[Previous page From 1000BC to 1AD] [You are now on a page filed as: Timelines - From 2000BC to 1000BC] [Next page From 10,000BC to 2000BC]

Interested in dates/events in history? Try Hyperhistory: http://www.hyperhistory.com/

Link to Lost Worlds at your leisure, if that is your pleasure. Also, check the massive Lost Worlds Links Pages now!

Look for this Home Page navigation button as you travel. This page updated 1 July 2007

www.danbyrnes.com.au

Note from the Lost Worlds webmaster: This website does tend to give an emphasis to “first-ever” dates as regards any related questions of history of technology in history-in-general. This approach works well enough for Modern (scientific) history but less so for archaic history. In March 2007 the webmaster found a seemingly reliable website on prehistory of India which suggested that by now, many of the “first-ever”dates relating in various literature to Sumeria/Mesopotamia are out of date by now, or misleading. Given that the books consulted for this set of webpages were a little old, even when the pages were originally started, this can probably be applied to information given below on Sumeria. Which in turn might affect some dates for Ancient Egypt. Netsurfers then should regard this as a caution as they explore their topics. - Ed

From 2000BC to 10000BC

Please note: This section of Lost Worlds is greatly devoted to finding a date for the Exodus of Moses from Egypt, as a special project. - Ed

The basic litany of opium's history is that cultivated opium seeds and pods have been found at Neolithic sites in central Europe from the Fourth Millennium B.C. and the plant spread to the south and southeast. Over 5000 BP years ago, Sumerians were growing opium poppies - "the joy plant" - for both its medicinal and narcotic properties. The Assyrians - who called it "lion fat" - assimilated opium use from the Sumerians. The Assyrians passed its use on to the Babylonians, who engendered opium use among the Egyptians. Here use flowered, with a unique "biacum" strain being developed. A strain with a high amount of thebaine—one of opium's 24 alkaloids— very medicinal but not as soporific. Many classical Egyptian royal tombs were "decorated with paintings of opium poppies" among other medicinal plants. Ancient Egyptian texts included an opiate preparation "Remedy to Prevent the Excessive Crying of Children"—a use carried through many cultures up through the patent medicines sold in America, Britain and elsewhere until the early 1900s. The Egyptians engaged in a strong trade with their strong medicinal variant throughout the Mediterranean.
From website: The Boodle Boys - by R. A. Kris Millegan 2000; his mailto: roadsend@aol.com

The Greeks looked to opium as both a medicine and a magical talisman within their mythos—a "sacred plant to which were consecrated altars and priests." Then circa 600 B.C. the Greek culture began transforming from one of magic and myth to one encouraging reason and the study of knowledge. One of the big changes was from choosing of a pharmakos—a sacrificial human scapegoat, to be stoned to death—towards a cult of doctor-priests gathered around the legend of Aesuclapius. They were known to give their patients an admittance exam consisting of an opiated potion accompanied by sleep on a freshly-skinned rams skin. After the patients slept they were queried about their dreams for a prognosis and diagnosis. Hippocrates was born near the Aesuclapisian main hospital on the isle of Cos in 460 B.C. Hippocrates stripped away the magic to become the father of medicine. He showed opium to be "useful as a cathartic, hypnotic, narcotic and styptic" and bespoke of monitored moderate usage. The Aesuclapisians were the medical establishment all through the Roman era. The isle of Cos was a favorite rehabilitation clinic for Nero, who had been enthroned with help of another use of opium—a poison. His mother Agrippina put opium "in the wine of her fourteen year-old stepson, Britannicus." The dissolution of the Roman European empire into the Dark ages left it to the Crusaders to bring back to Europe familiarity of the drug and its uses from the Arabs.

From website The Boodle Boys - by R. A. Kris Millegan 2000. his mailto: roadsend@aol.com

Advertisement

Date uncertain: Re: Bull Cult: Benha is located 48km north of Cairo and was developed before the Greeks arrived in Egypt. Nearby are the remains of Athribis which was once the capital of the 10th Nome. Athribis was associated with the worship of the black bull. During the Roman period the city was at its greatest importance. There are little remains of the town except for traces of temples dating from the 18th to the 26th Dynasties. There is also an extensive Graeco-Roman cemetery. Some 26th to 30th Dynasty silver ingots and jewelry that were found at the Athribis site that are now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

1000BC: Greece: Development of the traditional Greek pantheon.

1000BC++: Banking: Early Second Millennium, Mesopotamia, banking seems to have been started by the sacred prostitutes of Babylonian temples. They earned much, saved, and loaned for the business ventures of temple staff and their families. "Commercial banking" began in Babylonia by C7thBC. (James/Thorpe).

1000BC: Iran: Aryan tribes (Medes and Persians), settle in region of Iran.

About 1000BC: China, invaders from the Wei Valley in modern Kansu establish Chou Dynasty, China.

1004-965BC: David: David reigns for 40 years, firstly over Judah then over all Israel. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1011BC: King Saul of the Jews dies. (Date from Packer - see bibliographies).

1011BC-1004BC: King David begins his rule of the Jews. (Date from Packer) Not until the time of Solomon was the camel used as a beast of burden, about 1000BC. (Ian Wilson on Exodus).

1014-1004BC: Rivalry: Period of great rivalry between Saul and David for control of Israel. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1015BC: Literacy: Israelites begin to develop the Hebrew alphabet based on the earlier Canaanite alphabet. In same year, David kills the Philistine giant, Goliath. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)
By tradition, the fight between David and Goliath occurred at the present-day settlement of Newe Daniel, a rocky hilltop on the West Bank. The area is currently under dispute. (Reported World News September 2000)

1020-1016BC: Wars: Further wars between Israelites and Philistines, and regains some independence, plus use of iron for weapons and tools. In 1016 Samuel secretly anoints David as successor to Saul. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1025BC: Israel-Canaan: Rise of warrior-king Saul to meet the challenge of the Philistines, a sea-faring people pressing from the North. (Phoenicians?) Saul wins, his successor is David.

1025BC-1004BC: Saul: Saul is king of Israel. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1025BC-1019BC: Iron: Philistines monopolise iron production and allow Israelites no weapons. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1030BC: More to come

1034BC: David is born at Bethlehem to Jesse, patriarch of a wealthy family in the tribe of Judah. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1039BC-991BC: in Egypt, Psusennes I.

1040BC: More to come

1043BC: (1057BC??) King Saul begins reign of the Jews. (Packer).

1045BC: China: The first Shang dynasty is displaced by a Western Chinese people, the Zhou, and question arises, did some of the Shang go to South America? See artefacts like Shang tiger figurines appearing as jaguar figurines for the Olmecs, and in Mexico is a Chinese-like use of jade. (Levathes, When China Rules The Seas)

1047-1007BC: Samuel leads the Israelites as judge, priest and prophet. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1047BC: Samuel gains control of Israel by calling an assembly at Mizpah. The Philistines attack but are beaten off. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1049BC: The Philistines destroy the Israelite sanctuary at Shiloh and in next few years station garrisons throughout their new territory. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1050BC: Samuel, ruler of Israel, low point in a struggle against the Philistines. (Mellersh) The early Hebrew alphabet began use about 1000BC.

1050BC, Earthquake on Citium, on Cyprus.

1060BC: The Philistines move into the heart of Israel, see also the story of Samson and Delilah. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1069BC-1043BC, in Egypt is Nesubanebded, or, Smendes.

1069BC-945BC: Upper Egypt is controlled by the high priest of Amun at Thebes.

1095BC: Philistine power grows in southwestern Canaan. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1100BC, Greece, Beginning of Iron Age (and/or a Dark Age) in Greece.

1100-221BC, China, Conquest and absorption of China's non-Chinese speaking population by Chinese-speaking states, during Zhou Dynasty.

1100BC: Earliest known sea-trade route to Island of Melos in Mediterranean, re trade in obsidian, a volcanic glass.

Circa 1100 BC: On the island of Cyprus, the "Peoples of the Sea" craft surgical-quality culling knives to harvest opium, which they would cultivate, trade and smoke (before the fall of Troy?).

1100BC: Phoenician traders settle at Cadiz, Spain.

1100BC: Phoenician immigrants settle in present-day Morocco, to become part of the Carthaginian Empire.

Circa 1100BC: Chinese colony is founded at Pyongyang, Korea.

1120BC: Greece overrun by the Dorians, who settled Peloponnese and Crete. Many locals enslaved, others fled to Athens. In the Greek Dark Ages, the present Greek alphabet developed. Greek traders colonized new areas. Athens, the temple to Athena at the Acropolis, built in 447-432BC. Its Elgin marbles taken to London. Athens, Zeus temple at Olympia, to Athene at Athens, Temple of Artemis as Ephesus.

1102BC-952BC: In Egypt, the illustrated papyrus of Tameniu, shows the Great Goddess arching the whole world, star-spangled breasts, belly and pubic zone, with the boy-god Geb flat on the ground, reaches to her with an inadequately-sized phallus, naked. (Miles).

