Merchants
and Bankers From 1825-1850
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This webpage updated 11 January 2009
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Merchants
and Bankers This website, produced by Australian historian Dan Byrnes, is a no-frills, text-based website designed simply to list historical and genealogical information on many notable merchants and traders of what is termed, the Western World.
Interested in
mariners? Check the
Mariners Mailing List: Mariners Archives:
http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl/
It is hoped that these webpages will be of assistance to family historians in the UK, the US and Australasia, by way of providing contexts for further research.
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1825: W. C. Hunter, The "Fan Kwae" at Canton before Treaty Days, 1825-1844, by an Old Resident. 1882. (By one of the New Yorkers who was a partner making a fortune in Russell and Co.) *
 |
|
The history websites on this domain now have a companion website on a new domain, at Merchant Networks Project produced by Dan Byrnes and Ken Cozens (of London). This website (it is hoped) will become a major exercise in economic and maritime history, with some attention to Sydney, Australia. |
1825: Burma is subjugated by the British.
1825: 13 March: Opium trader William Jardine visits Bombay.
(Bulley, Bombay Ships,
p. 168.)
1820s: Magniac and Co. use the services of numerous Parsi
merchants (re opium trade). In this, Hormajee Dorabjee had been
involved from as early as 1800.
(Bulley,
Bombay
Ships, p. 168.)
1825-1840: Edward Boxer
Mowle, later
NSW pioneer, born 1807 at Dover, died unmarried 1 May 1840, at
Braidwood, He arrived NSW by Princess Royal in
1825, head
clerk for Buckle, Buckle, Bagster and Buchanan, shipping agents of
Sydney 1825-1833, merchant at 98 George St Sydney, 1834-1835 and
Sydney. Agent for Australian Agricultural Co. in 1835. Director Bank
of Aust in 1835, settler at Braidwood NSW. died Unm 1 May 1840 near
Braidwood. He was also known to William Richards Jnr of Walcha, NSW,
the son of the contractor for the First Fleet.
See
Mowle's Genealogy for Mowle, (Stewart Marjoribanks).
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1825: England, George Stephenson, develops a locomotive, called "The Rocket", which travels 16km per hour (10 miles an hour), between Manchester and Liverpool.
1826: London Lord Mayor of 1826- Anthony Brown
1827: London Lord Mayor of 1827 - Matthias Lucas.
1827: E. Merck & Company of Darmstadt, Germany, begins
commercial manufacturing of morphine.
From
website
based on book: Opium: A History, by Martin Booth
Simon and
Schuster, Ltd., 1996. e-mail info@opioids.com
1827: French polymath Jean-Baptiste Fourier suggests the existence of an atmospheric effect keeping the Earth warmer than it would otherwise be. He also uses the analogy of "a greenhouse". (Greenhouse Timeline)
1827: Troubles arise for India agency houses with the indigo
industry (which had been earlier pioneered by John Prinsep, by who
1800-1804. from London, was fleetingly interested in investing in New
South Wales): Commercial trouble arose in Bengal over indigo from
1827-1830. Indian merchants were unwilling to deal with Europeans.
The fallout was such as: In January 1832 a house (David?) Scott and
Co failed, which affected Messrs Alexander and Co. Matters worsened
in 1833. Colvin failed in 1833, so did Fergusson and Co, and
Cruttenden, Mackillip and Co in 1834. Seven great agency houses
failed in four years, which depleted the commercial credit of the
presidency. Some junior firms came in, some with bases at Liverpool.
The EICo ceased to be "commercial" in 1834.
(See
Nirode K. Barooah, David Scott in North-East India,
1804-1831: A
Study in British Paternalism. Jacob Price, One
Family, p.
220.
1828: Opium sales are now enough to pay for the EICo's "entire
tea investment".
(Bulley, Bombay
Ships,
p. 170.)
1828: Jacob Bosanquet (died 1828), chairman of East India Company, also of the Levant Company. Son of Levant Co. merchant, Jacob Bosanquet and Elizabeth Hanbury; he married Henrietta Armytage, widow. Burke's Landed Gentry for Smith-Bosanquet.
1828: Bengal, First reference to jute production in Calcutta Customs Records.
1828: By now, almost the entire annual Turkish production of
opium
is bought by US merchants for sale at Canton.
K. Jack Bauer,
A
Maritime History of the United States: The Role of America's Seas and
Waterways.. University of South Carolina Press, 1988., p. 58.
1828: James Matheson is appointed as partner of Magniac and Co. Matheson and Co. is wound up. By 1829, Magniacs and Dents have monopoly of Indian cotton and opium trade. (Keswick, appendices.)
1829: London: On the matter of Thomas Shelton's Accounts for making contracts for transportation to Australia being audited, see Byrnes, `The Blackheath Connection', Addendum 1. The next such contracts were made out by Shelton's nephew, John Clark. The Accounts of John Clark (Clerk of The Peace) relating to convict transportation, 13 July 1829 - Dec 1840, CLRO Shelf No. 209C. The dates covered by this volume are virtually identical with those of the 12 volumes of: List of Convicts on Board Ships ... To Australia, 13 July 1829 - Nov 27, 1840, CLRO Shelf No 209D. It seems likely that John Clark was responsible for both sets of records.
1829: England, Select Committee of House of Commons re opium sale in China, hears John Francis Davis, who had been a President of the Select merchants of Canton during his 17 years in Canton, say, "I never saw a chest of opium in my life; and therefore I cannot speak to it." A bookkeeper, Mr Henry, employed the large opium dealers, Dents (Thomas Dent), said much the same.
1829: Palmer's agency house begins the Calcutta bank which
failed
in 1829, bringing the house down with it. Palmer had been an agent
for Canton Insurance Co.
Singh, Agency
Houses,
p. 32.
1829: Bengal, Formation of Union Bank from Bank of Bengal, the chief Presidency bank. in India, sati is abolished in 1829.
1829: In 1829, when Thomas Raine (a former convict ship
captain)
bankrupted, convict contractor to Australia Robert Brooks avoided use
of services of Campbell Jnr, Ramsay and William Dawes. Brooks at this
time contracting with Navy for NZ masts, and used for Sydney,
associate Dacre, who wanted to settle at Sydney, being engaged to
Margaret Sea daughter of James Sea manager of Bank of NSW.
(Broeze,
Robert Brooks, p. 46.)
1829: Hong Kong, The disgraced English merchant Baynes is replaced by Charles Marjoribanks.
1830-1845: New York has a short boom in whaling.
1830: W. S. Lindsay, History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce. (Four Vols) 1874-1876. (By a prominent British shipowner) *
1830: Drummond demonstrates use of limelight, later used to provide theatre stage-lighting.
1830: Hong Kong: An English supercargo later to be a governor of Hong Kong is John Davis. A firm engaging in trade and also interpreting are the father-and-son, the Morrisons, John and son Robert.
1830: New Zealand has 300 Pakeha (whites); By 1840 - 2000 Pakeha. British rule is extended from NSW. British Resident (James Busby) is appointed in 1833 and increasing numbers of settlers arrive.
1830s: Whaling products form half the exports of NSW, Australia.
1830: The British dependence on opium for medicinal and
recreational use reaches an all time high as 22,000 pounds of opium
is imported from Turkey and India. Jardine-Matheson & Company
of
London inherit India and its opium from the British East India
Company once the EICo mandate to rule and dictate the trade policies
of British India are no longer in effect.
From
website based on book: Opium: A History, by Martin
Booth Simon
and Schuster, Ltd., 1996. e-mail info@opioids.com
1830: China trader/merchant, Daniel Francis Magniac, active by
1830. Son of Daniel Magniac, mother not known. This man in a
confusing mention when young was sent to live with Alexander
Matheson's family in Glasgow by about 1831 or so; or is that Daniel
Beale Jnr?
