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Merchants and Bankers
From 1800-1825

Trade - an international perspective

This website, produced by Australian historian Dan Byrnes, is a no-frills, text-based website designed simply to list historical and genealogical information on many notable merchants and traders of what is termed, the Western World.

It is hoped that these webpages will be of assistance to family historians in the UK, the US and Australasia, by way of providing contexts for further research.

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Interested in mariners? Check the Mariners Mailing List: Mariners Archives: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

c1800: Below is a list of addresses of London bankers 1800++:
From an unnoted website on Genealogy, Local & Family History in London, England: Leigh's New Picture of London.

List of London Bankers:

Barclays, Tritton, and Bevan, 56, Lombard street
Barnard, Dimsdale, and Co. 50, Cornhill Birch, Chambers, and Hobbs, 160, New Bond street
Bond, Sons, and Pattisall, Change Alley
Bosanquet, Pitt and Co. 73, Lombard street
Bouverie and Co. 35, Craven street, Strand
Brooks, Son, and Dixon, 25, Chancery-lane
Brown, Langhorn, and Co. 23, Bucklersbury
Chatteris, Whitmore, and Co. 24, Lombard street
Child, and Co. 1, Fleet street
Cocks, Biddulph, Ridge, and Co. 43, Charing cross
Coutts, (Thomas,) and Co. 59, Strand
Curries, Raike, and Co. 29, Cornhill
Curtis, (Sir William,) and Co. 15, Lombard street
Denison, J. 106, Fenchurch street
Dimsdale, (Hon. Baron,) Barnard and Co. 50, Cornhill
Dorien, Magens, and Co. 22, Finch Lane
Drummond and Co. 49, Charing-cross
Esdaile, (Sir James,) Esdaile, and Co. 21, Lombard-time
Everett and Co. 9. Mansion-House-street
Fry, (W. S.) and Sons, 4, St. Mildred's-court
Fuller, (Richard and George,) and Co. 84, Cornhill
Gill and Thomas, 42, Lombard-street
Glyn, (Sir R. Carr, Bart.) Mills and Co. 12, Birchin Lane
Gosling and Sharp, 19, Fleet-street
Hammersleys, Greenwood, Drew and Co. 76, Pall Mall
Hanbury and Co. 60, Lombard-street
Hankeys and Co. 7, Fenchurch-street
Herries, Farquhar and Co. 16, St. James's-street
Hoare, Henry and Co. 37, Fleet-street
Hoare, Barnett's, and Co. 62, Lombard-street
Hodsoll and Sir Walter Stirling, Bart. 345, Strand
Hopkinson, C. and E. and Co. Waterloo Place
Jones, Lloyd, Hulme, and Co. 43, Lothbury
Ladbrokes, Watson, and Gillman, Bank Buildings
Lees, Satterthwaite, Brassey, and Co. 71, Lombard-street
Lubbock, Sir J. W. and Co. 11, Mansion-House-street
Marsh, Sibbald, Sir J. Stracey, and Co. Berners'-street
Marten, Hale, and Call, 25, Old Bond-street
Martins, Stone, and Martin, 68, Lombard-street
Masterman, Peters, Walker, Mildred, and Co. 2, White Hart-court, Lombard-street
Merle, (Wm.) and Co. 2, Cox's-court, Little Britain
Minet and Fector, 21, Austin Friars
Morland, and Co. 57, Pall Mall
Nicholson and Co. 32, Abchurch Lane
Pares and Heygate, 25, Bridge-street, Blackfriars
Paxton, Corkerill, and Co. Austin Friars
Perring, (Sir J. Bart.) and Co. 72, Cornhill
Pole, (Sir Peter, Bart.) and Co. 1, Bartholomew Lane
Praeds, Mackworth, and Newcombe, 189, Fleet-street
Prescott, Grote, and Co. 62, Threadneedle-street
Price and Co. 1, Mansion-house-street
Ransom and Co. 34, Pall Mall
Rogers, Towgood, and Co. 29, Clement's Lane, Lombard-street
Sansom and Postlethwaite, 65, Lombard-street
Sikes, Snaith, and Co. 5, Mansion-House-street
Smith, Payne and Co. George-street, Mansion-House
Snow, Sandby, and Paul, 217, Strand
Spooner and Attwoods, 27, Gracechurch-street
Stephenson, Remington, and Smith, 69, Lombard-street
Stevenson and Salt. 80, Lombard-street
Vere, Smart, Baron, and Co. 77, Lombard street
Wentworth, Chalmer, and Co. 25, Threadneedle street
Weston, Pinhorn, and Co. 37, Borough
Williams, Son, Moffat, and Co. 20, Birchin Lane
Willis, Pervical and Co. 76, Lombard street
Wright, T. and Co. 5 Henrietta street, Covent Garden.