1120-1115BC: Ruth, a Moab woman, marries an Israelite man, who dies, and when Ruth goes with her mother in law back to Israel, where Ruth marries Boaz, of Bethlehem. They have a son named Obed, who becomes the grandfather of King David. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1125BC: Jewish, writing of The Song of Deborah.

1147BC: Midianites and other desert peoples harrass northern Israel. In 1140, Gideon with a small group destroys a large raiding party of Midianites. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

C1150BC: Egypt, The "Turin Map" shows the locations of mines, the world's earliest mining map. The world's first known map-maker is an Ionian astronomer.

Advertisement

1156BC: Deborah, prophetess and judge, rallies the northern Israelite tribes to fight Jabin from the south. Jael, a Kenite woman, kills Sisera, general for Jabin as he flees the battlefield. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1157BC: Kassites in Mesopotamia overthrown by Elamites in 1157BC.

Ramesses III 1182BC to 1151BC, son of Sethnakht, fights the invasion of the Sea Peoples, or Peleset, the Philistines who later settled in s/w Palestine. Philistines appeared about 1194BC-1163BC (Ian Wilson on Exodus) and all this gives 150 years for the period of Judges, not the usual 350 years before the Philistines arrived... Philistines with their iron age weapons in the south west of Canaan, having been assigned to there by the Egyptian Ramesses II. [Question: where were the ironworks for these weapons as used by the Greeks and Sea Peoples? Ian Wilson (on Exodus) regards the Philistines as settling in the time of Ramesses III, (1194BC-1163BC). (Ian Wilson on Exodus)
1184BC: McNeill dates siege of Troy at about 1184BC (on p. 212), and, Mycenaean shipping went to Asia Minor, Cyprus, Levant, Egypt, Sicily, to Sardinia and perhaps even Spain and Britain.

1159BC-1141BC: Evidence in Ireland of catastrophic weather change. Tree rings indicate lack of summer growth, probably failed harvests for 18 years. Possible lack of sunlight ("nuclear winter"). Coinciding with approximate Fall of Troy, other disasters in the Mediterranean area. By 1150BC in Ireland in Armagh area, human and animal sacrifices are conducted, Irish society becomes more warlike. About this time the Shan Dynasty falls in China and the Sea Peoples attack Egypt.

A new Trojan War? Disturbing the peace at Troy: Fisticuffs have marred a German scholars' meeting about the archaeology of Troy, and the original size of Troy, or rather, excavations at Hisarlik, the Turkish site believed to be the original site of Troy (1300BC-1200BC). On one side is Prof. Korfmann of Tubingen University, who thinks Troy was "a sprawling, metropolitan and trading settlement with a citadel and a royal palace". His opponents feels Troy was merely "a nest of pirates at the margin of civilization". Prof. Korfmann, a successful money-raiser, is also talented at producing computer-generated reconstructions which are popular with the German public in Bonn, one on the Hittites, one of Troy: Dream and Reality. Lately, Korfman has been emphasising the slums-suburb or lower city he says adjoined the citadel. Korfmann's enemies at Tubingen are ancient historian Frank Kolb and Dieter Hertel, professor of classical archaeology. Tubingen has lately convened a special symposium to sort out the meaning of "Troja in the late Bronze Age". A British attendee was David Hawkins of a School of Oriental and African Studies, an expert on Anatolian languages and on the Hittites, who were the rulers of prehistorical Asia Minor, and interested in the geography of ancient Anatolia. There is a now-long chronology to research on Troy. A citadel-mound site was first thought to be the historical Troy by Charles Maclaren in 1820. This was looked over in 1863-1865 by Frank Calvert and excavated by Heinrich Schliemann between 1870-1890. (Reported by 26 February 2002)

1193BC-1162BC: Egypt: Reign of Ramesses III.

1176BC: Jabin, king of Hazor in northern Canaan, uses iron chariots to dominate the northern tribes. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1180BC, destruction of Troy VIIa. (Wood, in book on Schliemann, etc.) (1184BC: A traditional date for The Fall of Troy.)

1180BC, First Babylonian Empire falls into anarchy.

1180BC: Enemies of Ramesses III in Egypt include Sherden of the Sea, (Sea People) and a chief of the Pulisati, The Philistines, who had not yet settled in their Biblical homeland, and some Philistines may have come from Kaphtor at Crete. This attack may have been by about 10,000 including some Sea People, not including women and children in wagons. (See M. Wood, p. 220.) In this century, the Philistines were put into the Egyptian forts running up to the Gaza Strip. So that the Goliath who fought David wore Myceneaen war gear. Sea Peoples moved probably due to climatic disturbances on food supply. People moved from the plains of Hungary into Thrace, then to the Aegean. The Sea People took areas of the Syrian coast, Hamath, Acana, Sidon, a site near Haifa, possibly Kition on Cyprus, the burning of Enkomi, and the Greeks might have had alliances with the sea peoples. Might, asks Wood, the raid by Odysseus on the Egyptian coast Nile delta have some relation to the disaster for the league of Aqaiwasha. Might the fall of Troy in fact be the work partly of the Sea People?

Exodus and gold plundered from Egypt: In what seems a loony-tunes report, Lost Worlds finds that lawyers from Egypt and Europe, using information from the Old Testament, are considering a plan to sue the world's Jews for "plundering" gold from Pharonic Egypt during the Exodus. (See Exodus 12: 35-36.) Whereas, some Jewish commentaries have suggested that as the Hebrews led by Moses had been enslaved, they were owed some conpensation. But it has also been asked if any such legal suit would exceed a sensible statute of limitations? (Reported 13 September 2003 in Australia)

1206BC-1189BC: Moses and Aaron lead Exodus from Egypt during period of anarchy, unrest and upheaval by foreigners during rule of Setnakhte (the father of Ramses III) who had succeeded Merneptah (1215-1206) who had succeeded Ramses II (1281-1215). (Robert Feather, The Copper Scroll Decoded, p. 53)

1190BC: The Philistines invade Canaan. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1190BC: Hittites have lost much power by 1190BC, but by this time the chariot has conquered the civilized world and the horse becomes an object of veneration and great value. Menial tasks are left for oxen. (Edwards)

1190BC: Sea Peoples (in another book) are from Crete, repulsed by Ramesses III about 1190BC.

1190BC: Joshua with Exodus issues from about 1230BC. (Encyclopedia Judaica). Joshua becomes leader in 1190BC.

1194BC-1184BC: Another set of dates for Trojan War, which is fought over Troy's hold on the Hellespont.
See Reader's Digest, History of Man: The Last Two Million Years. Sydney, The Reader's Digest Association, 1973-1974.

1198BC: Ramesses III (1198-1166) in his 5th regnal year say 1193BC, dealt with a Libyan invasion of the delta, killed 1000s of Libyans if not more. A confederation of Sea Peoples advanced by land and sea to Egypt, they had overrun the Hittites and camped at Amor in Syria. Ramesses III had fought them in a land battle in Palestine and a sea battle in a delta mouth. The Sea Peoples went further west, to possibly become Sicilians, Sardinians, Estruscans. Philistine and Tjekker Sea People had come overland, and ended left by Egypt in military camps in Palestine coastal areas, to guard the overland routes subject to Bedouin attacks.

1200BC: India: Codification of the Vedic hymns, which may have been composed between 1800BC and 1500BC? Were the Vedic hymns composed by the "Aryan invaders" of India about 1500BC?. Hancock in his book, Underworld, casts doubt on any Aryan invasion, since before 1500BC, India (the Harappans in the Pakistan area), had sophisticated and centrally-planned cities. Hancock asks, did the inspirations of India come from earlier, say, from Sumer, about 3000BC? Also, does the composition of the Vedas predate the use of iron? The Vedas also mention city life, long-distance travel by sea, and overland trade, elements of the Indus-Sarasvati cultures.

1200BC or earlier: South America: The Olmecs have built two artificial plateaux at La Venta and San Lorenzo, on which they build religious cities "nearly as old as Babylon". Mysteriously, the Olmecs vanish by about 300BC, to be followed by the Maya.
(Item from Gavin Menzies, 1421, The Year China Discovered the World. 2002 - hardcover edition)

1200BC-1000BC: Israel: The Age of the Judges in Israel.

1200BC: Phoenicians are sailing beyond Straits of Gibraltar to reach the Canary Islands, and West Africa, and cross the Bay of Biscay for tin from Cornwall.

1200BC: Financial Times World Desk Reference has view that the Exodus of Moses from Egypt is 1200BC.

c1200 BCE: Migrations caused by drying climate? (deforestation???)

1200BC: Approx: Pharaoh Sethnakht reunites Egypt city states in about 1200BC, but there is no word on what disunited them. Do we have a gap for 1202BC Merneptah and 1182BC for Ramesses III (?).

1200BC and later: Dorians Greeks invade from the north, plunder citadels and kings of Mycenae. They displaced older Greek inhabitants. eg the Ionians of Attica.

From 1200BC: New waves of barbarian invasions to the Middle East destroying the balance of power/influence between Egypt, Assyria and the Hittites. Hill, desert and steppe peoples mingle in such efforts. From now, wandering tribes include Hebrews, Philistines, Aramaeans, Phrygians, Dorians, Chaldeans, Medes. (From McNeill).