See Coates, Macao,
pp. 140ff.; W. E.
Cheong, Mandarins and Merchants: Jardine Matheson,
p. 269.
1829: England, Select Committee of House of Commons re opium sale in China, hears John Francis Davis, who had been a President of the Select merchants of Canton during his 17 years in Canton, say, "I never saw a chest of opium in my life; and therefore I cannot speak to it." A bookkeeper, Mr Henry, employed by the large opium dealers, Dents (Thomas Dent), said much the same.
1830s: Bengal and India, Crash of many early "agency houses". Coal mining and paper milling begin in Bengal.
1830: About 64 "private" British ships are delivering
their cargoes (including opium) to depot ships for the Chinese
markets. Soon will arise debate on whether the English East India
Company is even necessary for the present conduct of trade. An
interested observer here is Joshua Bates, US partner of Baring Bros.
President of the British Canton Factory is Sir J. B. Urmston.
(Bulley, Bombay Ships,
p. 170.)
1830: First steamship appears in Chinese waters. One such
steamship in 1830 tows an opium carrier for William Jardine.
Bulley,
Bombay Ships, p. 245.
1830-1831: Restive country traders (including 44 Bombay Parsis
and
Canton agents), impatient with restrictions imposed on them by the
EICo (as they had felt in 1815 also), petition government/Parliament
for relief. The EICo official wings are furious at the "impudence".
Bulley, Bombay Ships,
p. 171.
1830: Hong Kong: An English supercargo later to be a governor of Hong Kong is John Davis. A firm engaging in trade and also interpreting are the father-and-son, the Morrisons.
1831: Missionary Rev. Carl Guetzlaff is astounded while on a Chinese junk from Siam to "Shanghae" to see the volume of traffic in silver and opium. Bulley, Bombay Ships, p. 167.
1831: William Jardine reports that in the previous year he has
turned over $4.5 million worth of opium.
Bulley,
Bombay Ships, p. 170.
1831: Sarah Palmer, writing on repeal of the Navigation Laws
has a
list, Table 7, of MPs between 1832 and 1852 with interests in
shipping: Including G. Barnard a London shipbuilder of Greenwich; J.
S. Brownrigg shipowner of Boston by 1825; Aaron Chapman shipowner of
Whitby by 1832; J. Humphrey a wharfinger of Southwark, by 1832;
George Lyall a shipowner and merchant of City of London, by 1833; J,
Mangles a shipowner and ship chandler of Guildford by 1831; J. Somes
a shipowner and shipbuilder of Dartmouth, by 1844; George Frederick
Young, shipowner and shipbuilder of Tynemouth by 1831.
Sarah
Palmer, Politics, Shipping and the Repeal of the Navigation
Laws.
Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1990., p. 24.
1830s: By the 1830s, half Britain's work force in the cotton industry is child labour.
1831: Mohammed Ali of Egypt seizes Syria; he rules it until 1840.
1832: Calvin Colton, Manual for Emigrants to America. 1832. (Typical of advice given to English intending to go to America) See also, Charles Knight and Co., The British Mechanic's and Labourer's Hand Book and True Guide to the United States. 1840. *
1832: The work of the American pioneer of contraception, Charles Knowlton. (use of sponges with a spermicide).
1832-1834: With commercial trouble in Bengal over indigo from 1827, 1830, Indian merchants unwilling to deal with Europeans, in Jan 1832 a house Scott and Co failed, which affected Messrs Alexander and Co. Matters worse in 1833. Colvin failed in 1833, so did Fergusson and Co, and Cruttenden, Mackillip and Co in 1834, so seven great Agency Houses, failed in four years, this depleted the commercial credit of the East India Company presidency. Some junior firms came in, some with bases at Liverpool. The East India Company ceased to be commercial in 1834. (S. B. Singh, Agency Houses, p. 283.)
1832/1968: George W. Bush, (becoming president of US in 2000-2001) joins the secretive Skull and Bones Society at Yale University. Skull and Bones Society is founded in 1832 at Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut. "The oldest and most prestigious of Yale's seven secret societies". It has apparently had only about 2500 members in the following 168 years, or an average of 15 new members per year. It is said that only about 600 of its members are alive at any one time.
1832: On 30 June, Magniac and Co is wound up, on 1 July begins firm Jardine, Matheson and Co. (Keswick, Appendices.)
1832: Opium trader with Magniac and Co./ Magniac-Smith,
Hollingworth Magniac, Active by 1832. Parents hard to establish.
Married Helen Sampson. (Daughter, died 22 October, 1945: Helen
Magniac.) He is partner with John Abel Smith and has a place at
Colworth, near Bedford.
Bulley, Bombay
Ships,
pp. 108ff. See name Sampson in Burke's Peerage and Baronetage
for Rathdonnell. Coates, Macao, pp. 140ff.;
Keswick, Thistle
and the Jade, Jardine, p. 24 and appendices. W. E. Cheong,
Mandarins and Merchants: Jardine Matheson, pp. xii
for
retirement date; p. 88ff, p. 240. W. E. Cheong, China Houses,
pp. 69ff. Stenton, British Parliamentarians, Vol.
1. p. 256.
1832: London Lord Mayor of 1832 - Sir Peter Laurie
1832: In 1832 in UK, Major Reform Act. Middle classes now get vote, prompting Chartism amongst the working class with its six-point charter.
1832: Failure of House of McIntosh and Co in Calcutta. (Opium
traders.)
Keswick, Thistle
and Jade, pp.
76-77.
Charles Lloyd Norman (1833-1889),
Banker, son of
George Wade Norman an AA Co. investor and Sibella Stone; he married
firstly Emily Mangles and secondly Julia Cameron. He was a partner in
the bank Finlay-Hodgson, which was absorbed by Baring Bros., and
later a partner in Barings. Clay, Norman, p. 6.
1832-1833: Grave famine in The Ukraine.
1833: In 1833 Gore gets Australian wool on ship Caroline
Capt Treadwell. In Sydney, Dacre uses legal services of W. C.
Wentworth. In 1833, the leading British firms in Australian trade are
John Gore and Co., Aspinall Browne and Co. at Liverpool, Buckles and
Co., Walker and Co., Robert Brooks, and Donaldson Wilkinson and Co.
By 1833, Robert Brooks' own fleets are not as large as those of G. F.
Young, the "domineering" Joseph Somes or Thomas Ward. By
1833, Brooks is friends with Joseph Dowson of London and John Gore.
In 1834 Brooks is a subscriber to the new Lloyd's Register; he had an
office at 80 Old Broad Street.
Broeze,
Robert
Brooks, p. 61.
1833: In 1833 Brooks learns his brother-in-law
Joseph Penny wants
to emigrate to Australia. Dacre has teamed with William Wilks. Robert
Campbell Jr. at Sydney has teamed with Thomas Williams (died 1841) at
Launceston; by 1835, the former manager of the Union Bank of
Australia had been Lewis Gilles, who became firm Archers Gilles and
Co. at Launceston backed by the wealthy Archer brothers, prominent
pastoralists. Penny becomes landed gentry in north Tasmania. In
Tasmania are Cummins, Munday and Co. which had a London connection a
partner. At Melbourne and Geelong is P. W. Welsh who had links with
Eddie at Launceston and a City contact with John Masson; Montefiore
Brothers and A. A. Gower Nephews and Sons. Gower is linked to A. B.
