 1782 was bankrupt. Booth once wrote a book on a complete system of book-keeping. Pigou and Booth in 1790 claimed £6056 from New York and Pennsylvania.
(On Frederick Pigou, see Olson, Making the Empire Work, citations p. 244, Note 59.)

1761: Samuel Whitbread, Brewer, of Yeoman stock, began to acquire property in Bedfordshire from 1761. He married as his second wife Lady Mary Cornwallis, second daughter of Lord Cornwallis; by 1760 he'd acquired the second largest brewery in London. Samuel Whitbread, a brewery in Lower Street, East Smithfield. (See Roger Fulford, Samuel Whitbread (1764-1815): A Study in Opposition. London, Macmillan, 1967.

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Follows an impression of the family history of London Lord Mayor 1761-1762 Sir Samuel Fludyer - The Fludyers lived in the Greenwich - Blackheath area of London
Descendants of Samuel FLUDYER (c.1704) and sp: Elizabeth DE MONSALLIER (c.1704)
2. London Lord Mayor Sir Samuel Brudenell FLUDYER, Bart1 (b.1704;d.21 Jan 1786) sp: Miss NOTKNOWN sp: Caroline BRUDENELL wife2 (c.1758;m.2 Sep 1758) sp: Miss NOTKNOWN sp: Jane CLERKE wife1 (d.15 Mar 1757) 3. London Lord Mayor Sir Samuel Brudenell FLUDYER, Bart2 (b.8 Oct 1759;d.17 Feb 1833) sp: Maria WESTON, cousin (m.5 Oct 1786) 3. MP George FLUDYER (b.Sep 1761;d.15 Apr 1837) sp: Mary FANE dr4 (c.1792) 4. Mary FLUDYER dr1 (b.18 Apr 1793) sp: Arthur George ONSLOW Baron6 Onslow (b.25 Oct 1777;m.21 Jul 1818;d.24 Oct 1870) 4. Caroline FLUDYER wife2 (d.4 Jul 1824) sp: John CUST Earl1 Brownlow (b.19 Jun 1779;m.22 Sep 1818) 4. Elizabeth FLUDYER sp: MP Sir Philip Christopher MUSGRAVE, Bart8 (b.1794)
2. London Lord Mayor, army contractor, Sir Thomas FLUDYER (b.1711;d.19 Mar 1769) sp: Mary CHAMPION (c.1755) 3. Mary FLUDYER heir (b.Jun 1755;d.11 Sep 1808) sp: Trevor Charles ROPER Lord Dacre-9238 (b.14 Jun 1745;m.2 Mar 1773;d.4 Jul 1794) 4. child1 ROPER 2. Anne FLUDYER sp: Blackwell Hall factor (wool), William MARSH (d.2 Mar 1778) 3. MP Samuel MARSH (b.1736;d.18 Mar 1795) sp: Frances Elizabeth BENNET wife2 (m.31 Jul 1773) sp: Annabella GRAEME wife1 (m.1762)

1761: Battle of Panipat between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan; great Afghan victory.

1762: British fleet captures Manila in Philippine Islands from Spain.

1762-1786: David Scott Snr makes a fortune as a free merchant at Bombay 1762-1786 and became a director East India Company when he came home. He dealt in London with the wealthy and eccentric John Farquhar.
(Christie, non-elite MPs, p. 71.)

1762: Jacques Rousseau publishes his treatise on education, Emile. The book influences The Enlightenment and The Romantic Movement which came later.

List of London Bankers 1763:
BIDDULPH and COCKS, BLAND, BARNETT and BLAND, BOLDERO, CARTER and Co., CASTELLS, WHATLEY, CHILDS and Co., Temple Bar, CLIFFE, WALPOLE and CLARKE, GISSINGHAM, COOPER, COUTTS; FREAME, BARCLAY and FREAME, FULLER , Son, and WELCH, GINES, GOSLING Sir Francis, BENNET and GOSLING, HANKEY Sir Joseph, Sir Thomas and Mr Joseph Chaplin Hankey, HOARE, RICHARD and RICHARD, MURRAY, PEWTRESS and ROBARTS, ROFFEY, JAMES, NEALE and FORDYCE, SMITH and PAYNE, SMITH, WRIGHT and GRAY, SNOW and DENN, without Temple Bar, VERE, GLYN and HALIFAX, WILLIS, READE and Co., WRIGHT.
From Little London Directory 1677 by J. C. Hutton, reprinted in The Handbook of London Bankers F. G. Hilton-Price, 1876.

1763: L. J. Ragatz, The Decline of the Planter Class in the British Caribbean, 1763-1833. 1928.

1763: S. C. Johnson, A History of Emigration from the United Kingdom to North America, 1763-1912. 1913. *

1763: In 1763, Philip Carteret Webb is solicitor to the Treasury (England). (Rude, Wilkes-Liberty, p. 23.)

1763: Robert Melville, see DNB Vol. XIII, pp. 246-247, governor of ceded West Indian islands in 1763. Hon LLD (Edin). FRS. London. an energetic supporter of the Scottish Corporation of London, and other Scottish charities. In 1759 he invented a carriage ordnance piece equivalent to an 8 inch howitzer, and by 1872, 429 navy ships used guns of this class - carronade. named for their manufacturer, the Carron Company of Stirlingshire. But Campbell, historian of the Carron Company, has some doubt about Melville's unequivocal claim as inventor of the carronade gun.
R. H. Campbell, Carron Company. Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd, 1961. (A Company History).

1763: John Strettel, (Kellock, London debt claimants of 1790 appendix, p. 147.) John Strettel (1721-Aug 1786) father prominent merchant in Philadelphia, and John later supplying the Indian Commissioners of Pennsylvania, exchanging goods for furs. By 1763, John Strettel at Mr Cooke's, Sise Lane, later by 1769 had his own premises at 1 Riches Court, Lime Street. Claimed debts of £14,848, with interest, Pennsylvania and New York. But in January 1775, he had been appointed with Brook Watson and a Mr Hunter to represent the trading interests of Quebec. (Kellock).