---Ends the list---

1800: Inventions of Volta's electric pile; Jacquard's loom w/cards; Maudslay's lathe.

1800+: coal gas used for lighting, enabling nightlife, clubs, etc.

1800: India: Fort William College is established by English.

1800-1802: On average about 12,233 maunds of opium are imported into Bombay, meant for Surat, north, and/or to Gujarat. (Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 154.)

1800: Active by 1790s, little-known opium trader Gildart, associated with China house, John Reid and Gildart.
(W. E. Cheong, Mandarins and Merchants: Jardine Matheson, p. 10.)

1800: Bengal, East India Company acquires diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

1800: The American Consul at Canton is Samuel Snow.

1800: London Lord Mayor of 1800 - Sir John Eamer.

1803: Robertson and Lloest measure weather in a balloon at 23,000 feet.

1803: Inventor Robert Fulton becomes fascinated by ideas on steamboats. He shortly meets New York inventor Robert R. Livingston. Fulton went to Britain, bought an engine from Boulton and Watt, and by 1807 had built a steam-boat which sailed around Albany - named Steam Boat (later re-named North River Steam Boat). Stevens in New York by 1807-1809 had developed a steamboat named Phoenix, which was on the Delaware River by 1809.

1808: Maudslay makes ships' blocks by mass-production.

1803: London Lord Mayor of 1803 - Sir John Perry

1803: Between 1803-1817, Chinese Hong (Hoong) merchants are in horrifying financial straits partly due to abandonment by their Imperial government, but more so since they had never originally been in a financial condition to begin to handle the volume of business which their European colleagues required to be handled. So they needed massive credit. They existed in a state of chronic difficulty due to lack of their own capital and lack of cash, exorbitant interest rates; their final failures were inevitable. By 1817, the debts of five junior Hong merchants had been liquidated, total balance due, $1,108,664. By 1802-1803, Ponqua said he owed $1,540,000 to various Chinese, also $360,000 to Europeans and $300,000 to his own government for duties.
An implication is that Hong merchant insolvencies subsidised tea consumption in Europe and Britain. (Question from Dan Byrnes [?])

1803: Friedrich Sertuerner of Paderborn, Germany discovers the active ingredient of opium by dissolving it in acid then neutralizing it with ammonia. The result: alkaloids - Principium somniferum or morphine. Physicians believe that opium had finally been perfected and tamed. Morphine is lauded as "God's own medicine" for its reliability, long-lasting effects and safety.
From website based on book: Opium: A History, by Martin Booth Simon and Schuster, Ltd., 1996. e-mail info@opioids.com

1803 and later: Merchants based in London: Thomas Amos and Co of 35 Camomile St or 17 Devonshire Street; Robert Anderson and Co of 3 Old Pay Office on Broad Street; Richard C. Bazett of 45 Lothbury; Edmund Boehm of Bishopsgate Churchyard; Begbie and Hunter of 17 New Broad Street; Bruce, do Ponthieu and Co of 17 New Broad Street; Andrew Burgie of 55 Mark Lane; Herbert Cooke and Co. of Birchin Lane; Davis, Watts and Co. of Broad Street; Dorin, Strange and Co. of New Broad Street; W. H. Duncanson of Kensington Square; George Illiot of 16 South Street at Finsbury Square; John Forbes of 9 Fitzroy Square; Gillett & Edwards of Old City Chambers; Lambert, Prinsep* and Saunders of 148 Leadenhall Street...