Spark of Sydney. Welsh also deals with Duncan Dunbar's ships (in 1862
Dunbar died with a fortune of £1.5 million). At Sydney is
merchant Stuart Alexander Donaldson. In June 1839 dies wife Elizabeth
of James Cain; Cain became agent for Brooks at Melbourne. Duncan
Dunbar's ships much beer to Australia in the 1830s. The pioneer
brokers of the Australian trade in 1830s are Devitt and Moore, whom
Brooks used; they load 39 ships for Australia in 1840, a peak for
their business By the 1830s the WA trade is dominated by Mangles,
Price and Co. and the firm's senior partner Charles Edward Mangles is
on board of Union Bank of Australia.
Broeze,
Robert
Brooks, pp. 76-80.
1833: In 1833, slavery abolished in British territories. Also, East India Company monopoly on China trade abolished.
1833: First ship Fairy built for
Jardine-Matheson at
Liverpool. J&M send first ship Lady Hayesto
Sydney, with
tea cargo. (Keswick, appendices.)
1833: Before 1833, the
British
West Indian sugar planters fought to the last ditch to maintain
slavery. There grew a (false) distinction between "free-grown
and slave-grown sugar".
1833: List of shipmen and others giving information to 1833
Report
of the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Manufactures,
Commerce and Shipping. Parliamentary Papers, 1833, VI. H. Hughes a
London wool broker. G. F. Young a prominent shipbuilder and owner. S.
Browning a London merchant and wool importer (with some link to D.
McLaren the manager of the South Australia Co.) Duncan Dunbar a
London shipowner and merchant. W. Phillips a London ship-broker and
owner. Robert Brooks shipowner and largest importer of wool from
Australia. J. Gore a prominent merchant and wool importer. Also F.
Parbury, C. Enderby, W. R. Coulbourn (sic).
Broeze,
Australian shipping, p. 586.
1834: Thomas Edison, The Cotton Trade of Great Britain. 1858. *
1834: M. B. Hammond, The Cotton Industry: An Essay in American Economic History. 1897.
1834: Arthur Redford, Manchester Merchants and Worsted Industries. 1920. *
1834: J. E. Boyle, Cotton and the New Orleans Cotton Exchange: A Century of Commercial Evolution. 1934. *
1834: W. E. Dodd, The Cotton Kingdom. 1921. *
T. Thayer, Life of D. W. C. Olyphant. nd?
(On life of a
leading New York-China merchant) *
E. J. G. Bridgman, Life
and
Labours of Elijah Coleman Bridgeman. 1864. (On a missionary
in
China, briefly a merchant in New York, supported by D. W. C. Olyphant
at Canton) *
1834: British mission of Lord Napier to China fails to find agreement between Britain and China (see also the works of Captain Charles Elliot and various British merchants), and resulting is war that brings about the establishment of Hong Kong.
1834: On Charles Lloyd Norman (1833-1889), banker, son of
George
Wade Norman, an investor in the Australian Agricultural Company and
Sibella Stone, C. L. Norman married a first wife, Julia Cameron, and
then Emily Mangles (daughter of director of the New Zealand Company
Ross Donelly Mangles and Harriet Newcombe). The name Mangles is a
London-based convict contractor name as discussed below, with
connections to Western Australian settlement. See Burke's
Peerage
& Baronetage for Norman of Bromley Common. Youssef
Cassis,
'Bankers in English Society in the late eighteenth century',
Economic History Review, Series 2, Vol. 38, No. 2,
May 1985.,
pp. 210-229., here p. 215. Sir Henry Clay, Lord Norman.
London, Macmillan, 1957. pp. 1-12., here, p. 6. David Kynaston, The
City of London: A World of its Own, 1815-1890. Vol. 1.
London,
Chatto and Windus, 1994., here, p. 29. G. W. Norman is a good example
of how socially well-knit were bankers of a reforming outlook. He was
"friend and neighbour" at Bromley Common to bankers such as
Hankey, George Grote, Hay Cameron, Lubbock, Stone, Martin. See also,
Pike, Dissent, variously.
(Genealogically,
the name Norman
links three generations earlier to the families of Stone and Herring,
both names in banking history being instrumental in backing the
origins of the bank managed by the later Sir Francis Baring.)
1834: Partial occupation of Khmer-Cambodia by Vietnamese who in 1700-1760 had regained the Mekong delta area from faltering Khmer regimes.
1834: London Lord Mayor of 1834 - Henry Winchester.
1834: Western Australia: Frank J. A. Broeze, 'British intercontinental shipping and Australia, 1813-1850', Journal of Transport History, New Series, Vol. 4, 1977-1978., pp. 189-207., p. 199 notes that the establishment of Western Australia under the governorship of James Mangles' son-in-law, James Stirling, signified "strong renewal" of Mangles' operations to Australia. The financial involvement of both Mangles and Stirling in the early colony was "undoubtedly considerable", says Broeze. The London firm known as C & F. E. Mangles started in 1834, and with the return of Stirling to his naval post, they liquidated their business to Western Australia in 1845 and used Asian ports at Java, Mauritius, Batavia, Launceston, Singapore, and China. Broeze says that the Mangles pattern of shipping operations is clear, despite the scantiness of relevant information.
1834: John Abel Smith (1801-1879), first chairman of the AA Co. He was on the 1834 London committee for female emigration. His ancestors in Nottingham had been pro-Cromwell and were later rewarded. He was of 37 Chester Square, London. His family bank, Smiths, Payne and Smiths, originated before the Sulivan/Clive furore in the East India Company; in 1758, Payne being John Payne, outgoing chairman of the East India Company. Smith was "a considerable personality", and acquired land on a vast scale, MP for Hertfordshire 1835-1847. As a friend of Lionel Rothschild, he helped Rothschild to sit in Parliament. Smith's temperament in the view of his family was unsuited to the family bank. "He dissipated much of a considerable patrimony on the fringes of empire", in the east, in the Antipodes, in railway and colonial development. He had interests in Australia and New Zealand, he was a founder partner in Smith, (Hollingworth and Charles) Magniac and Co., East India and China merchants, the forerunners of Matheson and Co., the London agents of Jardine Matheson and Co. of Hong Kong. Earlier a chief partner in Smiths from 1834-1845, he opted to leave Smiths, to stay with Magniac, and end ruined for unclear reasons.
1834: British mission of Lord Napier to China fails to find agreement between Britain and China (see also the works of Captain Charles Elliot and various British merchants), and resulting is war that brings about the establishment of Hong Kong.
1834: British mission of Lord Napier to China fails to find agreement between Britain and China (see also the works of Captain Charles Elliot and various British merchants), and resulting is war that brings about the establishment of Hong Kong.
1835-1845: Re Calcutta Merchants: Larpent; Newcomen; Martin; Beckwith: four individuals, all prominent businessmen in Calcutta from the mid-1830's to 1840's, and all partners in the firm Cockerell & Co. John Albert De Hochepied Larpent, Director of the Atlas Insurance Company; affiliated with Calcutta Insurance Co. and Hope Insurance Co; William Martin: a Director of the Atlas Insurance Company; Charles Edward Newcomen: Director, Alliance Insurance Co.; affiliated with Tropic Insurance Co.; also sat on the Committee of Management and Correspondence of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and also a director of Bengal Bonded Warehouse Association; John Beckwith: Director, Bank of Bengal; affiliated with Commercial Insurance Co. and Equitable Insurance Society. These four at various times listed as owners of Union Bank of Calcutta.
1838: India: James Prinsep (see John Prinsep above) deciphers Brahmin script.
1838: London Lord Mayor of 1838: Samuel Wilson.
1838: Afghanistan, British army moves into Kabul in an awe-inspiring cavalcade of military might needing 30,000 camels for transport.
1839: Henry Parkes (later, Sir), later prime minister of Australia, as a recent migrant works for a year from 1839 at the property near Sydney of Sir John Jamison, (in vineyards), Regentville, and thinks little of Jameson's treatment of his workers.
1839: London Lord Mayor of 1839 - Sir Chapman Marshall.