1600BC-1200BC: Dates for earliest recreational use of smoked opium. Ancient Cyprus seems to have been an opium trafficking point.

1200BC-1100BC: tribes and bands of freebooters penetrate and worry the Middle East.

1200BC, Camels: 17 references to camels in The Book of Genesis. Historically, only to the end of 2nd mlnm did Israelites become acquainted with camels, when they were invaded about 1200BC by nomadic Arabs, the Midianites, who used camels.

1200BC: Moses having had a high-caste Egyptian education, the Ten Commandments would have been carved in stone in hieroglyphs circa 1200BC. The Hebrews arrived in Canaan about 1180BC-1170BC-1150BC and had left Egypt around 1220BC. Goodman gives the Exodus date as 1220BC, but Encyclopedia of the Bible and G. W. Anderson date the Exodus about 1250BC. "There is almost no archaeological evidence between 1250BC-950BC to indicate that the Israelites had arrived in Canaan" - or that if they did, it was as a people, not a "state". (Robert Feather, The Copper Scroll Decoded, p. 77)

1200BC: Sigmund Freud was mistaken when he dated Moses at about 1375BC. Robert Feather dates Moses at about 1200BC. Both Feather and Freud agree that Moses however did encounter the monotheistic views of Ahkenaten. (See Sigmund Freud, Moses and Monotheism. Hogarth Press, 1951. And Robert Feather, The Copper Scroll Decoded)

1200BC: Basic Bible date, Moses, Exodus from Egypt.

Route of Exodus: any early date might assume that Moses' monotheism influenced by Akhenaten's monotheism, on fortifications to be avoided, (see Seti I), Egypt had a series of forts to the East borders called The Wall of the Ruler, east of Suez near the Suez canal area. (Britannica)

Note: Various notes are filed here regarding Akhenaten from Robert Feather, The Copper Scroll Decoded: One Man's Search for the Fabulous Treasures of Ancient Egypt. London, Thorsons/HarperCollins, 1999.
http://www.thorsons.com

Note: By late 1999: For major new work in Egyptian and Hebrew chronology, history and mythology, especially on Ahkenaten, see Charles Pope's work at:
http://www.domainofman.com/
And matters related also on Ahkenaten at:
http://members.aol.com/ankhemmaat/moses.htm/
Also: http://members.aol.com/ankhemmaat/exodus.htm/

Ramesses had city Tanis in east Nile delta, and a reed sea or papyrus marsh is there, the reed sea could not be an extension of the red Sea, over bitter waters of Marah so maybe Exodus from city of Ramesses to Succoth, to Etham on the edge of the wilderness, then back to Migdol near the Red Sea, from Tanis to Wadi Tumilat, to go into Sinai wilderness by Beersheba, but thrown back by warfare and the Egyptian system of fortifications, at Etham?, possible stop also at Daphne (Tell Defneh) where there was a temple to Baal, then from Mt Sinai to Kadesh. but there is still a problem with Moses in Hatshepsut's time. re Moses seeking from the Edomites permission to go through whilst not moving off the king's highway, and can the conquest of Canaan be placed in this revised, early date for the Exodus? Hatshepsut having been 1473BC-1458BC) (Ian Wilson on Exodus). Tuthmosis III's incursions into Canaan probably keeping the Israelites on the move, Ian Wilson on Exodus Kadesh here from and re water at Kadesh Barnea, Wilson sees it between the Wilderness of Zin and the Wilderness of Paran, on the frontier of Edom, and he favours Ain-el-Qudeirat, set in the Wadi-el-Ain, or Valley of the Spring, possibly the best source of water in the whole north Sinai, but nothing of archaeological worth has been found there. (See: Ian Wilson, on Exodus; The Interpreter's Dictionary Of The Bible. New York, Abingdon Press, 1962.)

1200BC: The Sea People destroy Ugarit an ancient Syrian city hear the coast dating back to Third Millennium.

1200BC: The Phrygians, a tribe from Thrace or Macedonia, moved into Anatolia with the Sea People, first appeared historically about 750BC; good metalworkers and their writing resembled Greek. Time of King Midas.

South Mesopotamian history obscure from 1200BC onwards. [The Sea People?]

1200BC: In north Mesopotamia, rulers at Assur are downing the Hurrian state of Mitanni. Then the Assyrians declined, reviving 1000BC to 612BC, when the Assyrian Empire dominated the Near East. In 612BC, a coalition of Chaldean Kings from Babylon and Medes from Iran brought the fall of Nineveh, a Neo-Babylonian dynasty ruled Mesopotamia until 539BC, when Babylon fell to Cyrus II, the Achaemenid king. Later, foreign rulers dominated Mesopotamia.

1200BC: Iron being used in China, in meteorite form. Treated as a semi-precious stone. Cast iron used from about 650BC, and no cast iron in Europe until 1000 years later. (As iron needs a kiln about 1835 degreesC)

1200BC: Dar Tichitt, earliest evidence for farming on southern fringes of Sahara Desert, Neolithic sites here. Southern Muritania. Fishing, cattle, goats, hunting, wild grasses gathered. Pottery in use, stone axes. From about 1000BC, decrease in rain dried the lakes, so fishing impossible. More climatic deterioration in 700BC.

1200BC: in South Germany and Bohemia had surfaced the Celts, Urnfield people, who buried their cremated dead in urns, the first to use lead in bronze casting, used lost-wax method, made large metal vessels and defensive armour. Influenced the Estruscans in north Italy. System displaced by the Iron Age from 8th CBC

1200BC: In China: Advent of the chariot, while in Europe, nd, chariot came with the Iron Age, introduced by the Indo-European Hurrians. Examples eg at Ur. Use of the chariot in war required the building of imposing earthworks around a city.

1200BC to 1100BC, An-Yang, site in China of last capital of the Shang Dynasty. palaces, mudbricks, workshops, immense tombs. Oracle bones and ritual vessels. Jade objects.

By 1200BC: A general move east into Anatolia by the tribes known as Sea People, who brought downfall of the Hittites. There was a succeeding Dark Ages, see histories of Anatolia. However, at this time, no dark ages in Europe, more a cultural quickening.

By 1200BC: Jaynes has Shang Chinese royal tombs with slaughtered retinues and animals as in Mesopotamia. Tuchman dates the fall of Priam's Troy as dated near the end of the Bronze Age, around 1200 BC. Greece at this time had mercantile and maritime ambitions. By 1200, these were Mycenaean times in Greece, when Agamemnon, son of Atreus, was King of Mycenae in the citadel with the Lion gate, just south of Corinth. Tuchman says some violent cause at about the time of the fall of Troy but probably over a longer period, ended the primacy of Mycenae and the literate politics of Knossus at Crete, with which it was linked, and there followed a 200-year shadowy void called "the Greek Dark Ages", when written language seems to have vanished completely, although the oral tradition kept the stories of the heroes alive; some recovery of civilisation when the Dorians arrived, the Iliad had 16,000 lines and the Odyssey had 12,000 lines. By 1200 BC, Jaynes has fragments of the later Epic of Gilgamesh on some Hittite and Hurrian fragments, although a more usual date for these fragments is about 1700 BC; Jaynes notes the de-bicameralised changes as including the injection of subjectivity, questions arise: of what is in the human heart?

1200BC: Series of destructions of undetermined origin, Mycenaean culture in decline.

About 1200BC: Destruction of Troy VIh. The Sea People invasions were about 1210Bc to 1180 BC.

By 1200BC: Jaynes has bicameralism society, in Chavin, in Mexico. Jaynes has 1115-1077 BC the most powerful king of Middle Assyria as Tiglath-Pileser 1, a king who no longer joins the name of his god to his own name, has a policy of cruel frightfulness, with incredibly bloody punishments unnecessary for maintenance of control in bicameral days. In Greece were the Dorian invasions, breaking down bicameralism, cruelties had been unnecessary as a means of social control until this breakdown.

1200AD: Bronze Age: The Labyrinth as Entertainment: Appearance in Europe, the Middle East and parts of Asia, the labyrinth as entertainment, or, relaxation, or, an aid to contemplation. The labyrinth differs from its relative, the maze, as its winding paths lead back to the centre and out again. Labyrinths were popular in Roman times, and reached their peak in medieval times, when 11-circuit models were placed on church floors (as in Chartres Cathedral, c.1200). The first-appearing labyrinth seems to be the one in which the bull-headed Minotaur lived, on Crete. (Legend of Theseus and Ariadne). In Britain, editor of a British journal of mazes and labyrinths, Caerdoia, is Jeff Saward.
See also, Virginia Westbury, Labyrinths: Ancient Paths of Wisdom and Peace. Lansdowne Publishing, 2001. Check online at: http://www.labyrinthsociety.org

1203BC-1195: In Egypt, Queen Tenosret rules.

1203BC-1197BC: In Egypt, King Siptah rules following Merneptah.