1803 and later: Richard, William and I. Lee of 33 Old Broad Street; Lubbock, Colt and Co. of 2 St Mildred's Court at Poultry; Lushington and Mavor of 33 Mark Lane; Marsh and Sibbard of 6 Berner's Street; William and Horsley Palmer* of 28 Throgmorton Street; Paxton, Cockerell and Co. of 57 Pall Mall; Porcher, Redhead and Co. of Devonshire Square; William and Thomas Raikes of 9 Bishopsgate Churchyard; David Scott* and Co. of 9 Broad Street Buildings; Edwas Shaw of 2 Great St Helens; Short and Smith of 147 Fenchurch Street; Urquhart and Co. of 5 Bury Court, St Mary Axe; Wedderburns and Co, 35 Leadhenhall Street; Matthew White, 33 Finsbury Square; Wigram* and Co. of 3 Crosby Square; James Williams of 4 Old City Chambers.

1803-1805: Second Maratha War disrupts Central India.

1804: Nantucket Island has become the US' most notable whaling port.

1804: Napoleon takes title, Emperor of France.

1804 Circa, In New York, politician and gentleman inventor Robert R. Livingston becomes interested in steam power and gains a monopoly of use of steam on New York's waters. He works with his brother-in-law, inventor John Stevens. Stevens refocussed on low-pressure engines and paddlewheels .
See K. Jack Bauer, A Maritime History of the United States: The Role of America's Seas and Waterways.. University of South Carolina Press, 1988., p. 68.

1804: US Capt. Amasa Delano, in March-November 1804 is on sealer Perseverance, of Boston, for Fanning and Co., to Cape Barren Island and Bass Strait then S/W coast of New Holland, see HRA, 1 (5), pp. 168-173; Isaac Delano, Jabez Delano, Obed Delano; Capt Samuel Delano, in late 1804 is on schooner/sealer Pilgrim, of Boston, for Boardman and Co., to Sydney and Bass Strait, then New Zealand, see HRA 1 (5), pp. 173-176; (Item extracted from Wace and Lovett)

1804-1806: In 1804-1806 sails whaler/sealer Hannah and Eliza from New Bedford. Capt Micajah Gardner, for owner W. Rotch to Tasmania, Norfolk Island, Broken Bay, Norfolk Island, then New Zealand and Cape Horn, see Stackpole, 1953; (Item extracted from Wace and Lovett)

1804: US merchants Boardman and Co in 1804 are owners for Mary (or Marion or Mary Ann), from Boston, Capt. Samuel Balch, to Sydney, thence Manila, see HRA I (5), pp. 151-152; (Item extracted from Wace and Lovett)

1804: London Lord Mayor of 1804 - Peter Perchard (of the Channel Islands).

1804: Russian envoy visits Nagasaki in Japan and tries to gain commercial treaty, but fails.

21 February 1804: Welsh inventor Richard Trevithick displays first self-propelled railway locomotive.

1805: London Lord Mayor of 1805 - James Shaw.

1805: Development of the Beaufort scale for measuring wind speed, by British admiral Francis Beaufort.

1805: Lt-Governor of Penang is R. T. Farquhar by by 1805.

1805: US merchants being to move in on opium handling, freely carrying opium from India. (Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 161.)

1805: Opium dealer James Sibbald, assistant with William Fairlie and Co., Calcutta. Parents unknown. About 1805 he is active in shipping opium to China. He is brother-in-law of Henry Shanks, who is a nephew of David Scott.
Too little is known, however, of the Calcutta merchant, William Fairlie. He supplied the East India Company's Bengal army with elephants, bullocks and victuals, and became one of the two largest shipowners of Calcutta. When he returned to England, Henry Dundas, Viscount Melville, supposed Fairlie to be one of the greatest European merchants ever returning home from India. Yet it seems impossible to discover Fairlies family history, or the names of his senior European employees.

1805: First Canton Insurance Co. is formed.

1805: A smuggler from Boston, Massachusetts, Charles Cabot, attempts to purchase opium from the British, then smuggle it into China under the auspices of British smugglers.

1805: Canton, establishment of Canton Insurance Company.

1806: London Lord Mayor of 1806 - Sir William Leighton

1806: William Bligh becomes governor of NSW on 7 August, 1806, deposed 26 January (Australia Day), 1808.