1839: Establishment of the Bengal branch of the Assam Co., provisional secretary is Mr. W. Prinsep [whose firm(s) had earlier been interested in convicts to Australia].
1839: 18 March: Lin Tse-Hsu, imperial Chinese commissioner in charge of suppressing the opium traffic, orders all foreign traders to surrender their opium. In response, the British send expeditionary warships to the coast of China, beginning The First Opium War.
1839: Ottoman sultan Abdul Majid starts the "Tanzimat", a program of modernisation.
1839-1842: First Afghan War with British; a British army annihilated.
1839-1842: Opium War in China with Britain.
1840: Robert Bennett Forbes, Personal Reminiscences. Boston, 1978. (Memoirs of a C19th US merchant to China, head of Russell and Co. at Canton, originally from Boston) *
1840: W. W. McBean, Biographical Register of the St Andrews Society of New York. (Two Vols) 1922-1925. (Especially on Scots merchants) *
1840: Abolition of transportation of British convicts to New South Wales, Australia.
1841: Afghanistan, Appearance of a local liberator against the British, Akhbar Khan, who conducts "an orgy of blood" and evicts the British. Sole survivor getting to Jalalabad is army surgeon Dr. Brydon. In 2001, the huge British forts "built to subdue the frontier tribes" still skirt the road to Peshawar.
1841, Charles Mackay writes his book on investment bubbles in history, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds.
1842: Whaling history: Of the world's fleet of 882 whalers,
652
fly the American flag. By 1846, the US had 735 working whalers in an
industry employing about 70,000 people. Following this, the whaling
industry for many reasons, including overfishing, became uneconomic.
K. Jack Bauer, A Maritime History of the United
States: The
Role of America's Seas and Waterways.. University of South
Carolina Press, 1988., p. 236.
1842: Establishment of Hong Kong on delta of Pearl River as a British "territory". British Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston describes it as "a barren island, which will never be a mart of trade".
1843, Code-expert Samuel Morse obtains money from the US Government to build his first telegraphy system between Baltimore and Washington. In the same year, Bunsen improved wet-cell batteries, allowing "early digital communications".
1844: More to come
1845: G. N. Tucker, The Canadian Commercial Revolution, 1845-1851. 1936. *
1846: Copper first discovered in Western Australia.
1847: C. P. Low, Some Recollections of Captain Charles P. Low, commanding the Clipper Ships "Houqua", "Jacob Bell", "Samuel Russell" and "N. B. Palmer" in the China Trade, 1847-1873. 1905. *
1848: More to come
1849: More to come
1850: R. G. Albion, 'Commercial Fortunes in New York around 1850', New York History, XVI, 1935., pp. 156-168. (
1850: H. W. McGurdy and Gordon Newell, The Maritime History of the Pacific Northwest. (Three Vols), Seattle, 1966-1977. *
1850s: Whaling history: The
explosive
head used for whale-killing is promoted and refined by Capt. Thomas
Welcome Roys.
K. Jack Bauer, A Maritime History of
the United
States: The Role of America's Seas and Waterways.. University
of
South Carolina Press, 1988., p. 234.
Advertisement
********
1834: English EICo withdraws from China in official
capacities.
The number of private English merchants in Canton rises from 66 in
1834 to 156 in 1837.
Bulley, Bombay
Ships, p.
171.
1834: By 1834, most country ships of Bengal are owned by
"natives"
of Bombay (ie, Parsis?).
Bulley,
Bombay Ships,
p. 153.
1834: In 1834 the London Emigration Committee includes: Sir
Edward
Parry, former manager of AACo in NSW. The South Australia
Wakefieldians see necessity of co-operating with capitalists such as
J. W. Buckle, John Abel Smith, George Palmer and George F. Angas. SA
enterprise might have foundered but for Angas forming the SACo which
includes Newcastle shipowner Thomas Smith and director of the VDL
Land Co., Henry Kingscote and John Pirie. Re New Zealand Company,
City interests include: J. W. Buckle, John Pirie, J. Abel Smith,
George Palmer, Stewart Marjoribanks, Arthur Willis, George Frederick
Young and Joseph Somes, plus Lord Durham. Some had been involved in
the abortive 1820s New Zealand Co.
Broeze,
Robert
Brooks, p. 127.
1834: Bengal, Establishment of Calcutta Chamber of Commerce.
1834: In 1834 is establishment of Commercial Banking Co. of
Sydney, the Bathurst Bank and the Tamar Bank of Launceston.
Broeze,
Robert Brooks, p. 91.
1834: In 1834 in London, creation of the Imperial Banks system, such as Bank of Australasia in 1835 and Union Bank of Australia in 1837. In 1836 arises the South Australian Co. (manager Edmund Wheeler) and in 1839, the independent Bank of South Australia; British regulations prohibit lending on security of land; mortgage companies emerge such as the London-based Australian Trust Company and British Colonial Bank and Loan Company. With Bank of Australasia are Jacob Montefiore and J. S. Brownrigge of Cockerell and Co., and Richard Norman.
1834: 22 October, 1834: Freemasons interested in settling
South
Australia meet at No. 7 John Street, the Adelphi in London, formal
consecration of SA Lodge of Friendship, No. 613 under the English
constitution, and another meet at the same place in 1835.
Australian
Encyclopedia, 1925, entry on Freemasonry.
There
was
another meeting at same address in 1835. By 11 August 11, 1838, a
Masons Lodge of Friendship No 613 meets at Black's Hotel in Franklin
Street, Adelaide, and in August 1841, Gov. Grey of No. 83 Military
Lodge becomes a member of 613. Engaged in Royal Arches by 1861. In
1889, Chief Justice Way is a senior Mason. In 1889, the Earl of
Kintore, governor of NSW, is elected Grand Master, about when Lord
Carrington is Grand Master of Grand Lodge of NSW and Sir William John
Clarke is grand master of the United Lodge of Victoria.
1834: Founding of first Chamber of Commerce at Canton.
Bulley,
Bombay Ships, p. 199.
1834: Magniac, Smith and Co. is founded in London, (with John Abel Smith of bankers Smith, Payne and Smiths). (Keswick, appendices.) Tea taster J. W. Pickwick-Smith is appointed to J-M and Co. from EICo.
1835: Sydney/NSW, establishment of Tooth's Brewery.
1835: First steamship Jardine arrives in Far East.
1835: Circa: In the 1830s and 1840s, "Remington and Crawford
were the chief Bombay exporters to China of cotton, and probably
opium too."
Bulley, Bombay
Ships, p.
189.
1835: Justus von Liebig works out how to chemically coat glass with silver to make mirrors.
1835: Samuel Morse develops telegraph in US.
1836: London Lord Mayor of 1836 - John Humphrey.
1836: Improvements in technology of screw propeller in Britain as Francis P. Smith constructs from a new design. John Ericcson in Sweden does likewise - he later moves to US and deals with Boston merchant Robert Bennet Forbes to build twin-screw 148-ton auxiliary bark Midas.
1836: Founding of the city of Adelaide, South Australia, by Colonel William Light, whose father had helped established Penang in 1786 and earlier.
1836: A revised Canton Insurance Co. is formed. James Matheson suggests Britain acquires island Hong Kong as a factory. (Keswick, appendices.)
1836: In 1836, the AACo had 557 convicts at Port Stephens, and
95
at Newcastle, there was idea in ten years it would have 600 convicts,
in 15 years some 1000 and in 20 years, 1400 convict workers.
Pemberton, London Connection, p.
325.