1203BC-1195BC: In Egypt, King Siptah rules.

1220BC, Pharaoh Merneptah set up a stele with mention of a triumphant raid on Palestine, captured Ashkelon, Gezer, etc, in non-Israelite areas.

1205BC: Approx: Map leads to Egyptian goldmine?: A Perth, Australia, geologist, who grew up in Egypt, Siami El-Raghy, feels he may have found a map that will lead to the gold mines used at the time of King Seti I, in the 19th Dynasty, 1350BC-1205BC. Question: did the gold of Tutankhamun's day come from these mines? The geologist seven years ago noticed a copy of a map in a Cairo government office, "the oldest known geological map in the world". (Reported in Australia, 19 October 1999)

Egypt: The Book of the Dead is collected during the 18th Dynasty of Egypt.

1205BC: Israelites in their south are oppressed by Cushan-rishathaim. In 1198, Othniel drives them out. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

Circa 1210BC: Egyptians and Pharaoh Merneptah record a major attack by Sea People. And again in 1180BC. M. Wood, one attack in the Libyan area. One attack by about 20,000 on Egypt, including some Sea Peoples, up to 25 per cent. In the Libyan battle, over 12,000 attacked Egypt. One view is that Merneptah had war between Egyptians and Canaanites, re burials at Hebron, or perhaps Ramesses III with this battle.

1212BC: Merneptah 1212BC to 1202BC, son of Ramesses II, ruthless raids on Palestine, desolated Israel, perhaps the pharaoh of exodus, making Ramesses II the pharaoh of oppression? 580BCVELIKOVSKY date, Ramesses II marries a daughter of Nebuchadnezzar, (570BC as a VELIKOVSKY date, Nebuchadnezzar visits Ramesses II.)

1215BC: The Exodus took place "shortly after Ramses II's demise in 1215BC. "His rule was too secure to have allowed a mass escape of slaves." (Robert Feather, The Copper Scroll Decoded) "Exodus 13 recounts that some 600,000 'Children of Israel' left from the region of Ramses in the northern Nile delta, after spending 430 years in Egypt. Both these figures are... suspect." However, they took with them, great (plunder?) wealth/treasure. Feather feels the 430 years in Egypt was more like 140-150 years. (Robert Feather, The Copper Scroll Decoded)
On Ramesses II of Egypt. When his stomach contents were analysed in 1979 by French botanists, chopped tobacco leaves were found with other vegetable matter such as plantain, stinging nettles, flax, black pepper seeds, and camomile, wheat. It does not appear that the Egyptians smoked tobacco. How did the Egyptians know of tobacco?

1220BC: If we assume that Joseph went into Egypt in about 1850BC-1800BC by Bimson's dating (see Ian Wilson on Exodus), or 1650BC and Jews enslaved for 430 years after that, then enslavement ceased about 1420BC-1395BC or 1220BC?

1234BC: Israelites led by Joshua invade Canaan. Jericho is taken successfully. Between 1234-1228BC: much Canaanite territory still remains under Canaanite control. In 1233, Joseph's remains are returned to Shechem and buried. In 1228, Joshua divides the land of Canaan among the tribes. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1235BC: Sea Peoples: (Britannica): In reign of Merneptah, (1236BC-1223BC) a 13th son of Ramesses II. Sea Peoples invaded in Merneptah's 5th regnal year, about 1231BC, he was first invaded by Libyans and Sea Peoples from Anatolia who had gone to Libya in search of homes. Britannica suggests Ramesses II is the pharaoh of oppression and Merneptah of the Exodus. Merneptah was cruel at times to enemies but when Hittites had a famine he sent them grain from Ugarit.

1235BC: Likely date for the Exodus of Israelites from Egypt, almost certainly in time of Ramesses II. (Mellersh).

Abu Simbel, Egypt: A high-tech show is being planned to present the glories of the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II (reigned 1298BC-1235). Computer equipment will simulate the presence of four giant, rock-cut statues, 20m-tall collossi, at Abu Simbel, 1225km south of Cairo. A similar show will also be staged at a nearby temple of Queen Nefertiti. About 7000-9000 tourists are expected to visit the show daily. (Reported early in 2000)

1235 BC: about the time of writing of the Book of Joshua. (Packer)

1235BC: Moses leads the Israelites to near Jericho on the Jordan River, despite objections of Edomites, Ammonites and Moabites, in 1235, Balaam, a prophet of Mesopotamia, tries to prophesy against Israel, but God causes him to bless Israel. In 1235, Moses allots the land east of Jordan to the tribes of Reuben, Gad and Manasseh. later Moses ascends Mt Nebo and views the land of Canaan, he dies at the age of 120 and is buried by God. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1235BC: Likely date for the Exodus of Israelites from Egypt, almost certainly in time of Ramesses II. (Mellersh)

1224BC-1214BC: Egypt reign of Merneptah, often the Pharaoh of the Exodus, no specific Egyptian tradition re who it was, composed in his fifth year a stele associating Israel people with the people of Canaan. this gives no time for 40 years wandering on the desert.

1224BC-1184BC: Jews time of Deborah. (Packer.) 1224BC-1214BC, in Egypt, King Merneptah.

1250BC: The population of Egypt is 2.6 million in 1250BC: (Robert Feather, The Copper Scroll Decoded)

1250BC: One date given for Moses receiving the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai.

1250BC-1550BC: Suggestions that Ramesses II as Pharaoh of Oppression or Exodus. (Bacon, Atlas). Josephus the Jewish historian (died about 100AD), dated the Egyptian revolt against Hyksos at 1550BC, with the Exodus at this date, but this book deems Josephus' view unlikely. (Bacon, Atlas).

1250BC: Approx: Hittites in danger of being swept away by the Sea People. Philistines, one of the Sea People invading Palestine at beginning of ???12C BC, gave it their name, settled on the coast and then spread inland. Had iron weapons and new pottery. Adopted culture of Canaanites. Sea People.

1250BC: poste Philistines settled at Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, in one small strip. (Bacon, Atlas).

1250BC-1240BC: Trojan War date. (Mellersh).

1250BC: Mercea Eliade, The Encyclopedia of Religion. Macmillan, NY, 1987, suggests Moses lives in C13thBC, date uncertain, any quest for the historical Moses is futile. Moses, a sort of nickname from an Egyptian name.

1250BC Mercea Eliade, The Encyclopedia of Religion. New York, Macmillan, 1987. suggests Moses in C13thBC, date uncertain, notes that quest for the historical Moses is futile. Moses a sort of nickname from an Egyptian name, This book has no date for Joshua either.

1250BC: Large scale grain cargoes going from Ugarit to Hittite country, due to the famine.

1250BC: Encyclopedia Britannica says early date of Exodus based on 480 years elapsing from Exodus to Solomon building his temple, which would make Exodus about 1440BC time of Tuthmosis III eg petty kingdoms Moab and Edom were not yet settled and the destruction of the cities the Jews claimed to have captured occurred about 1250BC, not 1400BC.

1250BC: Troy has some wealth based on horses, and wild horses still roam Lesbos. The sack of Laomedon's Troy was possibly due to a dispute over horses. (M. Wood.) The Trojan destruction by the Greeks but one of its many destructions. The last sacking was terrible violence, city stormed and burned, citizens killed, some left dead in the streets. Founders of Troy VI had come to Hisarlik about 1900BC. Towards 1100BC, Troy ceased to exist. Some Trojans had retreated to the higher ground over the Scamander River, at Bunarbashi, and kept making their typical pottery down to 800BC, the Grey Minyan pottery. Then they may have returned to Troy. By 190BC, Troy in a very decrepit state.

1250BC: Greeks seek commercial advantage at entrance of the Black Sea, Troy. (Mellersh).