1763: Neufville and Christopher Rolleston, all in South Carolina debts, in 1763 and 1769, Carolina merchant Rolleston at 14 Tokenhouse Yard, but in Feb 1775 petition on American affairs signed by Ridgway and Rolleston at 7 Ironmonger Lane, at which time William Lee listed Rolleston of Neufville and Rolleston, bitter enemies of America, though Rolleston did not sign anti-Wilkite address. Neufville possibly John or Edward of Charles Town, South Carolina, in 1770 Edward Neufville is concerned re rice duty to Carolina. In 1783, Rolleston was a new member of Lloyds, and in 1785 he was no partner but merchant and insurance broker at 4 Copthall Court, Throgmorton St.

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1763: Perkins, Buchanan and Brown, (Kellock, London debt claimants of 1790, appendix, p. 139.) In 1763, William Perkins alone at Dolphin Court, Tower Street, then he acquired as partners William Brown and Thomas Buchanan, Buchanan an absentee partner, son of a wealthy Glasgow merchant, he went to New York at age 18 to serve in counting house of his father's cousin, Walter Buchanan. In 1768 was the New York firm of Walter and Thomas Buchanan, importers from Scotland and England. They were bankrupted by 1773, or at least, their associates Perkins and Brown were, as partners of Thomas Buchanan. They were reportedly owed upwards of £70,000 sterling. In 1790 they claimed £22,533 in Maryland and Virginia. Perkins, Buchanan and Brown, Kellock, London debt claimants of 1790 appendix p. 139. In 1763, William Perkins alone at Dolphin Court, Tower Street, then he acquired as partners William Brown and Thomas Buchanan, Buchanan an absentee partner, son of a wealthy Glasgow merchant, he went to New York at age 18 to serve in counting house of his father's cousin, Walter Buchanan. In 1768 was the New York firm of Walter and Thomas Buchanan, importers from Scotland and England. They were bankrupted by 1773, or at least, their associates Perkins and Brown were, as partners of Thomas Buchanan. They were reportedly owed upwards of £70,000 sterling. In 1790 they claimed £22,533 in Maryland and Virginia.-Kellock; (Notes from Devine, Tobacco Lords, p. 11), There was in Glasgow the famous Virginia Mansion which once belonged to James Buchanan.

1763: (Schmidt, p. 2.) Two of the most active merchants in the Rappahanock Valley are James Miller and James Robb, advertising convict servants.

1763: Edward and Thos Hunt, Thomas and Rowland Hunt, Love Lane, Aldermanbury, leading in Virginia tobacco by 1763, Thos Hunt also director of London Assurance Co, 7 Love Lane, by 1772 had become Thomas and Rowland Hunt, dealt with Robert Carter of Nomin Hall, and William Nelson the chief merchant of Yorktown; disliked by William Lee as enemies of America; all debts in Virginia, as in Kellock's article.

1763, 7 April: Treasury and John Stewart of London make an Article of Agreement concerning transportation of convicts. (T.54/39.)

1763: Britain becomes dominant power in India as a result of the Treaty of Paris.

1764: London Lord Mayor of 1764 - William Stephenson.

1764: Bengal, Battle of Buxar, won by Clive of India.

1764: Invention of the spinning jenny. James Watt invents separate condenser for steam engine.

1764: A Jamaica agent 1764-1794, was Stephen Fuller. By 1789, one Stephen Fuller a merchant is agent for Jamaica, active on question of proposed abolition of slave trade. (Penson, Colonial Agents, p.125.)

Follows an impression of the family history of agent for Jamaica, Stephen Fuller (full of surprises):
Descendants of MP John FULLER
1. MP John FULLER sp: Elizabeth ROSE;
2. MP John FULLER sp: Miss DARELL; 2. MP Rose FULLER (b.1708;d.1777) sp: Bonella HODGES wife2 (b.1704;d.1735) sp: Ithamar MILL wife1 (m.1737;d.1738) sp: Ithamar (spouse problem - wife1?) VASSALL
2. Jamaqica agent Stephen FULLER Miss NOTKNOWN
3. Sarah FULLER sp: MP Sir Hans SLOANE (b.1739;m.1772;d.1827)
4. Maria Sloane FULLER sp: MP Joseph JEKYLL (b.1754;d.1837)
3. Phillipa FULLER sp: MP William DICKINSON (b.1745;d.1806)
2. Rev Henry FULLER sp: Miss FULLER;
3. MP John FULLER (b.1756;d.1834);
3. Frances FULLER sp: MP Lancelot II BROWN (b.1748;d.1802)
2. Elizabeth FULLER wife3 sp: William SLOANE;
3. MP Sir Hans SLOANE (b.1739;d.1827) sp: Sarah FULLER-39558 (m.1772);
3. Sarah SLOANE sp: MP Francis ANNESLEY (b.1663) sp: Sir, Bart Richard FOWLER;
4. Sir Bart Hans FOWLER; 4. Sarah FOWLER sp: Colonel HODGES;
5. Thomas HODGES-FOWLER-62299 (d.1820)

1764: Invention of the spinning jenny. James Watt invents separate condenser for steam engine.