1836: In May 1836 re NSW and VDL Commercial
Associations, members
include Richard Aspinall, John S. Brownrigg MP of Cockerell and Co.,
Robert Brooks, J. W. Buckle, S. Donaldson of Donaldson Wilkinson and
Co., Duncan Dunbar of Duncan Dunbar and Sons, John Gore, Jacob
Montefiore, William Walker (who has a son-in-law Donald Lanarch, a
director of Bank of NSW) of Walker Bros and Co. and Arthur Willis of
A. Willis Sons and Co. Plus Joseph Moore formerly a clerk of Buckles,
now partner of Devitt and Moore.
Broeze,
Robert
Brooks, p. 117, p. 119, p. 237.
1836: In May 1836 is establishment of NSW and VDL
Land Commercial
Assoc (N&VCA, which operated secretly, says Broeze, p. 281),
marking "the coming of age of the Australian trade". Brooks
is on a committee, and he also wanted New Zealand annexed by Britain,
and bounty system of emigration. He also supported Gov. Gipps'
pastoral regulations for NSW.
Broeze,
Robert
Brooks, pp. 72ff, p. 281.
1837: Elizabeth Barrett Browning falls under the
spell of
morphine. This, however, does not impede her ability to write
"poetical paragraphs."
From
website based
on book: Opium: A History, by Martin Booth Simon
and Schuster,
Ltd., 1996. e-mail info@opioids.com
1837: The Opium Trade to China: "We believe we shall not
over-rate the whole export produce of opium from India, at 24,000
chests a year; nor the export value of every chest at £120
sterling; making a total value of £2,800,000 ... Probably a
larger sum than is paid by foreign nations for all wines exported
from France, Spain and Italy... "
John Crawford, 1837.
Cited in Bulley, Bombay
Ships, p. 151.
1838: Opinion: Re handling of passengers: "a
Liverpool
passage broker", "the offscourings of the human race",
and a similar view expressed elsewhere, "emigrants are not to be
compared to other persons, they are an exception; they are the most
helpless people in the world", p. 45, notes 7, 8, citing Letter
to Lt Low, RN ... by a Passenger Broker, (Liverpool, 1838); and Terry
Coleman, Passage to America. London. 1972.
(Notes
from David L. Williams, Bulk Passenger Freight Trades,
1750-1870,
pp. 43-61, in L. R. Fischer and H. W. Nordvik, Shipping and
Trade,
1750-1950: Essays in International Maritime Economic History,
1990.)
1838: On the career of the NSW-Queensland "convict
poet",
Frank the Poet, see John Meredith and Rex Whalan, Frank the
Poet:
The Life and Works of Francis McNamara. Melbourne, Red
Rooster,
1979. McNamara begins his writing career on the banks of the Peel
RIver, Tamworth, as a convict employed by the Australian Agricultural
Company.
Re convict poet Frank McNamara, a shepherd on the
Peel
at Goonoo Goonoo, circa 1838, then to Stroud, then
to
Newcastle's AACo coal mines. One of Frank's poems on flocks by the
Peel, is probably the first poem written about the Tamworth area (an
area never producing a folk song but one -Ed)
See
Bob Reece, Exiles from Erin: Convict Lives In Ireland and
Australia. London, Macmillan, 1991., p. 159.
1839: Note: Similar opinions about low human quality
were voiced
about emigrants coming to New York about the mid-nineteenth century.
1839: T. A. Curtis, wrote State of the Question of Steam
Communication with India via the Red Sea - with copies of
correspondence with India Board and the EICo, by T. A.
Curtis,
London, printed by Smith, Elder and Co., Cornhill. (Travel via
Alexandria and the Overland Route to Suez). T. A. Curtis also
advocated steam communication with Australia. (Note that Ferguson has
an item re Smith, Elder and Co. at 65 Cornhill who also distributed
or printed material by Rev. Henry Carmichael on Hints To
Emigrants
To NSW.
(Notes from J.
A. Ferguson, Bibliography
of Australia, 1839-1845. Sydney, Angus and Robertson, 1951.,
p.
21.)
1839: In January 1839 men including NSW landowners petitioned
London's Colonial Office to allow a bond issue in NSW on security of
yet-unsold land, including J. A. Smith, Brooks, Gore, J. W. Buckle,
John Lambert, J. B. Montefiore, Stewart Marjoribanks, W. Walker, B.
E. Lindo, Henry Kemmis, E. McArthur.
(Broeze,
Robert
Brooks, p. 132.)
1839: Re UBA: Oakden was succeeded by one Benjamin Ephraim
Lindo,
a city merchant also a trustee for Solomon Levy's estate who was
nominated by Robert Brooks. UBA man Norris, who was succeeded by
James Bogle Smith who was London agent for merchant-shipowners
William Smith and Son of Liverpool. In 1839 Brooks and Gore were
asked to try to get J. W. Buckle on the UBA board. UBA at Launceston
was managed by William Fletcher. In UBA for Sydney, names included
Philip William Flower and Severin Kanute Salting, later partners
large in the Australian trade. James Sea died 1851, father-in-law of
Dacre, was "lured" from Bank NSW to UBA. UBA shipments were
organised by Devitt and Moore, a relative Edward Moore was the UBA's
bookkeeper, he often on Brooks' ships. In London, UBA men included
Angas, Cummins, Hindley, Todd, Brooks, Gore and Norris.
Broeze,
Robert Brooks, p. 98.
1839: In 1839 was the first Act re transport of contract
native
labour from India to Mauritius and the West Indies. a bounty system
for shippers, but by 1843 the substantial trade was conducted by
Emigration Officers, and between 1843 and 1865 Mauritius received
331,603 persons conveyed in 1149 vessels. There is no data for the
West Indian trade, but in the same period, British Guiana received
53,246 people from the East Indies and Trinidad some 29, 254, and
Jamaica 9195. All migrants were carried in British vessels, and the
West Indies gained from the coolie trade, the trade began to Guiana
and Trinidad around 1860 and was formalised with the placement of an
Emigration Officer in Canton in 1863, and 14,000 Chinese coolies had
been shipped by 1865.
From David
L. Williams, 'Bulk
Passenger Freight Trades, 1750-1870, pp. 43-61, in L. R.
Fischer
and H. W. Nordvik, Shipping and Trade, 1750-1950: Essays in
International Maritime Economic History, 1990., p. 50.
1839: 18 March: Lin Tse-Hsu, imperial Chinese
commissioner in
charge of suppressing the opium traffic, orders all foreign traders
to surrender their opium. In response, the British send expeditionary
warships to the coast of China, beginning The First Opium War.
From
website based on book: Opium: A History, by Martin
Booth Simon
and Schuster, Ltd., 1996. e-mail info@opioids.com
1839: The New Zealand Company begins in 1839. Investors in Australasia will include J. W. Buckle, Stewart Marjoribanks, John Abel Smith a partner of the City bankers, Smith Payne and Smiths (and Smith, Magniac and Co.)
1839: Chinese Opium War 1839-1842.
1839: William Jardine retires. Magniac, Smith and Co. is renamed Magniac, Jardine and Co. at 3 Lombard St., London. In Canton as war breaks out, Matheson and Dent assume leadership of area's expatriate community. J-M operations are moved to Hong Kong and family personnel move from Macao to ship depots. Manila in the Philippines is discussed as an alternative base to Canton. (Keswick, appendices).
1840: London Lord Mayor of 1840 - Thomas Johnson
1840: Abolition of transportation of British convicts to New South Wales, Australia.
1840: Founding of Bank of Bombay. In 1842 is founded Bank of
Western India.
Bulley, Bombay
Ships, p. 243.
1840: Banker James John Cummins, active with of
Union Bank
Australia.
(Broeze, Robert
Brooks, p. 310.)
1840: J. T. Simes and Co., active in the Australian
trade .These
are brokers for Robert Brooks.
Broeze,
Robert
Brooks, p. 317, Note 63.