1250BC?: (From M. Wood), 3600BC, Troy established by Neolithic settlers from Kum Tepe by the Dardenelles. Destined to be sacked at least nine times. in 2500BC, Troy settled on a sea-girt promontory. By 2200BC, Troy a royal citadel, by 2190, sack of Troy II to get "Priam's Treasure"; (article, The Age, 15 July 1991, the long-lost gold of Troy poste Heinrich Schliemann's excavations, women's jewellery, eg., a gold diadem or head dress made of 16,353 intricately worked pieces, necklaces, dozens of bracelets and thousands of rings, was flown from Berlin to Moscow by the Red Army in June and July 1945, ending in the hands in 1991 of two Soviet art experts, Grigory Kozlov and Konstantin Akinsha), and it may have been that this sack was a punishment as Laomedon, whose father was Ilus, had built the great walls of Troy noted by about 1300BC, but Laomedon cheated Apollo and Poseidon after they had helped him in this; he would not give up some immortal snow white horses to Hercules, who had helped Laomedon by destroyed a sea monster sent by Poseidon. (Note: Iman Wilkens, Where Troy Once Stood. London, Rider, 1990.) M. Wood on Troy - conveys that Agamemnon had married Clytemnestra, daughter of Tyndareus of Sparta and sister to Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world. Helen went to Agamemnon's brother, Menelaos, later king of Lakonia. Athena is goddess of wisdom. Mythology of the day ranges around idea of strife. (See M. Wood, p. 21.)
Paris of Troy visits Sparta and is feasted by Menelaos. Paris then has to go to Crete to see King Idomeneus of Knossos, and Helen happens to elope with him. Then they sailed for Troy. Much depends on whether Helen left voluntarily, left voluntarily with treasure, or was captured by force. In any case, Menelaos was in Crete when he heard the news Helen was gone and so he hurried to Mycenae to ask Agamemnon to help to lead an army to Troy to take revenge. Agamemnon sends messengers to Troy to demand Helen's restitution, with compensation. Envoys came back empty-handed, Menelaos and his old ally, King Nestor of Pylos, went to Greece to ask independent kings of Greece to help with the expedition. Armies gathered, with Achilles, Odysseus (Ulysses) of Ithaca, Ajax of Lockris, smaller kingdoms, larger kingdoms were Pylos, Sparta, Tiryns, Mycenae, and Crete-Knossos. Some 164 places sent troops, according to Homer's list. An army seer said the business would take ten years.
The Greeks set sail and in error attacked Teuthrania in Mysia, opposite Lesbos on Asia Minor, and devastated it. Telephus the king of Mysia beat them back and they retreated shamefully to Greece. Some time elapsed before they regrouped. When the Greeks had reassembled at Aulis, they were windbound and unable to sail, hungry and waiting. Army prophet revealed that Agamemnon had offended Artemis and would not sail until he had sacrificed his most beautiful daughter to appease the goddess and change the wind. Early sources agree that his daughter Iphigenia was sacrificed.

1250BC: Approx: (Woods on Troy). Finally the Greeks sailed and went to Lesbos, then Tenedos, which was visible from Troy and ruled by some linked to Troy, so the Greeks sacked Tenedos. Then they berthed at Troy and built fortifications. Trojans had allies from Asia Minor and Thrace, both sides used chariots, Troy not the only objective, Achilles led a great foray southwards, sacking some mainland cities and islands Lesbos, Skyros and Tenedos. Ajax plundered in Teuthrania, and after some time, the Greeks concentrated fully on Troy. At some time in Troy, Ajax allegedly fouled the temple of Athena. (10th year of the war?) Trojans reinforced by allies from south west Anatolia. Achilles' friend Patroclus been killed, so Achilles in reprisal killed 12 noble captured Trojans over Hector's funeral pyre. Hector of Troy fell in single combat with Achilles. A Trojan ally was Memnon, killed in battle, and then Paris killed Achilles by arrowing his heel, and later Achilles was cremated. Ajax maddened by Achilles death and committed suicide with a sword given him by Hector, and his tomb is about 5 miles/km from Troy. Priam's son Paris, cause of all this, was killed by Philoktetes, but the Trojans refused to give up Helen, as she had been married by Deiphobos of Troy. Then the plan hatched to build a wooden horse to hide armed men, and Menelaos and Odysseus hid inside. Horse allegedly an offering to Athena, Greeks burn their camp and put out to see as if they'd given up. They waited off Tenedos for a signal fire to return. At dawn, Trojans pulled the horse inside their city, then celebrated, then the Greek fleet returned and at midnight, the soldiers came out of the horse, killed sentries and opened the gates of Troy. Much sacking. King old Priam was killed by Neoptolemus, Priam who had seen Hercules sack Troy, who had seen all his own sons killed, eg Deiphobos, whom Helen had married after Paris" death. Old King Priam cut down and murdered. Menelaos had determined to kill Helen, but seeing her with her bared breasts in the midst of night and impressed by her beauty still he cast away his sword. All male children of Troy killed. Women enslaved and taken to Greece. Idea that Ajax of Lockris has fouled the altar of Athena. Agamemnon's army plundered and burned Troy, razed its walls, and Polyxena, daughter of Priam, was sacrificed on the tomb of Achilles. House of Priam now extinct. and myths have the unbelievable story that some of the Greek victors took ten years to find their way home - which is totally unbelievable. Agamemnon murdered by his wife and a rival. Within 80 years the world of all this was disintegrated, Greeks of this saga went into colonies and the Dorians came into Greece and Sparta proper.

1250BC: Exodus route given as Goshen, Wilderness of Etham, about north of West Arabia, Maka'h, south to Elim, Wilderness of Sin, to Mt Sinai, through Wilderness of Sinai, to Land of Midian top of that gulf, to Wilderness of Paran, Wilderness of Zin, to Kadesh Barnea, south back to the land of Midian, north up to the land of Moab by the Dead Sea, and the Jews could not have had 60,000 Hebrews of fighting age as suggested by Bible. (Bacon, Atlas). Merneptah (reigned 1224BC-1214BC) boasted "Israel lies desolate, its seed is no more.... All the lands in their entirety are at peace, Everyone who was a nomad has been curbed by King Merneptah". (Bacon, Atlas).

1250BC: Troy has some wealth based on horses, and wild horses still roam Lesbos. and the sack of Laomedon's Troy was due to a dispute over horses. (M. Wood). The Trojan destruction by the Greeks but one of its many destructions. The last sacking was terrible violence, city stormed and burned, citizens killed, some left dead in the streets. Founders of Troy VI had come to Hisarlik about 1900BC. Towards 1100BC, Troy ceased to exist. Some Trojans had retreated to the higher ground over the Scamander RIver, at Bunarbashi, and kept making their typical pottery down to 800BC, the Grey Minyan pottery. Then they may have returned to Troy. By 190BC, Troy in a very decrepit state.

1250BC: Greeks seek commercial advantage at entrance of the Black Sea, Troy. (Mellersh).

1250BC: Encyclopedia Britannica says early date of Exodus based on 480 years elapsing from Exodus to Solomon building his temple, which would make Exodus about 1440BC time of Tuthmosis III eg petty kingdoms Moab and Edom were not yet settled and the destruction of the cities the Jews claimed to have captured occurred about 1250BC, not 1400BC.

1250BC: Greeks seek commercial advantage at entrance of the Black Sea, Troy. (Mellersh).

1250BC? - (From M. Wood), 3600BC, Troy had been established by Neolithic settlers, the great walls of Troy are braced, as noted by about 1300BC, but Laomedon cheated Apollo and Poseited by Menelaos. Paris then has to go to Crete to see King Idomeneus of Knossos, and Helen happens to elope with him. Then they sailed for Troy. Much depends on whether Helen left voluntarily, left voluntarily with treasure, or was captured by force. In any case, Menelaos was in Crete when he heard the news Helen was gone and so he hurried to Mycenae to ask Agamemnon to help to lead an army to Troy to take revenge. Agamemnon sends messengers to Troy to demand Helen's restitution, with compensation. Envoys came back empty-handed, Menelaos and his old ally, King Nestor of Pylos, went to Greece to ask independent kings of Greece to help with the expedition. Armies gathered, with Achilles, Odysseus (Ulysses) of Ithaca, Ajax of Lockris, smaller kingdoms, larger kingdoms were Pylos, Sparta, Tiryns, Mycenae, and Crete-Knossos. Some 164 places sent troops, according to Homer's list. An army seer said the business would take ten years. The Greeks set sail and in error attacked Teuthrania in Mysia, opposite Lesbos on Asia Minor, and devastated it. Telephus the king of Mysia beat them back and they retreated shamefully to Greece. Some time elapsed before they regrouped. When the Greeks had reassembled at Aulis, they were windbound and unable to sail, hungry and waiting. Army prophet revealed that Agamemnon had offended Artemis and would not sail until he had sacrificed his most beautiful daughter to appease the goddess and change the wind. early sources agree that his daughter Iphigenia was sacrificed.

1250BC: Approx, Woods on Troy - Finally the Greeks sailed and went to Lesbos,, then Tenedos, which was visible from Troy and ruled by some linked to Troy, so the Greeks sacked Tenedos. Then they berthed at Troy and built fortifications. Trojans had allies from Asia Minor and Thrace, both sides used chariots, Troy not the only objective, Achilles led a great foray southwards, sacking some mainland cities and islands Lesbos, Skyros and Tenedos. Ajax plundered in Teuthrania, and after some time, the Greeks concentrated fully on Troy. At some time in Troy, Ajax allegedly fouled the temple of Athena. (10th year of the war?) Trojans reinforced by allies from south west Anatolia. Achilles' friend Patroclus been killed, so Achilles in reprisal killed 12 noble captured Trojans over Hector's funeral pyre. Hector of Troy fell in single combat with Achilles. A Trojan ally was Memnon, killed in battle, and then Paris killed Achilles by arrowing his heel, and later Achilles was cremated. Ajax maddened by Achilles death and committed suicide with a sword given him by Hector, and his tomb is about 5 miles/km from Troy. Priam's son Paris, cause of all this, was killed by Philoktetes, but the Trojans refused to give up Helen, as she had been married by Deiphobos of Troy. Then the plan hatched to build a wooden horse to hide armed men, and Menelaos and Odysseus hid inside. Horse allegedly an offering to Athena, Greeks burn their camp and put out to see as if they'd given up. They waited off Tenedos for a signal fire to return. At dawn, Trojans pulled the horse inside their city, then celebrated, then the Greek fleet returned and at midnight, the soldiers came out of the horse, killed sentries and opened the gates of Troy. Much sacking. King old Priam was killed by Neoptolemus, Priam who had seen Hercules sack Troy, who had seen all his own sons killed, eg Deiphobos, whom Helen had married after Paris" death. Old King Priam cut down and murdered. Menelaos had determined to kill Helen, but seeing her with her bared breasts in the midst of night and impressed by her beauty still he cast away his sword. All male children of Troy killed. Women enslaved and taken to Greece. Idea that Ajax of Lockris has fouled the altar of Athena. Agamemnon's army plundered and burned Troy, razed its walls, and Polyxena, daughter of Priam, was sacrificed on the tomb of Achilles. House of Priam now extinct. and myths have the unbelievable story that some of the Greek victors took ten years to find their way home - which is totally unbelievable. Agamemnon murdered by his wife and a rival. Within 80 years the world of all this was disintegrated, Greeks of this saga went into colonies and the Dorians came into Greece and Sparta proper.