List of London Bankers 1765:
AMYARD and MERCER, ASGILL, NIGHTINGALE and WICKENDEN, BACKWELL, HART, DARRELL and CROFT, BIDDULPH and COCKS, BLAND, BARNET, BLAND, BROWN , HENTON, BLAND, GRAY and STEPHENSON, BOLDERO, CARTER and Co., BRASSEY, LEE and Son, CASTELLS and WHATLEY, CLIFFE, WALPOLE, CLARKE, CHILD and Co., joining in Temple Bar, COOPER, GISSINGHAM, COLEBROOK Sir George, COUTTS James, DRUMMOND and Co., FREAME, BARCLAY, FREAME, FULLER and WELCH, FULLER and COPE, GINES George and William, GOSLING, GOSLING, CLIVE, HANKEY, HOARE, RICHARD and RICHARD, HUNT and ROBINSON, KNIGHT and BATSON, MARTIN, STONE and BLACKWALL, MURRAY, PEWTRESS and ROBARTS, ROFFEY, JAMES, NEALE and FORDYCE, SMITH and PAYNE, SNOW and DENNE, Anchor without Temple Bar, VERE, GLYNN, HALIFAX, WILLIS, READ and Co., WRIGHT.
From Little London Directory 1677 by J. C. Hutton, reprinted in The Handbook of London Bankers F. G. Hilton-Price, 1876.

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1765: reaction in colonies to Stamp Act so violent, London merchants took view to have it repealed, see Trecothick testimony. The Act repealed, and a new one in 1766 eased some duties and established Jamaica and Dominica as free ports, this latter to reduce illegal trade which drained off silver. But then Britain tightened customs regulations. In all, competition so severe it violated common sense. (Kellock's article, p. 110.)

1765: In 1765, merchant Charles Ridgely, a Baltimore merchant, purchased goods from James Russell and Molleson of London, worth L1550. By early 1767 the London creditors were complaining of lack of payment. T Thompson p 15. Ridgely's debt did not stop him from purchasing additional goods from John Buchanan London merchant, valued at L1756. In late 1770, William Molleson no longer in partnership with James Russell, sent goods to Ridgely worth L2909. In 1772, Molleson was complaining he had not been paid by Ridgely. (T. Thompson, p. 15.)

1765: Prakash asserts the new EICo opium monopoly dating from about now ought to be regarded as a distinct "innovation" with important consequences. From 1765 the Patna EICo men organised all this [opium trade] more rigourously. The first opium buyers were Indian merchants, other British, the Dutch VOC, till the trade steadied itself, when finally opium was sold at an EICo auction at Calcutta. Prakash notes that profits of 175-300 per cent were obtained from opium. Radical alterations set in with opium trade from 1773.

Economic historians often utilise basic concepts such as supply and demand, of elasticity vs inelasticity of demand, more sophisticated concepts (as with Wallenstein) but the historian of Eighteenth Century economic activity needs to remain particularly aware of the increasing sophistication used by financiers, as in London and Amsterdam, as they spun complicated webs of short and long-term credit around the basic activities of gathering and transporting commodities worth exchanging; when of course, advances on credit might have been made in respect of differential profit margins over different time spans.

These credit-webs cannot be quantified usefully, but the intents of their use were often linked to coercing native populations into European definitions of productivity, to harnessing traditional, diversely used croplands to what became regionalised monocultures, thereby disrupting societal patterns. These credit-webs, considered as investment lead-times, were often created so that European merchants could outpace their native merchant competitors.

(It is revealing and ironic that since the 1970s, the Japanese have successfully applied this tactic in the US and Australia, using a longer investment lead-time, 30 years, than the supposedly sophisticated US traders can compete with).

Treatments of world flows of bullion can also provide useful insights on broader financial issues for the period 1750-1800, but such detail is beyond the scope of this web page. Simultaneously, from the point of view of non-Europeans in India, Asia and the Far East, gross inequities were institutionalised as Capitalism was used to re-organise production and consumption in traditional, often Muslim societies, which had often, by 1500 or so, offered a more satisfying life than any non-Mediterranean European country could offer.
These views from a piece by Dan Byrnes.)
(See Om Prakash, Opium Monopoly In India and Indonesia in the Eighteenth Century, Indian Economic and Social History Review, 24, 1, 1987., pp. 65-67.)

So follows, with regard to Bombay, many commercial names and dates...

List of London Bankers 1766:
BATSON, STEPHENSON and HOGGART, BIDDULPH and COCKS, BLAND, BARNETT, BROWN, HENTON and Son, CASTELLS and WHATLEY, CHILD Robert and Co., Temple Bar, CLIFFE, WALPOLE and CLARKE, COOPER and GISSINGHAM, COUTTS James and Thomas, DRUMMOND, FREAME, SMITH, BENING, FULLER William and Son, GINES, GOSLING, GOSLING and CLIVE, HOARE, RICHARD and RICHARD, LEE and AYTON, MURRAY and Co., PEWTRESS and ROBARTS, ROFFEY, JAMES, NEALE and FORDYCE (spectacular failure in 1772), SMITH and PAYNE (also known as Smith, Payne and Smiths, with Smith a huge genealogy lasting to the Nineteenth Century, much less on Payne), VERE, GLYN and HALIFAX, WELCH and ROGERS, Cornhill, WILLIS, READE and Co., WRIGHT.
From Little London Directory 1677 by J. C. Hutton, reprinted in The Handbook of London Bankers F. G. Hilton-Price, 1876.

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1766: Alexander Adamson first comes to Bombay as a young writer in 1766, a punctilious "workaholic", religious overmuch; to the end of his life he gave up hope of returning to England. Died 1807. By 1800 he had "a huge investment in Canton".
Anne Bulley, Bombay Country Ships, 1790-1833. London, Curzon Press, 2000. ISBN 0-7007-1236-4., pp. 178ff.