1840: At Lloyd's from 1840: (Source: PRO Copies.) Senior Lloyd's men on the Committee from 1840 include: Chairman, Thomas Chapman, deputy-chair was William Tindall. Others: Robert Barry, Timothy A. Curtis, Joseph Somes, Henry Buckle is chairman of the General Ship-Owners Society, Timothy A. Curtis a trustee. Chair of the trustees was Thomas Chapman.
1840-1870: Table of Phoenix Insurance Directors London
1840-1870:
Including: J. Coope II, G. Shum Storey (a family connexion?), Sir
William Curtis II finance, J. P. Muspratt mercantile, M. Attwood MP
finance, O. E. Coope family, brewing, H. H. Toulmin city/gentry, T.
Buxton City/gentry, Hon. J. Byng city gentry, Sir J. Lubbock,
finance; Pelican insurance.
(Trebilcock,
p. 686. )
1840: Signatories 1840 for SA Colonial Land and
Emigration
Commission include: Angas, Brooks, Gore, Brownrigge, Cummins, Mangles
Price and Co., Ellice Kinnear and Co., Pirie, Somes, Walker, Willis,
James Bogle Smith, Magniac, Smiths and Co., Rickards Little and Co.,
and A. A. Gower Nephews and Co. But such moves are ended by economic
downturn from 1841.
(Broeze, Robert
Brooks,
p. 132.)
1840s: Risers in the New Zealand trade of 1840s includes: J.
Stayner and A. Willis and Co. which became H. H. Willis and Co. led
by Arthur Willis who was an inaugural member of New Zealand Co.
Broeze mentions convict-contracting brokers (Joseph) Lachlan and Co.
as involved in emigration.
Broeze,
Robert Brooks,
p. 128.
1840: In August 1840 James Cain arrives in Melbourne as agent
for
Rbt. Brooks. In 1840s he is a pastoralist and shopkeeper in central
Tasmania (with Brooks also is Henry Clayton). In 1840s, Thomas Gore
and Co. at Sydney deal with John Gore in London. In 1840s, Brooks'
wool agent is J. T. Simes and Co. of 58 Coleman Street, London.
Broeze, Robert Brooks,
p. 117, p. 119, p.
237.
1840: US New Englanders bring 24,000 pounds of opium into the United States. This catches the attention of U.S. Customs which promptly puts a duty fee on the import.
1841: See Charles P. Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe. London, George Allen and Unwin, 1984., p. 80; citing Norman Baker on war contractors; the bankers Smith Payne Smith retained an excise sub-commission until 1841; Abel Smith II like ten London and three other country bankers, was a contractor to the British government during the American Revolution, providing victuals for 60,000 troops in America. (See Baker, 1971, pp. 218, 335-226.) Smith was already well-connected at the time, with two sons MPs in Parliament. Kindleberger, p. 80, notes Henry Thornton Jr., son of the author of Paper Currency, was a partner of Pole, Thornton and Co.
1841, Charles Mackay writes his later oft-cited book on investment bubbles in history, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds.
1840s: Introduction of use of anaesthetic for medical operations. Ether was used on 16 October 1846.
1841: The Chinese are defeated by the British in the First
Opium
War. Along with paying a large indemnity, Hong Kong is ceded to the
British.
From website based on
book: Opium: A
History, by Martin Booth Simon and Schuster, Ltd., 1996.
e-mail
info@opioids.com
1841: By 1841, British migrant brokers working to Australia
include John Marshall, Masson and Higgins, especially Carter and
Bonus (Robert Carter of Bank of British North America, and the North
American Colonization Assoc. of Ireland along with Joseph Somes, J.
A. Smith, John Chapman, Russell Ellice, Ross Mangles, Sir Edward
Parry). Carter and Bonus deal with UBA in 1840, in 1841 dealing with
Brooks and John Gore for regular migrant carriage. In the 1840s, in
London the Montefiore Bros fail. In Melbourne in the 1840s were a
firm Were Bros and Co (including senior partner Jonathan Binns Were
of colonial UBA, and Were sometimes acted for Carter and Bonus re
emigration) (Did they have links with Robarts, Curtis, Were of
London?) Robert Carter came on the UBA board in Dec 1841.
(Broeze,
Robert Brooks, p. 131.)
1841: In 1841, a close associate of Cummins, Brooks and Gore
at
UBA is Robert Carter (died 1878 leaving fortune of about
£60,000)
of City shipbrokers Carter and Bonus. In 1841, bankruptcies start to
hit the City of London. In 1841 in NSW Robert Campbell Jnr is working
Australasian whaling goods. In 1834-1841 the major London importers
of Australian wool are: Walker Bros., John Gore and Co., Robert
Brooks, Montefiore Bros., Donaldson and Co., Buckles and Co.,
Bettington, Cockerell and Co., Marsden and Flower, Rawdon, Cooper and
Co., Warre Bros., J. Masson, J. Hosking, Reid, Irving and Co.,
Scotts, Bell and Co., John Flower, A. A. Gower Nephews and Co.,
Magniac Smiths and Co., London agents for Jardine Matheson; not
including at Liverpool, Aspinall Browne and Co.
(Broeze,
Robert Brooks, p. 102, p. 108, p. 224 on name Bonus.)
1841: March 1841, Australasian trade men meet re emigration
regulations to Australia, including Buckle, Brooks, Gore, Donaldson,
Lambert, Willis, Angas, Cummins, Thomas Icely, Alexander Smith of
Liverpool, John Gilchrist from Glasgow (once resident in Sydney as
director of UBA). All approve the ideas of emigration agent John
Marshall.
(Broeze, Robert
Brooks, p. 133)
1841: In 1841, British government stops bounty
payments for
emigration to Australia. Those upset included John, Marshall, Pirie,
Duncan Dunbar (about 1848 he sends seven ships to South Australia,
Thomas Ward, wine merchant Frederick Friend, UBA chairman Cummins.
(Broeze, Robert Brooks,
p. 134, p. 216.)
1841: In about 1841 Ross D. Mangles personally visits Wellington, New Zealand re banking, etc.
1841: In June 1841 falls l firm Cockburn and Co, defaulting,
tied
up with Dunlop and Co., their Sydney link later failed.
(Broeze,
Robert Brooks, p. 162.)
1841: In 1841, Captain of the New South Wales Golf Club, Alexander Brodie Spark, was elected an honorary member of the Blackheath Golf Club (according to Blackheath Golf Club sources; see ADB entry on Spark. In 1839, Spark carried on all kinds of commercial activities, "He patronised the arts, played golf, cards and chess, read widely ..." This all seemed to take place at his house at Tempe on the Cooks River. See Spark's own diaries and family papers held at Mitchell Library, Sydney. (The problem with this "historical" information is that according to standard historians of golf in Australia, there was no NSW Golf Club by 1841! - Ed)
1841: The AACo directorate had included radicals and High
Tories,
Evangelicals, Unitarians and Catholics, and later, T. A. Curtis to go
bankrupt, in 1841.
Pemberton,
The London Connection,
p. 78.
1841: On NSW entrepreneur, Alexander Brodie Spark,
(1792-1856),
merchant at NSW, born 9 August, 1792 at Elgin, Scotland, son of a
watchmaker. Went into business in June 1811 with Tod's counting house
in London, and began a small literary society. Lived on £50
per
year. In 1817 he was still with Tod, interested in working in their
shipping dept, and in 1820 he went on a continental tour, spending
some time with William Wordsworth and the poet's wife and sister.