Advertisement

1250BC, Approx, Hittites in danger of being swept away by the Sea People. Philistines, one of the Sea People invading Palestine at beginning of ???12C BC, gave it their name, settled on the coast and then spread inland. Had iron weapons and new pottery. Adopted culture of Canaanites. Sea People.

1250BC, (M. Wood on Troy cites Seneca writing, "Ask me for a true image of human existence and I will show you the sack of a great city".) Troy on hill of Hisarlik, on edge of a plateau. Greeks may have regarded Troy as dug out by the mattock of Zeus, consumed by a whirlwind of doom, a city ground to dust. (Someone once compared Achilles to Hitler, trying to demolish an old civilization.)

From 1250BC to 1000BC... Argument that Homer's scenes etc took place in Western Europe, outlines mysteries of Gnostic religion, and via transposition of place names finds Troy in England and Mycenae in France. Helen was a symbol of wisdom. Says that the horse-drawn chariot is from Hyksos in 1700BC. That Poseidon is equivalent to Neptune, (all a Celtic battle), Hercules then went off to Peloponnese, got six ships, came back and sacked Troy. Only survivor by Hercules attack was L's son, Podarces, who had always said Hercules ought to be rewarded, and he was renamed Priam and set loose. Over three generations, Priam restored Troy's greatness, he had fifty sons and 12 daughters, and his eldest son was the Trojan warrior Hector, then Paris/Alexander, In Priam's old age, Greek most powerful king was Agamemnon, whose family came from Lydians in Western Turkey, who had married into the Perseid dynasty of Mycenae; (Midea was the site for the cult of Hippodamia, mother of Atreus and grandmother of Agamemnon, and Midea the third great fortress of the Argolid). Agamemnon's family controlled the Argolid with its fortresses at Tiryns and Midea.

1250BC?: Re Troy: (M. Wood), Famous women of Troy - young Iphigenia was sacrificed at Aulis as prelude to expedition against Troy, and there was human sacrifice and ritual cannibalism in the Bronze Age, as with at Knossos the remains of two children eight and eleven, the age of Iphigenia, who seem to have been ritually killed and partially eaten prior to some catastrophe. This Knossos find could be related to tales of cannibalism of children of Agamemnon's uncle, Thyestes, as well as tale re Iphigenia. M. Wood, Herodotus said that after the Trojan war, Crete was so devastated by plague and pestilence is became uninhabitable. Climate change, etc, re the movements of the Sea Peoples?

1250BC: M. Wood feels that the wooden horse is a horse-shaped wooden siege ram in which men could hide, or, Poseidon, earth God, worshipped in form of horse, or a master of horses, but also an originator of earthquakes. Troy earlier sacked by Herackles, and so perhaps the wooden horse a tribute from Greeks to Poseidon for an earthquake which weakened the defences of Troy? Troy was the "last fling" of the Myceneaen world.

1250BC, Sea People, many different origins on the move around 1250BC, due to unclear economic and social pressures. so that Dorians, Aeolians and Ionians moved into Greece and the Aegean Islands, probably destroyed the Mycenaeans, and drove them east, see Trojan War. Thraco-Phrygians were driven into Anatolia, later to bring down the Hittites. Some homeless peoples swept south to coasts of Asia Minor and Syria, burning and looting as they went. only stopped by Ramesses III in 1174 BC on borders of Egypt. At this time, the Philistines settled in Palestine. Ramesses III defeated Sea Peoples.

About 1250BC, An actual earthquake at Troy. M. Wood.

By 1250BC: In a rock relief, the god (Mesopotamian area) Sharruma holds his steward-king, Tudhaliys in his embrace; relief also has ideograms. Jaynes has the Trojan War in actuality about 1230 BC, and by now, the disaster of the eruption destroying Atlantis has destroyed the civilizations supported by bicameralism. Neighbour has to invade neighbour. Migrations go into Ionia and further south. Coastal lands of the Levant are invaded by land and sea from Eastern Europe, of whom the Old Testament Philistines are a part. Cruel Assyrians take over - and do not have the bicameral system. Jaynes in 1230 BC has Tukulti-Ninurta I, tyrant of Assyria, had a stone altar dramatically different, for he kneels in supplication before his god - who is represented by an empty throne. The god has gone, the bicameral tradition has broken down; Tukulti is Nimrod in the old testament and King Ninos in Greek Myths. Nimrod had contact with some of the descendants of Noah's sons and in the bible, Nimrod or Nimrod's father was the first mighty man after the great flood. Modern scholars feel the Iliad was transmitted in the oral tradition by Greek bards by about 1230 BC, when contemporary Hittite tablets allow inferences to be made about cross-correspondences; references about human reactivity in the oral-written down Iliad include thumos, which is strength of the raw vital forces of the body, more so the raw, adrenalin-pumped reaction to an emergency, later becoming soul or conscious mind; psyche is life substances, later emotional soul; phrenos is gut feeling, stomach and intestines; noos, nous, based on the word, "to see", a latecomer, meaning conscious mind; phrenes are lungs (containers); Kardie, later kardia, the cardiac system; etor is gastro-intestinal system, further refined from thumos and phrenes.

For major new work in Egyptian and Hebrew chronology, history and mythology, see Charles Pope's work at: http://www.dnafoundation.com/cpope/
And matters related also on Ahkenaten at:
http://http://members.aol.com/ankhemmaat/moses.htm/
Also: http://members.aol.com/ankhemmaat/exodus.htm/

1250BC, circa, possible Route of Exodus, cross bitter lakes, near present day Suez Canal, parallel the eastern coast of gulf of Suez, to the turquoise mines at Serabit-el-Khadem, inland to Mt Sinai, at Gebel Musa, Jebel Musa is where Moses is said to have received the Ten Commandments, but one of up to five possible sites for Mt Sinai, and so Exodus routes have to wend around one's choice of a Mt Sinai, (Ian Wilson on Exodus) But this route has some problems re the wanderings. Manna from heaven is a honey-like deposit from the tamarisk shrub, an adult could gather four pounds in a single morning. (Ian Wilson on Exodus).

1250BC-1550BC, Suggestions that Ramesses II as Pharaoh of oppression or Exodus. (Bacon, Atlas). Josephus the Jewish historian died about 100AD, dated the Egyptian revolt against Hyksos at 1550BC, with the Exodus at this date, but this book deems Josephus' view unlikely. (Bacon, Atlas).

1250BC poste Philistines settled at Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, in one small strip. (Bacon, Atlas).

1250BC-1240BC: Trojan War date. (Mellersh)

1260BC and earlier: The mother of Moses is Jochebed, which Feather says is an Egyptian name. Feather calls Aaron the "biblical brother" of Moses, not a blood or half-blood brother. Moses in Feather's view became heavily influenced by Akhenaten's monotheistic views. (Robert Feather, The Copper Scroll Decoded)

1260BC: M. Wood tends to date the fall of Troy about 1260BC, which fits with some Hittite letters chronology, and in reign of Hattusilis III, when Hittite relations with kingdom of Ahhiyawa (Greeks) were becoming hostile. Idea that beacon fires were lit to send news of the fall of Troy all across the Aegean to Mycenea. Some Greeks were being predatory in the north-east Aegean, and Homer said Agamemnon attacked Lemnos. and perhaps Achilles was campaigning south of the Troad of Troy. The Troy the Greeks of Homer took was Troy VI of a phase of life 1375BC to 1250BC. Island of Lesbos is close. Lesbos was sacked around 1250BC, Homer suggests by Achilles. Lesbos god figure was Bronze-Age god, Smintheus, a powerful inflictor and averter of plague: the Greeks at Troy had prayed to him for relief. [Later, Alexander the Great wanted to see Troy, and carried a copy of Homer with him and kept it under his pillow... ). We don't seem to know what happened to Helen! Why not? Because she is a symbol only and is not important as an individual. Roman anti-Christian emperor Julian went to Troy when Christians were there and found offerings still made at the temple to Athena. and the tomb of Achilles was intact. The Christian bishop was permitting this! Legends arose that the fugitives from Troy went to Gaul, or France, some Goths claimed descent from a Trojan who went to Italy, a Welsh tale re founder of Britain a fugitive from Troy. London is allegedly founded as a new Troy.