1765: British Creditor Lists: Samuel Gist, (Kellock, London debt claimants of 1790, appendix, p. 123), became a London tobacco merchant by about 1765 and rose fast and high so that in 1773-1775 he was next to Lydes in tobacco taken from the Upper James Naval District, and in Jan 1775 he was one of three men appointed to represent Virginia trade on the committee to draw memorials to Parlt. Gist had gone out in 1737 to Virginia to be a factor for a Bristol house. and he became a merchant there (Bristol or Virginia?) ten years later. By 1757 he had a large-ish plantation in the James Valley near Little Richmond. In 1789 he valued his Virginian place at £23,000, but the title was vested in his daughter who had married a William Anderson of Hanover County. Gist not counted friendly to America in 1769. A Virginian woman then in London complained to Thos Jefferson in 1786 about being in debt but maybe Gist could relieve her. Gist still in tobacco trade still after 1790, he left the counting house in Savage Gardens for one in 10 America Square, and had a house in Gower Street, Bloomsbury. He claimed a pre-war debt in Virginia of £34,000.

1766: William Russell at Piscataway by 1766 was corresponding with Stewart and Campbell of London; after 1782 he became an agent for Duncan Campbell. William Russell had resided in London in 1762. He was probably the Russell of Russell and Hodge importing convict servants to the Potomac in the 1760s. (Sources: Jacob M. Price, 'One Family's Empire'.)

1766: The year Scots begin playing golf at Blackheath, London in earnest.
March 2002: For more information on Blackheath in London, visit a site managed by the noted local historian there, Neil Rhind, now preparing his third book on the history of his area: http://www.blackheath.org

1766: Arthur Shakespear Esq., 108 Pall Mall in 1799; William Shakespear (private) 37 Hart St, Bloomsbury 1800. (Holden's Directory - London - The Shakespear genealogy in the Nineteenth Century stretched out to India).

1766: The name Currie, of London. Capt Currie circa 1841; Mark John Currie, born 1785, London, son of the late Mark Currie Esq, by Elizabeth, daughter of John Close, Easby, County York, and first cousin of Raikes Currie MP. Capt Currie rose to rank of vice-admiral, died 1 May, 1874, Collington House, Thicket Road, Anerley. Also, Raikes Currie, born 15 April, 1801, member of Glyn & Co, bankers, MP for Northampton, died Minley Manor, Farnborough, Hants October 16, 1881. William Currie Esq MP, 26 George St, Westminster (1800 Holden's Directory of 1799 addresses). Leonard Currie Esq, Bromley in Holden's 1800 Directory of 1799 addresses; John Currie Esq, Bromley in Holden's 1800 Directory of 1799 addresses; Isaac Currie private, 35 New Broad Street. (Holden's Directory). (British Biographical Archives).

Barlow Trecothick - An indication of American indebtedness arose when Barlow Trecothick assembled figures on the value of his own exports and on those of seven other reputable firms including David Barclay and Sons and Lane, Son and Fraser. He said they had a combined debt of £956,579. When asked by members of Parlt re testimony he made on the necessity of repealing the Stamp Act, how long these sums had been due, he said it was impossible to say "due to the roundabout nature" of much of the American trade. Citing Trecothick Testimony, Feb 11, 1766, British Museum, Newcastle Papers, 30,030 vol. 145, 88-89. Kellock, p. 109. Trecothick and Co, Kellock, London debt claimants of 1790 appendix p. 148. Barlow Trecothick son of a London sea-captain, told MPs in Feb 1766 he had lived in Boston, then in Jamaica, been in American trade for 23 years. In Boston he had been apprenticed to Charles Apthorp. By 1763 he was trading to West Indies and also to New England. Trecothick in 1764 was a London alderman and in 1768 a City MP. In December 1765 he chaired a meeting for the relief of American trade. later debts claimed of £28,000 Mass, Conn, Rhode Island and New York. About the time American Rev breaks out, Barlow Trethocick ill and could not assist negotiations.
1765, reaction in colonies to Stamp Act so violent, London merchants took view to have it repealed, see Trethicock testimony. The Act repealed, and a new one in 1766 eased some duties and established Jamaica and Dominica as free ports, this latter to reduce illegal trade which drained off silver. But then Britain tightened customs regulations. In all, competition so severe it violated common sense. (Kellock's article, p. 110.)

1766: Harry Piper, seller of convict labour in America - In 1766 the Jenny arrived in the James River from Newcastle. NB: Harry Piper was of Alexandria. [Schmidt, p. 2]

1766, John Hancock at Boston annoyed as he found Gilbert Harrison of London had charged him interest on overdrafts on one of Harrison's "rare accounts", so Hancock took his business to Harrison and Barnard and found George Hayley would take him on, and later he got a large advance from Hayley. Kellock p. 111. citing W. T. Baxter, The House of Hancock. Cambridge, Mass., 1945., pp. 245-247, 248, 251-252.

1766: An indication of American indebtedness arose when Barlow Trecothick assembled figures on the value of his own exports and on those of seven other reputable firms including David Barclay and Sons and Lane, Son and Fraser. He said they had a combined debt of £956,579. When asked by members of Parlt re testimony he made on the necessity of repealing the Stamp Act, how long these sums had been due, he said it was impossible to say due to the roundabout nature of much of the American trade. Citing Trecothick Testimony, 11 Feb., 1766, British Museum, Newcastle Papers, 30,030 vol. 145, 88-89. (Kellock's article, p. 109.)

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In 1766, the British merchants Perkins, Buchanan and Brown of London deleted goods from the order of Thomas Hyde, an Annapolis merchant, and otherwise pressured Hyde for debts. (T Thompson, p. 21.)

1766: Trecothick and Co, Kellock, London debt claimants of 1790 appendix p. 148. Barlow Trecothick son of a London sea-captain, told MPs in Feb 1766 he had lived in Boston, then in Jamaica, been in American trade for 23 years. In Boston he had been apprenticed to Charles Apthorp. By 1763 he was trading to West Indies and also to New England. Trecothick in 1764 was a London alderman and in 1768 a City MP. In December 1765 he chaired a meeting for the relief of American trade. later debts claimed of £28,000, Mass, Conn, Rhode Island and New York.