1806: Joseph Cotton is chairman of London's new West India Dock Co. and deputy master of Trinity House. Compiled by Tony Fuller, listed at (broken link?):
http://www.mariners-1.freeserve.co.uk/EICWoolmore.htm- are original subscribers of the East India Dock Company (1803-1806), men either owners of East Indiamen or builders of East Indiamen. Moses Agar, John Atkins, Henry Bonham, William Borrodale (sic), Abel Chapman, Gabriel Gillett, George Green, Joseph Huddart, John Pascal Larkins, Richard Lewin the Younger, John Lock(e), William Moffatt, John Perry, John Perry the Younger, Philip Perry, John Prinsep, Robert Taylor, John Wedderburn, John Wells, William Wells the Younger, Robert Wigram, Robert Wigram the Younger, John Woolmore, Sir William Curtis (former Lord Mayor)), Sir Richard Neave,

Follows some impressions of relevant genealogy on these subscribers - Moses Agar (little information), John Atkins (little information), Henry Bonham (little reliable information), William Borrodale (sic) (little information), Abel Chapman (Chapman family given elsewhere in these files), Gabriel Gillett (see below), George Green (see below), Joseph Huddart, John Pascal Larkins (see below), Richard Lewin the Younger (little information), John Lock(e) (little information), William Moffatt (little information), John Perry, John Perry the Younger, Philip Perry (see below), John Prinsep (given elsewhere in these files), Robert Taylor, John Wedderburn, John Wells, William Wells the Younger (see below), Robert Wigram, Robert Wigram the Younger (Wigram family given elsewhere in these files), John Woolmore, Sir William Curtis (former Lord Mayor - given elsewhere in these files), Sir Richard Neave (see below).

1806: Bengal, Foundation of Bank of Bengal, the government central bank.

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1807: London Lord Mayor of 1807- John Ansley.

1807: India's first steamship built at Khiddirpore.

1807: Abolition of the slave trade in British Empire and the United States.

1807: Canton, China: Walter Stevenson Davidson, takes over opium business of George Baring (of the family of London bankers, Baring), and retains it till 1824 when Davidson sells it to Thomas Dent. (See Greenberg, p. 71m and Welsh, History of Hong Kong, p. 578, Note 19 to chapter 2.)

1807: Abolition of the slave trade in British Empire and the United States.

1809: London Lord Mayor of 1809 - Thomas Smith.

1809: Appert wins French prize for bottled preserved foods.

1809: 31 December 31: First non-naval governor of NSW, Lachlan Macquarie from HM Dromedary, lands at Sydney, ex-India, a month before his 49th birthday. His aide-de-camp is Henry Colden Antill whose forebears included the Coldens of New York. Later, Bligh's daughter Mary Putland discovers she has a cousin/relative in Henry Colden Antill, who has been described as "a loyalist American colonial" who emigrated to Australia in 1810, perhaps to be credited as being the author of the earliest manuscript poem found in Australia.
Shaw, Convicts and the Colonies, p. 79.

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1810: London Lord Mayor of 1810 - Joshua (Jonathan?) Smith

9 August 1810: English conspire to take Banda Islands, part of the spice islands, near western New Guinea, from the Dutch.
(Giles Milton, Nathaniel's Nutmeg. Penguin Books, 1999/2000.)

1811: An agent for the Livingston-Stevens steamboat developers, Nicholas Roosevelt, builds steamboat New Orleans at Pittsburgh. (She wrecked in 1814.)

1811-1816: Stamford Raffles (later the founder of modern Singapore), rules Java-Indonesia.

1811: Half as much opium comes to Canton from Malwa as from Calcutta.
Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 159.

By About 1812: Napoleon's views on economic progress prevail over France and other countries. Half of France's annual revenue goes to maintaining the war machine, and Napoleon has trebled the French national budget and taxes. Perhaps a quarter of this budget might be paid for by "foreign contributions". The rest came largely from small French taxpayers. France has state monopolies controlling armaments and gunpowder manufacture, minting of currency, sales of salt and tobacco, control of mines and forests. French merchant navy activity falters. Unemployment rises massively, while tens of thousands of poor folk die annually of malnutrition. Napoleon has his "thieving customs agents" control the supply of tobacco and sugar. Bankruptcy is widespread through France and continental Europe and major companies Richard-Lenoir and Gros-Davilliers almost fail. Major bankers fold in France, including Lafittes, Foulds, Tourton and Rodde's, while France's wealthiest financier and entrepreneur, Ouvrard fails, as do his associates, Despres and Vanderberghe. (See Alan Schom, Napoleon Bonaparte.)