1275BC is the "late date" for Exodus, and this makes the conquest of Canaan about 1235BC. Evidence here re destruction of Canaanite cities, but the Pharaohs of Egypt in Ramesses time used the names of the Hyksos kings of Egypt, 1730BC to 1570BC. , Re late date for Exodus, in Egypt's 19th Dynasty, which began in 1318BC, times of Ramesses II, which was 1304BC to 1238BC, Hebrew slaves built his store cities of Pithom and Ramesses. Ramesses II mentions slave labour of the Apiru. manna from heaven is a honey-like deposit from the tamarisk shrub, an adult could gather four pounds in a single morning, (Ian Wilson on Exodus, Packer); one exodus route is right down the east coast of West Arabia, across desert looping around Kadesh and Zin, through Moab, Edom and Moab were petty kingdoms that forced Moses to circle east of them, and they were not settled by 1440BC, Britannica plus, the destruction of the cities the Hebrews claimed to have captured occurred about 1250BC, not 1440BC. Britannica and then Hebrews to Jericho past Mt Nebo. Exodus route is south to Jabel Musa, Mt Sinai, (Horeb), a granite range at the southern tip of Sinai Peninsula. There is a trade route from top of Gulf of Suez west to Ezion etc at north of gulf of Aqaba, to the north of which is the wilderness of Parsan. The Egyptians had a portable god-house (an ark), carried with an army. (Ian Wilson on Exodus).

1276-1275BC: God orders Moses and his brother Aaron to lead the Israelites out of slavery. The two brothers confront Pharaoh in 1275BC, but he does not relent until ten plagues have afflicted Egypt: The Red-Reed Sea parts in 1275BC for the Exodus. By Robinson's dates, the escaping Hebrews are at Mr Sinai three months after their escape, and he notes that views differ on how long the Hebrews were in Egypt, for 430 years, 215 years, 120-180 years? In 1275 is made the Golden Calf, the Tabernacle, the Ark of Covenant which holds the Ten Commandments. In 1274BC the Israelites leave the Mt Sinai area, in 1274 Aaron and Miriam challenge Moses' authority, in 1273 the Hebrews came to Kadesh-barnea, south of Canaan. in 1272 the Israelites make a futile attack on Canaan without Moses and lose. In 1270, Korah revolts against Moses' leadership but is beaten. In 1265 Aaron is confirmed as chief priest. In 1255-1240BC the people move to south of the Dead Sea area, but in 1240 return to Kadesh-barnea region. In 1240 dies Moses' sister, Miriam, prophetess, aged about 128. In 1235 dies Aaron aged 123 and his son Eleazar becomes chief priest. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1279BC: Ramesses II, 1279BC to 1212BC, son of Seti I (Seti I) and in 1274BC beat the Assyrians at Kadesh in Syria. Some writers consider him the Pharaoh of Exodus.

1280BC: McNeill dates Egypt's problems with the Sea Peoples from 1280BC. They are "militant wanderers of mixed origins", from north and west with iron weapons. (From McNeill, p. 134.)

Ramesses II, 1289BC and Merneptah in 1224BC. (Tapsell)

1280BC, The Encyclopaedia of Judaism (same editor as the Encyclopaedia Judaica), gives Merneptah as 1224BC-1204BC as Pharaoh of Exodus. Israelites had been slaves for 430 years. Plumbs for Exodus as 1280BC.

Ramesses II, 1289BC and Merneptah in 1224BC. (Tapsell).

1304BC-1237BC: Another date for reign of Ramesses II. Formidable bowmen and war chariots used by Ramesses II at famous battle of Kadesh of about 1285BC when Ramesses II defeated the Hittites. Ramesses II became king as a teenager and reigned for 67 years; in his fifth regnal year, about 1299BC, he walked into the trap or ambush at Kadesh on the Orontes River, in Hittite country, and it is probable that only a few years later Moses confronted Ramesses II with his demand, "Let my people go". Plagues in a year of very high flooding of the Nile, unusually heavy rains in the southern Nile, the Nile filled with blood-red algae, and later the plagues of frogs, gnats, etc.

1280BC: Hittites, north and central Syria, incl Lebanon, were vassals of Hittites, treaty between Ramesses II and Hattusilis III in 1280BC, treaty ended strife but Hittites retained control, only to be later blasted by the Sea Peoples.

1285BC: Packer's date for the battle of Kadesh on the Orontes.

Ramesses II 1289BC: and Merneptah in 1224BC. (Tapsell).

1289BC: Egypt: Ramesses II 1289BC and Merneptah in 1224BC. (Tapsell; Bacon, Atlas).

Ramesses II: 1289BC:and Merneptah in 1224BC. (Tapsell).

1289BC: Ramesses II, 1289BC and Merneptah in 1224BC. (Tapsell).

1290BC: Ramesses II becomes Pharaoh, and builds Pi-Ramesses. (Mellersh).

1290BC: The late date for Exodus. Ramesses I is 1293BC to 1291BC, army general who defeated the Hittites, conquered cities in Palestine. Pharaoh of the oppression possibly Seti I, in 1291-1279BC, or Ramesses II.

1290BC-1224BC: Ramesses II rules in Egypt.

1290BC: Ramesses II becomes Pharaoh, and builds Pi-Ramesses - (Mellersh). Britannica feels Exodus about 1290BC, but this conflicts with archaeological evidence.
If we assume that Joseph went into Egypt in about 1850BC-1800BC by Bimson's dating. (Ian Wilson on Exodus), or 1650BC and Jews enslaved for 430 years after that, then enslavement ceased about 1420BC, 1395BC or 1220BC?

1290BC: Moses (a late date for Exodus), about 1290BC in reign of Ramesses II so the oppression began in 1350BC and the invasion of Canaan about 1230BC. Britannica - Moses went to Midian, in northern part of Hijaz.
Kadesh on the Orontes battle, Ramesses II led an army of 18,000 against the Hittites, 4 week march to fortified town of Kadesh on the Orontes River, now Tel Neby Mend, today the River Asi, north of Beirut and 400 miles from Egyptian border. a key position on north/south routes. The Hittites king was Muwatallish, who retreated to Aleppo in fear, So Ramesses camped at Kadesh minus two of his divisions, still on the way, the Hittites struck and knocked out two divisions Ramesses personally led with his chariot, till his other two divisions appeared, against the hosts of the Khatti and some troops from Ugarit, and Kadesh, and Muwatallish mysteriously failed to use 8000 spearmen he had, severed hands of the slain presented to Ramesses, who did not take Kadesh but returned home. on the 28 Nov of the 21 year of Ramesses II reign, Hittite envoys came to make a treaty, first known case of an international agreement. Cyril Aldred writes that in Tuthmosis III's time a dangerous confederation of Asiatic princes under king of Kadesh on the Orontes was initiated by the Mitanni, to throw off Egypt and invade her. Battle of Megiddo, or, Armageddon, on field of Esdraelon (in Palestine). Asiatics were cooped up for several months and then routed. Tuthmosis III captured 1000 towns of the northern federation. Ten years later Tuthmosis transported prefabricated boats on ox-wagons to Euphrates, crossed, and fought the Mitanni.

1290BC: (This would be a late date for the Exodus period): Sherden Sea People are bothering Egypt and Ramesses II in the Nile delta, situation not safe until 1278BC when warriors of the great green sea been vanquished. (M. Wood)... and in 1274BC, Ramesses employed Sherden auxiliaries when he fought the Hittites at Kadesh in 1274. Hittites had diplomacy with the Myceneaens; Sea People included the Lukka, traditional pirates from the Anatolian coast opposite Rhodes, who went to Cyprus, then to Phoenicia, then to North Africa. Sea here meant the east Mediterranean. Probably the Aegean Sea peoples. Tursha might have been Lydians who later went to Italy.
Encyclopedia Britannica feels Exodus was about 1290BC, which would make the oppressive Pharaoh as Seti I, (1318-1304BC) and of the Exodus, Ramesses II, (1304-1237BC)

1290BC-1224BC: (Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible), re Ramesses II, dates for his reign, Asiatic lands lost by Akhenaten, Ramesses II founded the delta royal residence city Per-Ramses, the biblical store city of Ramses, the traditional pharaoh of the oppression, worked on the temple at Karnak, Hittites had dominated north Syria, the Sea Peoples were moving, into the East Mediterranean, Greeks, Roman forebears, plus the Sardinians and the Philistines, et al, joined the Hittites against Egypt, then later overran the Hittites, Ramesses II in his fifth year marched north to fight the Hittites plus Anatolians plus Sea people allies in Syria, walked into an ambush at Kadesh on the Orontes, later he campaigned in Palestine at Ashkelon, Eltekeh and at Pithom. Ramesses II succeeded by his son, Merneptah, and in 1200BC a brief interlude when as Asiatic usurper ruled Egypt. The sea peoples (Philistines) cleaned out the Egyptians and Hittites and permitted Israel to become a nation after they settled in Canaan. and article mentions the siege of Troy. Egypt had no iron, though has copper mines on Sinai peninsula, so lost when the Bronze Age ended.