1766: (On George III and his interest in Pacific exploration, see Hugh Carrington, The Discovery of Tahiti: A Journal of the Second Voyage of HMS Dolphin round the World by George Robertson, 1766-1768. Hakluyt Society, 2nd ser, xcviii. London, 1948., cited by Morrell, p. 14).

1766: Alexander Adamson (to 1800 a partner from Bombay with David Scott Senior in London) first comes to Bombay as a young writer in 1766; a punctilious "workaholic", religious overmuch, he gave up hope of returning to England. Adamson by 1792 breaks his own partnership with the growingly over-ambitious James Tate (who bankrupts by 1800).

1766-1805: Opium trader and country trader James Scott. (It is not known if he was related to EICo director David Scott Snr. ) James is active by 1766. Parents unknown. By 1805 or so in Bulley, Bombay Ships, he trades (in opium?) with Alexander Adamson (partner of David Scott Senior) of Bombay. James still active about Penang by 1805, see Anthony Webster re controversy over colony's money management, re Robert Townsend Farquhar, variously. This James Scott is an old shipmate and then business partner of Francis Light of Penang. Light in turn is/was connected with London EICo director Lawrence Sulivan (1713-1786), the enemy of Clive of India.
H. P. Clodd, Malaya's First British Pioneer: The Life of Francis Light. London, Luzac and Co., 1948., p. 22.
NB: Lawrence Sulivan's son Stephen (1742-1821) was later an opium trader to China.

Follows an impression of a section of Light family history (which is studded with illegitimacies). This Light family is now (August 2002) being re-examined by an Australian relative in Queensland.
Descendants of Mary LIGHT (parents unknown), who had a son Francis to Squire William Negus in England
1. Mary LIGHT, and Squire, William NEGUS; 2. Opium merchant and founder of Penang, Francis LIGHT (b.1740;d.1794) sp: Martina ROZELLS (m.1772;d.1822);
3. Anne Lukey LIGHT sp: Dr, EICo staffer, Charles HUNTER (m.1809); 3. Surveyor-designer of Adelaide, South Australia, Colonel William LIGHT (b.1786;d.1839) sp: E. Miss PEROIS wife1 (about 1821) - sp: Mary BENNET wife2 (b.1804;m.1824;d.1878); br 3. Sarah LIGHT General James WELCH (m.1794); 3. Francis Lanoon LIGHT (b.1790;d.1823) sp: Charlotte ARBONI
4. Sarah Martina LIGHT sp: George Matthew KOENITZ (m.1835)
4. LIGHT William (b.1816) 4. LIGHT Robert Rollo (b.1819) sp: Miss NOTKNOWN; 5. Chief Clerk Court, Francis LIGHT (b.1835;d.1906) sp: Janet JEREMIAH
6. Augusta Victoria LIGHT (b.1877;d.1972) sp: George Gilbert BAIN (b.1862;d.1942);
3. Mary LIGHT sp: Indigo planter, Bengal, George BOYD (m.1805)

1766: (T. Thompson, p. 23), William Lux in 1766 helped form a chapter of the Sons of Liberty in Baltimore. Merchants mainly joined this group, which Maryland governor Robert Eden called the most "pronounced rebellious and mischievous organisation in the province of Maryland."

Before 1767: 1652: English merchants obtain letters patent granting freedom of trade from Bengal. In 1690, Job Charnock sets up factory and officially founds Calcutta.

Forbes and Co of Bombay (founded 1811) was preceded by the activities of Mr. John Forbes of New Strathdon, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, from 1767 in Bombay in the service of the EICo. The Forbes family severed connections with the ongoing Bombay operations many decades ago (from 2001).
1767: There are possibly two reports on this man - some confusion may exist to date. John Forbes, founder of what becomes Forbes and Co. of Bombay. Birth: Belleberg in Sep. 1743, died 20 June, 1782; son of John Forbes and mother, Christian Shepherd. He leaves India in 1799. (By another report, a John Forbes arrives Bombay in 1784? - See Hodson Lists?) In early life goes to Bombay, becomes an extensive merchant in India, makes a fortune, he eventually re-purchased Newe, his family estate. He begins his Bombay trading house in 1767, and is presumably the man who inspires the new, larger firm Forbes of Bombay on 1 August 1811.
(Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Forbes of Newe. Later citations on Forbes probably related to this man are in H. Ellis, biographer of Lachlan Macquarie, pp. 51, 79, 86-87, 98. An uncle of Sir Charles Forbes MP of Forbes and Co.) Bulley, Bombay Country Ships, 1790-1833, pp. 190ff.

1767: The British East India Company's import of opium to China reaches "a staggering two thousand chests of opium per year".
From website based on book: Opium: A History, by Martin Booth Simon and Schuster, Ltd., 1996. e-mail info@opioids.com