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1812: London Lord Mayor of 1812 - George Scholey.

1812: British Prime Minister Spencer PERCEVAL PM, (Died May 1812, Murdered), Son 2 of Colonist John PERCEVAL and his wife Catherine COMPTON, married to Jane WILSON. He dies in the arms of Jem Stephens of the Clapham sect. For more also see Burke's for Egmont and Burke's Landed Gentry for Matheson. His wife in Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Maryon-Wilson, to hand. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol. 1, p. 263. See book by Mollie Gillen. GEC, Peerage, Vaux of Harrowden, p. 229.

1812: Napoleon Bonaparte invades Moscow. Russians set many fires in the city.

1812: Russia repels invasion by Napoleon.

1813: London Lord Mayor of 1813 - William Domville.

1813: Sweden prohibits the slave trade.

1813: Donkin produces canned foods.

1813, Formation of the United Grand Lodge of English Freemasonry, resolving long-term disputes with Scottish Freemasonry.

1813: New East India Co. Charter Act.

1814: London Lord Mayor of 1814 - Samuel Birch.

1814: Lowell's Boston Manufacturing Co. factory mass-produces cotton cloth.

1814: Both Spain and Portugal agree to abolish the slave trade north of the Equator.

1815: London Lord Mayor of 1815 - Sir Matthew Wood.

1815, End of war between Britain and France, Battle of Waterloo.

1815: Chinese authorities intensify their harrassment of European opium smugglers.
(Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 160.)

1815: James Matheson gains EICo permission to go to India on business for his uncle (Mackintosh? MacIntosh?), a senior man with Mackintosh and Co. (Keswick, appendices.) In 1836, (according to a photo of a headstone of Christian Boeck, died Macao in 1836, in Philip Geddes, In the Mouth of the Dragon: Hong Kong, Past, Present and Future. London, Century, 1982) James Matheson was His Danish Majesty's Consul in China.

1815: Due to overspeculations, Thomas Beale is in trouble in China and retires from Beale, Reid and Co. (Keswick, appendices.)

1815: Indonesia: Java restored to Dutch by British.

1816: Noted US merchants working for tariff protections (Waltham Co, for cotton-handling) are Francis Cabot Lowell and Patrick T. Jackson, both from noted shipping families.

1816: In 1816, brig trader Ontario from Boston with Capt. Nathaniel Dorr for owners Plympton and Co., to Sydney and Hobart, thence Marquesa Islands and China, see Historical Records of Australia 3 (2), p. 50; (Item extracted from Wace and Lovett)

1816: French agree to withdraw from the slave trade.

1816: English East India Co. sends Lord Amherst, William Pitt Amherst, to Peking-Beijing to try to persuade the Emperor to open more Chinese ports to foreign trade. (Frank Welsh, History of Hong Kong). Amherst is largely unsuccessful.

1816: John Jacob Astor of New York City joins the US opium smuggling trade. His American Fur Company purchases ten tons of Turkish opium (from Smyrna?) then ships the contraband item to Canton on the Macedonian. Astor would later leave the China opium trade and sell solely to England.
From website based on book: Opium: A History, by Martin Booth Simon and Schuster, Ltd., 1996. e-mail info@opioids.com

1816: British begin to oust Dutch from Malaya.

1816: By 1816, Bombay country ships regularly carry opium with their other general cargo for China. Involved here also is "a Goan aristocrat", Sir Roger de Faria, who sometimes employs British captain Thomas Crawford.
(Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 155.)

1816: Formerly Portuguese ship Angelica begins long career in opium carrying for British-Parsi merchants, stretching to 1826.
(Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 164.)