Spark obtained a letter of introduction and sailed in the Princess
Charlotte arriving Sydney April 1823. Soon had a George
Street
store selling sugar, drapery and wines, supplied salt meat to the
commissariat, by 1825 he was chartering ships for coastal trading and
having the Sydney Packet built for him. In 1826 he
started a
shipping agency, sent stores to Hobart, and colonial produce to
Calcutta, plus first of his many wool consignments to London; and he
backloaded merchandise when possible. Agent for country settlers. Had
more than 6000 acres on the Hunter River and a nine-acre grant at
Woolloomooloo, Sydney. He served on juries and became a Justice of
the Peace in 1827. Was in the Agricultural Society and the Chamber of
Commerce. Had unsuccessfully tried to get on the board of the Bank of
NSW and in 1826 he was on the board of the Bank of Australia, its
managing director in 1832. By then his wool exports especially had
increased. In 1836 he was first treasurer of the Australian Gaslight
Co., director of at least two insurance companies and an active
investor in several steam navigation companies. By 1836 his favourite
place was a rendezvous for bankers, merchants and large landholders
in the Hunter, including James Mudie. Spark was disturbed by
divisions among Sydney Presbyterians and turned to the Anglican
Church. In 1839 he entertained 778 visitors at his place Tempe on the
Cook's River and was agent for 22 ships. Later he extended land
dealing to Melbourne, imported stallions, became agent for the South
Australian Co., vice-president of the Commercial Banking Co. of
Sydney, a director of the Australian Loan Co., met with the Savings
bank trustees each month. In 1840 he bought land in New Zealand and
took pastoral leases in the New England district, and in 1840 he
married Frances Maria, nee Biddulph, widow of Dr.
Henry Wyatt
Radford. But drought and the boom running down hurt Spark. By the end
of 1840 he had bills of over £21,000; his first son was born
in
April 1841, by 1844 he was certified insolvent. He slowly recovered
and by 1846 he shipped copper ore to England and horses to India, and
had successful speculations in gold about 1851. He died 21 October,
1856. He was a patronizing man, severe on wrong-doers and himself,
oft-expressed piety, his knowledge of shipping and commerce were "a
boon to the economy". His diaries are in Mitchell Library.
(Spark, entry, Australian
Dictionary of
Biography.)
1842: Bengal: Peak year of indigo business.
1842: In January 1842, John Marshall passed in bankruptcy court, short of £50,000. Some of the 1840's migrant shippers include: T. and W. Smith, Henry and Calvert Toulmin, migrant shippers. Another source has it that by January 1842, John Marshall owed over £100,000 to creditors.
1842: 1842-1828: Establishment of Gilchrist and Alexander in Sydney, mercantile and shipping firm, by 1842 one of the most important businesses in Sydney. Later the firm of Gilchrist, Watt and Sanderson, and Co., shipping agents of Sydney, handled wool ships. In 1847, young J. B. Watt saw his uncle Alexander, leaving the partnership; depressions of the early 1840s. Watt was 21 on 15 May, 1847.
1842: On 1 July, 1842 is established Flower and Salting.
Philip W.
Flower (died 1872 with an estate near £250,000; he has an
eldest son Cyril, MP, who developed Battersea and became Lord
Battersea, who in 1877 married a niece of Lionel de Rothschild;
Flower also has a second son, Arthur, became chairman of the Union
Bank of Australia; Philip Flower has a brother Herbert who married a
sister-in-law of Queen Victoria's daughter Louise. Severe Kanute
Salting (who died 1865 with an estate of £175,000), had sons
William died 1905 and one George who had a fortune worth £1.3
million and left Salting Collection art to National Gallery; and John
Henry Challis (who endowed Sydney University with chairs of History,
Philosophy and English) with Salting in Sydney and Flower in City of
London, for much wool dealing, was linked to McLaren, later with
Tertius Campbell (of NSW) and probably also to Donaldson.
(Broeze,
Robert Brooks, p. 171, p. 288.)
1842: First Lodge of Freemasonry opens in WA, under
the Grand
Lodge of England. A second opens in 1845. Scots and English are both
active. (In 1899, WA governor Sir Gerard Smith is Grand Master; he is
of the London banker family, Smith, Payne and Smiths.)
(Australian
Encyclopedia, 1925, entry, Freemasonry.)
1843: Dr. Alexander Wood of Edinburgh discovers a new
technique of
administering morphine, injection with a syringe. He finds the
effects of morphine on his patients instantaneous and three times
more potent.
From website based
on book: Opium: A
History, by Martin Booth Simon and Schuster, Ltd., 1996.
e-mail
info@opioids.com
1843, Code-expert Samuel Morse obtains money from the US Government to build his first telegraphy system between Baltimore and Washington. In the same year, Bunsen improved wet-cell batteries, allowing "early digital communications".
1844: Germany occupies South-West Africa, Togoland and Cameroons.
1844: London Lord Mayor of 1844 - Michael Gibbs
1844, Samuel Morse on 24 May, 1844, builds a line from Baltimore to Washington, about 65km, and sent messages - His first official message was "What hath God wrought?" In the late 1830s, Morse had proved it was possible to send an electronic pulse over 16km of wire.
1845: Death in US of President Andrew Jackson (1767-1845).
1845: Stephen Perry in London invents the rubber band.
1845-1849: Sikh Wars with Britain; Britain annexes Punjab.
1846: Japan: US warships under Biddle at Uraga request trade
with
Japan.
See also E. M. Barrows, The Great
Commodore: The
Exploits of Matthew Calbraith Perry. 1936. (On the US'
"opening"
of relations with Japan) *
1846: Lloyd's Committee of 1846: Chair is Thomas Chapman. Dep-Chairman is William Tindall. Members include Robert Barry, Henry Buckle, Joseph B. Chapman. Duncan Dunbar is chairman of the General Shipowners Society. (From Lloyd's Register.)
1846: Schonbein discovers gun cotton.
1846-1847: The US naval forces of commodores John D. Sloat and Robert E. Stockton seize California, prior to gold fever in that state.
1847: Bengal, Edward Dunlop Kilburn arrives in Calcutta as a free trader.
1848: Serfdom is abolished in Austria.
1848: Revolutions across Europe: Marx and Engels publish the Communist Manifesto.
1848: Accession of Nasir ud-din, ablest of the Kajar dynasty of Persia.
1848: Hungary: The revolutionary spirit of the spring of 1848 gives a tremendous impetus to the course of events in Hungary. Having swept Paris, Berlin and Milan, revolution erupts in Vienna as well. There follows the 1848-49 Hungarian revolution and war of independence.
1848: Scottish clock and instrument-maker Alexander Bain invents the basis of facsimile production and transmission. His ideas were followed up in 1850 by an Englishman, Frederick Bakewell, and then in 1865 by an Italian in France, Giovanni Caselli.
1849: 23 February, 1849, mass meetings held in Melbourne and Sydney to resist reintroduction of convict transportation, while Perth asks for Western Australia to be given convict labour. Some convict ships ended at Moreton Bay (Brisbane, Queensland).
1849: 1 May, 1849:
A.
G. L. Shaw, Convicts and
the Colonies, pp. 353-354), an Order-In-Council makes Western
Australia/colony a place to which convicts could be sent.
1849: Closure of Ben Boyd's bank. 1849: Caroline Chisholm establishes the Family Colonisation Loan Society in London to help families emigrate - her first emigrant ship is Slain's Castle.
1849: In June 1849, Rbt. Brooks actually joins the revised
Southern Whale Fishery as a director In January 1849 Charles Enderby
(of Blackheath) initiated with £100,000 capital the Southern
Whale Fishery to operate from Auckland Islands south of NZ. Enderby
himself went out to there, Port Ross. Brooks is an investor, it all
liquidates in a few years; other investors are Frederic Somes, John
Gilmore, shipbroker W. S. Lindsay, and shareholders include: Thomas
Baring and his partner Thomas Bates, oil merchants William Beale and
Elhanan Bucknell, shipowner Money Wigram, NZ shipbroker Willis. In
Sydney, Robert Towns gets an agency for this South Whale Fishery Co.