Follows an impression of the family history of London Lord Mayor for 1767-1768 Thomas Harley
Descendants of Edward HARLEY Earl Mortimer Earl3 Oxford (b.1699;d.11 Apr 1755) and sp: Martha MORGAN
2. Banker, London Lord Mayor Thomas HARLEY Rt Hon (b.1730;d.1 Dec 1804) sp: Anne BANGHAM
3. Sarah HARLEY wife2 (b.19 Oct 1760;d.15 Feb 1837) sp: Thomas Robert Auriol HAY Earl10 Kinnoul (b.18 Mar 1751;m.3 Jun 1781;d.12 Apr 1804) 4. Thomas Robert HAY Earl11 Kinnoul (b.5 Apr 1785;d.18 Feb 1866) sp: Louisa Barton (Burton) ROWLEY (d.6 Mar 1885) 4. Louisa HAY (d.17 Jul 1902) sp: Sir Thomas MONCRIEFFE, Bart7 (b.1822) 4. Sarah Maria HAY sp: Bishop George MURRAY, of Rochester 3. Anne HARLEY (b.13 May 1759;d.4 Apr 1840) sp: George RODNEY Baron2 Rodney (b.25 Dec 1753;m.10 Apr 1781;d.2 Jan 1802) 4. George RODNEY Baron3 Rodney (b.17 Jun 1782;d.21 Jun 1842) sp: Charlotte Georgiana MORGAN (m.27 Feb 1819;d.19 Feb 1878) 4. Hon. Robert RODNEY (b.1786;d.1826) sp: Anne DENNETT 3. Margaret HARLEY (b.1766;d.1830) sp: MP Sir John BOYD, Bart2 of Kent (b.1750;m.1784;d.1815) 4. Sir John BOYD, Bart3 (b.1786) 4. Augustus BOYD (b.1787;d.1788) 4. Margaret BOYD 4. George BOYD (b.1793) 4. Margaret BOYD 2. Edward HARLEY Earl4 Oxford (b.2 Sep 1726;d.8 Oct 1790) sp: Susanna ARCHER A fortune 2. Bishop Hon. John HARLEY of Hereford (c.1788) sp: Roach VAUGHAN 3. Edward HARLEY Earl5 Oxford-38715 (b.20 Feb 1773;d.28 Dec 1848) sp: Jane Elizabeth SCOTT (c.1794;m.3 Mar 1794)
4. Coloniser Charlotte Mary HARLEY (c.1823;d.1880) sp: Colonist at NSW, Anthony BACON, Cavalry Officer (b.1796;m.1823;d.1864) 4. Alfred HARLEY Earl6 Oxford (b.10 Jan 1809;d.19 Jan 1853) sp: Eliza NUGENT Illegit (m.17 Feb 1831;d.14 Sep 1877)

1767: Dixon and Littledale of Whitehaven: By 24 October 1767, Dixon and Littledale were convict contractors of Whitehaven. Their colonial agent in Virginia was Harry Piper. Littledale is a name seen in lists of shipbuilders in England after 1820. (Sources: A. Roger Ekirch, Bound for America: the Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718-1775. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1987.

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1768: J. B. Bishop, A Chronicle of 150 Years: The Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, 1768-1918. 1918. *

c1768: Priestly's brewery experiments lead to soda water, eudiometer.

List of London Bankers 1768:
AMYAND, STAPLES and Co., ASGILL, NIGHTINGALE and WICKENDEN, BACKWELL, HART, DURRELL and CROFT, BIDDULPH and COCKS, BLAND and BARNETT, BROWN, HENTON and Son, BOLDERO, CARTER and Co., BRASSEY, LEE and AYTON, CASTELLS and WHATLEY, CLIFFE, WALPOLE and CLARKE, CHILDS R. and Co., joining Temple Bar, COOPER GISSINGHAM, COLEBROOKE, LESSINGHAM and Co., COUTTS, DRUMMOND, FREAME , BARCLAY and FREAME, FULLER Son and WELCH, FULLER and COPE, GINES, GOSLING and CLIVE, HANKEY, HOARE, RICHARD and RICHARD, HUNT and ROBINSON, KNIGHT, BATSON and Co., MARTIN, STONE and BLACKWELL, MURRAY, PEWTRESS and ROBARTS, ROFFEY, JAMES, NEALE and FORDYCE.
From Little London Directory 1677 by J. C. Hutton, reprinted in The Handbook of London Bankers F. G. Hilton-Price, 1876.
Ends the list of London bankers so far...

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1768: A cousin to Benjamin Franklin was a whaler, Capt Timothy Folger of Nantucket. In 1768, Folger made the first mapping of the Gulf Stream, having sailed it, which obviously made sailing to Europe faster. Folger found the stream more or less by keeping an eye on whales. (Tuchman, The First Salute. 1988., p. 450).
For various Folger-Starbuck family history see website (Error 403 - forbidden): http://www.s-starbuck.com/dat10.html

1769: James Watt's steam engine separates condenser from cylinder.

1769: Josiah Wedgewood (1730-1795) begins his new-vogue production in 1769. FRS 1783, FSA 1786, great figure in expansion of Staffordshire pottery manufacture.

1769: Nov 25: A Virginia importer of indentured servants and convicts Piper, to Dixon and Littledale at Whitehaven, re ship Ruby used that winter.

1769: A ship the William had been chartered by the Whitehaven convict contractors Dixon and Littledale, to be factored by Harry Piper, who had only recently settled in the Potomac area. [Schmidt, p. 4.]

1769: New Zealand: James Cook 1769 lands at several places and times. Cook returns 1773, 1777; introduced pigs and potatoes as source of nutrition for sealers and re-supply of sailors.

1769: John and Gilbert Buchanan. Between 1769 and 1773 the firm of John Buchanan was addressed at 14 Little Tower Street. Later known as John Buchanan and Son. From 1769, Buchanans had signed the anti-Wilkite address and then remained anxious about losing their clients, so they extended further credit. About 1769 Buchanan had had such a strong reaction in America that when a vessel he had chartered arrived in Annapolis, his agents, Messrs Dick and Stewart, had been forced to send it out again without unloading cargo. By April 1773, Buchanans had stopped payment as their credit was extended beyond endurance. In 1773, (Kellock's article, p. 119), Gilbert Buchanan was sent by his father to America to settle various affairs. He stayed till August 1775, when he had to leave as he was a Loyalist. In 1783 he claimed help as having remained a Loyalist, and he was then a clergyman. In 1790 he claimed a pre-war debt of £73,784. (Kellock, London debt claimants of 1790, appendix, p. 118).

1769: Merchant of Mark Lane and Clapham, London, Capel HANBURY, (died 2 Jun 1769), son of Charles HANBURY and Caudia NOTKNOWN wife2, married to Mary LUNN.
Burke's Landed Gentry for Hanbury of Kingscote Maurward.