1816: Bombay merchant Pestonjee Bomanjee, active by 1800, son of parents unknown, but he had a father and brother who were master-shipbuilders (Wadias?) By the 1830s-1840s, his firm was a major Bombay exporter to China of cotton "and probably opium too".
(Bulley, Bombay Country Ships, pp. 188-189).

1816: Pestonjee Bomanjee by 1816 or earlier part-owned ships with the following: John Forbes of Forbes and Co, (see in Broad St London, Patrick Crawford Bruce, Henry Fawcett and George Simpson; and in Bombay, James Gawthorne Remington, James Henry Crawford, John Forbes and Robert Edward Stephenson) , Bruce Fawcett and Co, John de Ponthieu (?). Henry Fawcett George Simpson, Michael (?) Brisbane. One such ship sailed under capt Patrick Gardiner. See also re Patrick Crawford Bruce. Bomajee's cousin Hormajee Bomanjee traded largely with Smith, Forbes and Co. From about 1804. Pestonjee Bomanjee was also the name of a convict ship to Australia:
Contract, Pestonjee Bomanjee, dated 8 October, 1846, 200 male convicts Woolwich to VDL.
Data from PRO, TS18/489, Guide to Archives.)

1816: By 1816 Fawcett and Co. has associated names James Remington and William Crawford, plus a ?? John Forbes. A relative seems to be Henry Fawcett, MP for Carlisle.

1816: Opium-handling firm of Beale and Reid is renamed Shank, Magniac and Co. (Keswick, appendices.)

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1817: October 24: US merchants perhaps in a consortium and perhaps inspired by the earlier success of coastal packets of the US propose a trans-Atlantic packet service US to Liverpool. They include: Jeremiah and Francis Thompson, Benjamin Marshall, Isaac Wright and other textile importers. This resulted in The Black Ball line. Its first ship was James Monroe under Capt. James Watkinson sailing 5 January 1818.

1817-1819: India: Last Maratha War; Maratha defeat; British rule India except Punjab, Sind, Kashmir.

1818: The US Black Ball Line goes into operation, New York-Liverpool. Its promoters include Wrights, Thompsons, Marshall.

1818: Whaling history: US Capt. George W. Garner in Globe of Nantucket expands the US whale fishery by working the Peruvian or "offshore" grounds of the Pacific Ocean. "The coasts of Peru" had long been worked by the British South Whalers, since the 1790s.

1818: Dutch agree to a mutual right of search of suspected slaving vessels as Britain tries to formulate an international police force off Africa to interdict slave traders. The French, Americans and Spanish refused to permit search of their vessels.

1818: London Lord Mayor of 1818 - John Atkins.

1818: By 1818 the US traders in Turkish-sourced opium are beginning to eclipse the British opium traders.
(Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 154.)

1818: Firm of Shank, Magniac and Co. is renamed Charles Magniac and Co.

1819: Whaling history: US merchant Edmund Fanning promotes sealing to the South Shetland Islands - which turns out a relatively poor sealing ground. And so in 1820, on a second such voyage, the Hero Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer became the first vessel to sight Antarctica, on 17 November 1820. (The first American vessel, or the first?)
K. Jack Bauer, A Maritime History of the United States: The Role of America's Seas and Waterways.. University of South Carolina Press, 1988., p. 239.

1819: London Lord Mayor of 1819 - George Bridges.

1819: David Liott is the agent to the governor-general of Assam becomes interested in tea in India.

1819: Writer John Keats and other English literary personalities experiment with opium intended for strict recreational use - simply for the high and taken at extended, non-addictive intervals.
From website based on book: Opium: A History, by Martin Booth Simon and Schuster, Ltd., 1996. e-mail info@opioids.com

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1819, Born, C. L. Sholes, inventor of the typewriter.

1819: Singapore founded by Stamford Raffles.

1819: Bengal, Gillanders Arbuthnot are established in Calcutta. Mackintosh and Co. found a commercial bank.

1819: William Jardine arrives in Bombay to wait for arrival of ship Sarah.

1820: US Congress declares the transport of slaves to be a form of piracy.

1820: Peace treaty ends piracy and leads to 150 years of British supremacy in the Persian Gulf. Circa

1820s: Development of North Pacific whaling industry; Japanese authorities clash with ships' crews.

1820: Oersted connects electricity and magnetism.