(Broeze, Robert Brooks,
Ch 12, p. 248.).
1849: George Marshall active in the Australian
trade. By 1849 is
senior partner of shipbrokers Marshall and Edridge, (PRO, BT 107ff).
Marshall deals with John Gore who dies in 1849.
(Broeze,
Robert Brooks, p. 346.)
1849: October 1849, Sydney: Legislative Council decision to establish a university in Sydney. For NSW men to fill government positions, Britain seemed disposed to grant self-government. A Bill introduced by W. C. Wentworth. First Sydney University vice-chancellor is Charles Nicholson, who'd been left a fortune, now on boards of directors etc.
- Dan Byrnes
(otherwise indicated in these
pages as -Editor)
Note: You will find even greater detail than is
given here, for
specific periods in American - English - Australian history, with
regard to merchants, traders, bankers and financiers, as part of the
website, The Blackheath Connection...
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1-- Senior Progenitor Shakespear
sp-Miss Notknown
2-- Senior Shakespear
sp-Miss Notknown
3-- John Shakespear (1619-1689)
sp-Margaret Jude, widow, wife1 (1615-1652)
sp-Martha Wall Seeley wife2, of Wapping (1635-1695)
4-- Jonathan Shakespear (1670-1735)
sp-Elizabeth Shallett (1679-1745)
5-- Arthur Shakespear Unm (1699-1749)
5-- John Shakespear Alderman, Ropemaker (1718-1775)
sp-Elizabeth Currie (1726-1807) ([46])
6-- John Shakespear, of Brookwood (1749-1825)
sp-Mary Davenport, wife1 (1757-1793)
7-- Henry Davenport Shakespear, EICo, In India
sp-Louisa Caroline Tobin Muirson (1794-1868)
8-- William Shakespear Childe-Pemberton, Composer and author (1857-1924)
sp-Constance Violet Lucy Bligh, Lady
8-- Louisa Mary Ann Shakespear ( -1844)
sp-Capt. James Macaulay Higginson, in India-46331
8-- Augusta Shakespear
8-- Agnes Shakespear
8-- Henrietta Shakespear
sp-Rev. Henry Brougham Vizard
7-- John Talbot Shakespear, BCS, EICo (1783-1825)
sp-Amelia (Emily) Thackeray (1780-1824)
8-- Richmond Campbell Shakespear (1812-1861)
sp-Maria Sophia Thompson (had issue) (1825-1899)
9-- Richmond Shakespear (1844-1931)
8-- Emily Anne Shakespear (1804-1887)
sp-William Fleming Dick BCS
9-- Augusta Dick (1822-1859)
sp-Lt.-General James F. Tennant, Bengal Engineers
10--William Francis Tennant, Schoolmaster in Tasmania (1857)
9-- Harris St John Dick (1834-1879)
sp-Grace Notknown
8-- William Makepeace Shakespear (1807-1835)
8-- John Dowdeswell Shakespear (1806-1867)
sp-Marianne Elizabeth Hodgson
8-- Augusta Ludlow Shakespear (1809-1893)
sp-Major, Lt-General Sir John Low, ( -1880) ([47])
9-- Charlotte Herbert Low (1833-1853)
sp-Sir Theophilus John Metcalfe, Bart ( -1883)
10--Charles Herbert Theophilus Metcalfe, Railway Engineer (1853-1928)
9-- William Malcolm Low (1835-1923)
sp-Lady Ida Feilding
8-- George Trant Shakespear (1810-1844)
8-- Marianne Eliza Shakespear (1816-1891)
sp-Major Irvine
8-- Charlotte Mary Anne Shakespear (had issue) (1813)
sp-James Henry Crawford, BCS
9-- Selina Crawford, wife2 (1844)
sp-Lt--General James F. Tennant, Bengal Engineers
7-- William Oliver Shakespear, EICo at Madras (1784-1838)
sp-Leonora Charlotte Maxtone ( -1832)
8-- Charlotte Emilie Shakespear
sp-Captain Moore
8-- George Frederick Shakespear
sp-Emily Charlotte Taylor
8-- Charles Maxtone Shakespear
sp-Maria Fraser
7-- Arthur Shakespear, Soldier (1789-1845)
sp-Harriet Sophia Skip-Dyot-Bucknall (1799-1877)
8-- George Bucknall Shakespear (1819-1895)
sp-Henrietta Louisa Panet
8-- John Davenport Shakespear
8-- William Powlett Shakespear (1820-1844)
7-- Mary Anne Shakespear (1793-1850)
sp-Rev. Francis Thackeray
7-- Charlotte Georgina Shakespear (1802-1888)
sp-Dr. James Allardyce
sp-Charlotte Fletcher, wife2
6-- David Shakespear, West India Merchant (1751-1823)
sp-Catherine Wagstaffe (had issue) ( -1805)
7--Rev. John Mure Shakespear, at Madras (1785-1836)
sp-Fransisque Eliza Muntz ( -1829)
8-- John Joseph Shakespear (1820-1881)
8-- Frances Eliza Shakespear (1818)
7-- Arthur Shakespear (No issue) ( -1846)
sp-Louisa cousin Sage (No issue) ( -1860)
7-- Catherine Campbell Shakespear (1774)
sp-John Spencer Griffith
8-- Catherine Anne Griffith (1795)
sp- Admiral John Erskine Douglas
9-- Helen Douglas
sp-Colin Mackenzie, Madras army
9-- Crofton Douglas (To Australia) ( -1922)
sp-Miss Notnown (had issue)
7-- Elizabeth Currie Shakespear (1775)
sp-Rev Hamilton of New York
8-- James Dunn Hamilton, Bombay Army
8-- George Singer Hamilton
sp-Miss Notknown
7-- Ann Caroline Shakespear, Unm (1777-1860)
7-- Sarah Frances Shakespear (No issue) (1777-1858)
sp-Colonel William Roome, Bombay Army
7-- Arthur Shakespear (Fought at Waterloo) (1788-)
6-- Arthur Richmond Shakespear, Ropemaker, MP (1748-1818)
sp-Jane Ridley (1777-1804)
7-- John Matthew Shakespear, of Albany, No issue (1778-1844)
7-- Arthur William Shakespear, Rector, No issue (1783)
6-- Anne Shakespear (1573-1834)
sp-John Blagrove of "Cardiff Hall", Jamaica (1777-1824)
6-- Martha Shakespear ( -1843)
sp-Rev. John Robert Lloyd, of Aston Hall (1779)
7-- William Lloyd
sp-Louisa Harvey
7-- Elizabeth Lloyd
sp-Robert Curtis Esq.
7-- Louisa Charlotte Lloyd
sp-Thomas Kenyon, Hon
6-- Sarah Shakespear ( -1829)
sp-Joseph Sage, Assay Master of the Mint (1779-1820)
7-- Joseph White Sage
sp-Miss Notknown wife1
sp-Miss Notknown wife2
7-- Richard Palmer Sage
sp-Anna Martha Boulton
8-- Emily Boulton
sp-Rev. R. W. Whickham, of Holmwood ( -1908)
9-- Thomas E. P. Whickham
sp-Elsie Grieve
10--Michael Wickham
10--Anthony Wickham
7-- Louisa cousin Sage (No issue) ( -1860)
sp-Arthur Shakespear (No issue) ( -1846)
6-- Mary Shakespear (1762-1845)
sp-Laver Oliver, Esq.
6-- Colin Shakespear, EICo, In India (1764-1635)
sp-Harriot Dawson
5-- Sarah Shakespear (1704-1781)
sp-Timothy Maintru
6-- John Maintru
5-- Joseph Shakespear, Capt. (1705-1740)
4-- Elizabeth Shakespear (1678)
sp-Abraham Shaw
* * *
(Ends this list)
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