1770: Arthur L. Jensen, Maritime Commerce of Colonial Philadelphia. Madison, Wisconsin, State Historical Society of Wisconsin for the Dept. of History, University of Wisconsin, 1963.

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1770: William A. Baker, A Maritime History of Bath, Maine and the Kennebec River Region. (Two Vols.) Bath, 1973. (US maritime history) *

1770: Great Bengal Famine. (Too-little-studied -Ed)

1770: F. G. Fassett, The Shipbuilding Business in the United States. (Two Vols) New York, 1948.*

1770: Joseph A. Goldenberg, Shipbuilding in Colonial America. Charlottsville, 1976.*

1770: Pacific Explorations: See Michael Cannon, (Ed: Margaret Fraser), Reader's Digest, The Exploration of Australia: From First Sea Voyages to Satellite Discoveries. Sydney, 1987.

Follows an impression of the family history of London Lord Mayor 1770 Brass Crosby:
Descendants of Hercules CROSBY and sp: Mary BRASS 2. London Lord Mayor Brass CROSBY (b.1725;d.1793)
This Lord mayor married three wealthy widows, names presently unknown.

1770: About 1770 the governors of London's Christ's Hospital included Arthur Baron, Adrian Beyer, Col James Boddington, Sir William Coles, Sir James Collett, Peter Godfrey, Samuel Jackson, Robert Knight, Thomas Lockington and Micajah Perry [Jnr?]: [A. L. Bier and Roger Finlay, London, 1500-1700: The Making of the Metropolis, p. 276]. The Virginia planter Robert Carter dealt with merchants Perry and Thomas Lane in London; William Byrd II (1674-1774) once went to Holland to learn mercantile matters; he was later associated with Perry and Lane of London, before he studied law prior to his admission to the Bar [Clarence L. Ver Steeg, The Formative Years, 1607-1763. London, Macmillan, 1965., pp. 103, 134, pp. 184-185, p. 192, p. 233]. It is not known if Perry merchants were related to Pery (sic), a long-term secretary for the Africa Company. The Virginia planter Robert Carter wrote to Messrs Perry of London, 2 June, 1721; [Ralph Davis, The Rise of the English Shipping Industry in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. London, Macmillan, 1962., pp. 278ff].

1770s: Alexander Hamilton was the Maryland factor for James Brown and Co. In 1770, William Russell moved to Baltimore. [Jacob Price, 'One Family's Empire', p. 168, Note 5. T. Thompson, p. 23.]

1770, Captain James Cook charts eastern coast of Australia.

1770: Deberdt and Burkitt, Kellock, London debt claimants of 1790 appendix p. 123, head was Dennis Deberdt who died in 1770 aged 77, a dissenter with a strong interest in Massachusetts House of Reps. pre war debt of firm was £47,294 in Pennsylvania, New York, Mass and South Carolina. Dennys Deberdt [died 1770] and Wright Burkitt-Kellock; Deberdt and Burkitt, Kellock, London debt claimants of 1790, appendix, p. 123, head was Dennis Deberdt who died in 1770 aged 77, a dissenter with a strong interest in Massachusetts House of Reps. pre war debt of firm was £47,294 in Pennsylvania, New York, Mass and South Carolina.

1770: The establishment from 1770 of the East India Company's "first bank at Canton", which later helped the operations of the British opium trade.

1770s-1790: On opium trader Alexander Colvin, active by 1790 if not earlier. Parents unknown. In the 1770s were two substantial concerns, Croftes and Johnson, dissolved in 1785, case Kirkpatrick versus Johnson; and Paxton and Cockerell, operating in Calcutta, while the house operated of Alexander, Bayne and Colvin, which grew out of a business earlier conducted solely by the East India Company's paymaster, Claud Alexander, earlier than 1784.
(See S. B. Singh, Agency Houses, p. 10, p. 41, opium dealers; pp. 216ff and also on indigo deals.)

The 1770s: Years earlier, ship volumes in the Anglo-Baltic trade might have been such as 1000 ships loading at Dantzig to 1750. Later, 1300 ships; By 1700, some 250 ships annually sailed from Riga, to 500 by 1750; in 1789, some 4388 ships left Baltic ports, with 1300 carrying timber, some 210 cargoes of ship timber. (Albion, Forests and Sea Power, p. 161).

1771: (Walvin, p. 100), Landon Carter the great Virginian planter in 1771, p. 279. and slave runaways. p 85, Chesapeake area. Carter family. Walvin p. 344 cites J. P. Greene, (Ed), Diary of Col. Landon Carter, 1752-1772. Two Vols. Charlottesville. 1965. See on slavery, M. Craton and J. Walvin, A Jamaican Plantation. London, 1970. James Walvin, Black Ivory: A History of British Slavery. London, Harper Collins, 1992. James Walvin with Michael Craton and David Wright, (Eds.), Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation. 1976.

1771+: London Lord Mayors, in 1771 Mayor is Brass Crosby, John Sawbridge in 1776, 1776, Sir Thomas Halifax, 1779 Mayor is Samuel Plumbe, in 1779 Brackley Kennett is Mayor, in 1780 Brackley Kennett is mayor, in 1782 Sir William Plomer is Mayor, in 1784 Robert Peckham is mayor, in 1792 John Hopkins is Mayor, in 1792 Paul Le Mesurier is mayor, in 1797 Brook Watson is Mayor, in 1795 Thomas Skinner is Mayor, in 1798 Sir John William Anderson is mayor, in 1797 John William Anderson is Mayor, in 1800 mayor is Harvey Christian Combe; in 1801 mayor is Sir John Camer.

1772: Marion du Fresne, French explorer - at New Zealand, killed and eaten (along with 15 crew members) at Bay of Islands (northern North Island) in 1772.