1820s: From the 1820s onwards, a useful title to consult on the US is:
D. A. Chandler, Jnr, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1977.

1820: London Lord Mayor of 1820 - John Thomas Thorpe

1820: Hong Kong, Death of Robert Taylor, opium-dealer partner of James Matheson. Matheson through his connections with his uncle's firm, MacIntosh and Co. of India, becomes connected with a firm of Manila, Philippines, Xavier Yrissari and Co. When Yrissari died, Matheson was left with about a "quarter of a million dollars". Matheson then teamed with Jardine after being briefly with Thomas Dent's firm.

1820: Opium syndicate formed between Canton European agents, Magniac, Davidson and (Thomas) Dent and Co., That is, Walter Stevenson Davidson, later seen in London with bank Herries-Farquhar. (Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 151.)

1820: Bombay country merchants are "falling over themselves" to be engaged in opium trade, despite harrassment from Chinese authorities.
Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 158.

1820: William Jardine and James Matheson first meet in Bombay. Matheson establishes at Canton and is appointed Danish consul. in 1821 he is joined by Xavier Yrissari of the Spanish firm Laruletta of Calcutta, leading to beginning of firm Yrissari of Macao. (Keswick, appendices.)

1820: J. C. Brown, A Hundred Years of Merchant Banking: A History of Brown Bros. and Co. 1909. (On the noted banking family, Brown) *

1820-1821: British merchants handle 3000 chests of Bengal opium and 1700 chests of Malwa opium. The 1820 Gujarat cotton crop fails, making opium trading even more attractive at the China markets.
Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 153.

1820: F. R. Kent, The Story of Alexander Brown and Sons. 1925. *

1821: Mexican authorities open California ports including to US shipping. The Boston firm of Bryant and Sturgis loom large at Californian ports, dealing much in cattle hides.

1821: Thomas De Quincey publishes his autobiographical account of opium addiction, Confessions of an English Opium-eater.
From website based on book: Opium: A History, by Martin Booth Simon and Schuster, Ltd., 1996. e-mail info@opioids.com

1822: H. W. Lanier, A Century of Banking in New York, 1822-1922. nd? *

1822: H. W. Lanier, A Century of Banking in New York, 1822-1922. (Chapter V. lists wealthy New Yorkers at various periods) *

1822: Ecuador revolts against Spain, wins independence after Battle of Pichincha.

1822: US merchants Byrnes, Trimble and Co. inaugurate a shipping line sailing from New York to Liverpool. Later they and the earlier-established Black Ball line find new competition from shippers Fish and Grinnell and Thaddeus Phelps and Co. Meantime the 1882 US commercial treaty with France enabled Francis Depau to establish a packet line between New York and Havre.

1822: US: Philadelphia merchants Thomas C. Pope and Son start a transAtlantic shipping service lasting to 1868.

1822: Africa: The French open the island of Goree off Senegal as entrepot for foreign traders.

1823: Edward Jenner, (1749-1823), inventor of a vaccine for smallpox, saving millions of lives.

1824-1826: First Burmese War with Britain.

1825: Jacob Barker, Incidents in the Life of Jacob Barker of New Orleans. 1855. (Barker was a prominent New York shipowner till banking troubles took him to New Orleans) *

1825: Inventions of Sturgeon's electromagnet; Faraday's generator; rubberised Mac.

1825: Vincent O. Nolte, Fifty Years In Both Hemispheres. (trans 1854). (Memoirs of an international financial adventurer, sometime visitor to New York and situations in New Orleans during 1825 cotton boom) *

1825: England, George Stephenson, develops a locomotive, called "The Rocket", which travels 16km per hour (10 miles an hour), between Manchester and Liverpool.

1825: Australia: Landing in the Northern Territory at Coburg Peninsula of Swamp Buffalo from Timor, Indonesia.

1825-1828: Persian-Russian War; Russia captures Tabriz.

1825-1830: Javanese revolt against Dutch.

- Dan Byrnes (otherwise indicated in these pages as -Editor)

Note: You will find even greater detail than is given here, for specific periods in American - English - Australian history, with regard to merchants, traders, bankers and financiers, as part of the website, The Blackheath Connection...

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