1772: So-called sexual revolutionary De Sade seeks an aphrodisiac, and gives prostitutes sweets laced with Spanish Fly, a name for blister beetles found in Southern Europe.

1772: Discovery of mysterious Easter Island in the Pacific by three Dutch ships, Commander Jacob Roggeveen. (Date from Hancock and Faiia, p. 221).

1773: Firm Greenwood and Higginson; earliest firm member seems to have been John Beswicke a trader to Africa who went to South Carolina, later at Cheapside London, partner with William Greenwood and own nephew William Higginson, in 1773, this firm organised tea for Leger and Greenwood at Charles Town, and also dealt with Andrew Lord and William and George Ancrum, with their own ship the London, Capt Curling as the carrier. Finding a harsh reaction in America, property in America confiscated (Kellock's article).

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1773: East India Company grants land to John Prinsep, one of the first free Britishers in Calcutta, to set up a chintz workshop. Later he developed large interests in indigo before retiring to London business life with a fortune.
See (broken link?): http://www.bengalonthenet.com/adda/millennium/timeline/milestones_.htm - Bengal on the Net

1773: EICo as a monopoly grows opium in Bengal and sells it at auction to all comers. (Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 153.) Opium is sold along Malay peninsula, to China and elsewhere and funds paid into the EICo's Canton treasury in exchange for bills on London or Bengal houses. ("The first EICo bank at Canton".)

1773: Boston Tea Party and Merchants: - A List of America Merchants in London at the time of the Boston Tea Party: 1773. Brook Watson of Watson and Rashleigh, Garlick Hill; Benjamin Fanieul; Joshua Winslow at Boston late of Nova Scotia; Jonathan Clarke a London-based partner of Richard Clarke and Sons of Boston; Gilbert Barkly; George Browne of Tower Hill; John Browne of Philadelphia; Roberts, Payne and Roberts, King's Arms Yard; William Morris and Co of Philadelphia; William Kelly; Greenwood and Higginson, Andrew Lord and George Ancrum all of Charleston, South Carolina; Benjamin Harrison, Virginia merchant at Webb's, Arundel Street, and his son; Samuel Whaton (Wharton?); George Hayley and John Blackburn; Frederick Pigou Jr of Mark Lane; Pigou and Booth, New York; William Palmer of Devonshire Square; Messrs Hutchinson of Boston; John Nutt, New Broad Street Buildings; Roger Smith, South Carolina. (List provided by Dr. Pennie Pemberton).

In 1774: In Jamaica, the very centre of Negro slavery, a debating society voted the slave trade not consistent with sound policy or the laws of nature and of morality. In 1776, Thos. Jefferson wrote into the Declaration of Independence three paragraphs attacking the King of England for his "piratical warfare" on the people of the coast of Africa, who had never offended him, and for refusing to try to stem the slave trade, but these paragraphs later deleted; two petitions against slavery presented to Parlt in 1774 and 1776, and again by Quakers in 1783; and Lord North defended slavery before the Quaker petition of 1783, and said abolition was impossible, but the loss of the American colonies had led to a re-evaluation of the value of the West Indies, (Eric Williams, p. 154, p. 255.) Thos Jefferson on balance was in favour of slavery, while Adam Smith was against it. (entry, Williams, p. 108,) Thomas Jefferson preferred white servants to black slaves, and thought not so well of the capabilities and potentials of members of the Negro race.

1774: Firm Hibbberts, (See C. N. Parkinson, The Trade Winds), George Hibbert and Co. was a mercantile firm at the turn of the century, 1800, owning a ship of 610 tons, one of the largest in the West India trade. Other sources indicate George Hibbert was an Alderman of London, and first chairman of the Court of Directors of the West India Dock Company of the late 1790s.

1774: Spanish visit Nootka Sound area, source of furs for Canton market - Juan Perez.

1774, Ice cream is known in France. It was made in the US by Jacob Fussell, and could be enjoyed in Baltimore, Boston, New York and Washington.

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1774: Jesse Ramsden innovates fast, accurate machining for sextants.

31 March, 1774: British Parliament closes down the Port of Boston - an error of judgement.

1774: John Wesley, writes Thoughts Upon Slavery. London 1774.

1774: Edward Long, writes History of Jamaica. 3 Vols, London. 1774 [re costs and profits of sugar planting and a racist attack "dehumanising the Negro"].

1774-1785: Warren Hastings is governor-general of British India. Later impeached in London.

1775: Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible. Cambridge, Mass., 1979.* (Discusses role of northern American seaports in coming of the American Revolution)

1775: A. G. E. Jones, Ships Employed in the South Seas Trade, 1775-1861 [Parts 1 and 2]: plus A Registrar General of Shipping and Seamen, transcripts of Registers of Shipping, 1787-1862 [Part 3] Canberra, Roebuck, 1986.

1775: Bernard Bailyn, The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, Mass, 1955.*

1775: Arthur L. Jensen, The Maritime Commerce of Colonial Philadelphia. Madison, 1963.*

1775: Joseph C. Malone, Pine Trees and Politics. Seattle, 1964. (Naval stores and British Imperial policies)

1775: Philip C. F. Smith, (Ed.), Seafaring in Colonial Massachusetts. Boston, 1980.*

1775: Oliver M. Dickinson, The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution. Philadelphia, 1951.*

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1775: Robert Pares, Yankees and Creoles. London, 1956.

1775: Arthur Pierce Middleton, Tobacco Coast. Newport News, 1953.

1775: Leila Sellers, Charleston Business on the Eve of the American Revolution. Chapel Hill, 1934.*

- Dan Byrnes (otherwise indicated in these pages as -Editor)

Note: You will find even greater detail than is given here, for specific periods in American - English - Australian history, with regard to merchants, traders, bankers and financiers, as part of the website, The Blackheath Connection...

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