1300BC, Perhaps an independent invention of writing in China. (?)

Circa 1300BC: In the capital city of Thebes, Egyptians begin cultivation of opium thebaicum, grown in their famous poppy fields. The opium trade flourishes during the reign of Thutmose IV, Akhenaten and King Tutankhamun. The trade route included the Phoenicians and Minoans who move the profitable item across the Mediterranean Sea into Greece, Carthage, and Europe.
From website based on book: Opium: A History, by Martin Booth Simon and Schuster, Ltd., 1996. e-mail info@opioids.com

By 1300BC: Cursive writing is used often in Palestine and Syria. McNeill p. 162 feels the Semitic alphabet developed in Palestine/Syria during Hyksos period, 17309-1580BC.

1300BC: Chariots and horses used in China for human transport.

1300BC: People of Taiwan move to Fiji in the Pacific. Earlier, South-East Asians have gone to Madagascar off the East African coast and to Central and South America. (Levathes, When China Rules The Seas)

1300BC: First name for Urartians, on highland plains around Lake Van, where Euphrates begins. Urartians seem to be descendants of Hurrians in the Nairi lands. Urartians existed by 1000BC, influence extended into Soviet Armenia. Urartians had a cuneiform script. Disappeared by 590BC due to Cimmerians, Scythians and Phrygians.

1300BC, Choga Zambil, near Susa, in Iran, remnants of Elamite city of Dur-Untash, founded 13thC BC. Vast scale but never completed. Several palaces and a ziggurat. Use of glass and glazes.

1300BC, Karasuk culture in South Siberia, change from settled communities to seasonal transhumance. Small curved knives like those in China at An-Yang.

1300BC: Beth Shan, where Saul's body was exposed, in 1300BC an Egyptian fortress.

1300BC: Linear B common in Crete/Greece, a pictographic script.

1300BC: Beth Shan, where Saul's body was exposed, in 1300BC an Egyptian fortress.

About 1300BC: Hittite Sphinx Gate at Alac Huyuk in Anatolia, carved from monoliths, elaborate burials.

About 1300BC: Hittite tablets clearly refer to the Achaeans and their King, Agamemnon; the pattern of Greek places that send ships to Troy corresponds closely to the settled areas discovered by archaeology.

From about 1300BC: Arises during the last century of Hittite rule, notion of the pankush, which Jaynes feels is the whole community of the gods, or, the pantheon, and the choice-decisions indicated by those gods as a pantheon.

About 1300BC or, what if 1250BC? Israelites, Semitic desert nomads, probably moved into the Israel area about 1300BC, but the relevant level at Jericho appears removed. Settled mainly in hills and Canaanites kept to the coast, which they later had to share with the Philistines. Few events in Old Testament can be tied to archaeological discoveries. eg, Nothing arises for the time of David, 1010-955BC.

1300BC: Pharaoh Meneptha of Egypt after a battle cut off the penises of his enemies, bringing home a total of 13,240. (Miles).

1300BC: (Edwards): Egyptians are finding the sea raiders bothersome to well-organised kingdoms, eg, from the records of Pylos, maybe 1000 men on 30 ships. Homer has a character coming to Pylos, and seeing on the sea beach, sacrificing jet-black bulls to the lord of the earth, Poseidon. Palace of King Nestor on Pylos. When Pylos was finally overrun, the King ordered sacrifices, perhaps human, to Zeus and Hera, for Zeus, a man, for Hera, a woman. Palace is burned down though no human remains there, so perhaps no fight for the palace (?). King's treasures probably looted and women and children enslaved. No one ever lived at Pylos again.

1300BC: Rebuilding of Pylos, and the Menelaion between 1300BC and 1250BC, the first destruction of Thebes (Greece or Egypt?), and the greatest period of Mycenaean building 1300-1250BC, a period of great confidence or great defensiveness... Much fortification of many Greek centres. Greek palaces were places of blood, ruled by violent men, prey to internecine struggle, in constant warfare, a militarist and aggressive world. All is built on might and soldier feeling, and money, to feel those soldiers; disintegration if those two pillars fail. Lost was treasure, raw materials, precious metals, women and cattle, as Agamemnon might have sought; greatest praise was to be a "sacker of cities". Agamemnon's society in constant need of slaves, since the top layers of society were so expensive.

Soon after 1300BC, (M. Wood), Mycenaean society under stress, the Mediterranean soon began to see widespread raiding and instability later to engulf it. eg overpopulation, crop failures, drought and famine. In the generation before the Trojan War, the Argive sack of Thebes. Possibly at the time the Hittites took Miletus, one of the greater towns on the Aegean, possibly Greek interests were forced out of western Anatolia. forcing them to look more northward in that area to their interests, for slaves and materials, to Troy. So Agamemnon et al forced to take measures of raiding, A fresco on Thera shows a Myceneaen naval raiding expedition to the Libyan coast. The tradition of Homer suggests Troy as one of many incidents, re into Teuthrania, Mysia, Lemnos, Lesbos, Pedassos, eg, the attack of Thermi on Lesbos fits with tales of Achilles' sack of Lesbos. Troy was the best built and the best defended, and also well-known to the Greeks.

It may be that as with Knossos, Troy was besieged after being damaged by an earthquake, but M. Wood feels Troy is destroyed after a bitter siege, women carried back to Mycenae and Pylos. (M. Wood, p. 243), Re people such as the women flax dressers of Pylon, and idea that Troy was one of many such centres destroyed in that period. Legend has it that on returning from Troy, Agamemnon was killed by a rival kinsman, and other kings faced rebellion or deposition, end of the days of the wanax. Myceneaen hero cults remained at Lakonia and Argolid, offerings were left at tombs, some offerings for Helen and Menelaos; and in Sparta was a cult of Agamemnon. Say Homer composed about 730BC, M. Wood has it that from before 700BC, the people of Lockrians sent their maidens to serve Trojan Athena. Troy had existed about 4000 years. Arose thus as in M. Wood: A lesser hero, Ajax of Lockris, is said to have defiled Athena's altar at Troy during the sack, and to have incurred her lasting enmity. From about 700BC the people of Lockris each year sent some maidens to Athena's temple at Troy, to work and suffer indignities, to expiate the sin of their ancestor. They had shorn hair and bare feet. and as late as the 4th Century BC the Trojans had the right to kill any of these maidens caught being taken by Lockrian guides to Athena's sanctuary. This custom kept up until 100AD - a remarkable statement of belief.

1304BC-1224BC: Jews delivered by Ehud. (Packer). And in 1380BC, Knossos was destroyed for the last time. (Friedrich).

1304-1237BC: Ramesses II rules in Egypt, and fights a long war with Hittites. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

Conflicting dates: In 1352-1348, Pharaoh is Aya, an elderly official. In 1348-1320, the last Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty is Horemheb. a general. In 1320-1200 is the 19th Dynasty of Egypt. In 1320-1318: Ramesses I, a general, succeeds Horemheb. In 131801304BC, Seti I expands Egypt's power to the north to Palestine and areas of Hittite domination. and (Dates from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1306BC-1295BC: Ramesses I, and or Seti I reign in Egypt. 1308BC-1216BC, Ramesses, these Pharaohs permitted appeals to the royal court by slaves, so may have heard Moses' grievances. 1304BC-1238BC, Ramesses II perhaps the Pharaoh of the Exodus, but the Exodus Pharaoh perhaps the one before him, Amenhotep, who ruled from 1410BC to 1377BC? The Princes of Canaan appealed to Amenhotep for help in fighting off invaders called the Habiru. (Packer). But re Ramesses and Pithom the store or garrison cities, these were (re)built by Ramesses II, 1290BC-1224BC as the best dating, Ramesses II and his father Seti I moved capitol from Thebes to the Nile delta, to Pi-Ramesses, Ramesses I reigned for only one year. (Ian Wilson on Exodus).

1315BC: Moses kills an Egyptian taskmaster and flees into the Sinai Desert. In 1312 he marries Zipporah, daughter of a priest of Midian who is named Jethro or Reuel. In 1302, Moses and Zipporah have child Gershom. Moses sees burning bush (The Lord) about 1276BC. (Dates from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1321BC: Joshua is born in 1321. By 1320 the Hebrews work on rebuilding fortified cities such as Avaris. (which is sometimes called Ramses). (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1315BC: One book by Egyptologist Aldred has that in Akhenaten's time, king of Kadesh was Etakkama; military crisis at Gezer threatens Egypt in Central Palestine but is dispelled. But the Amurru had passed into Hittite vassalage, and they later raided Amqa in the Beqa valley area of Lebanon, in a violation of treaty, so Egypt captured Kadesh on the Orontes, and fomented a revolt against Hittites in the Nukhash lands further south, but the next year the Hittites drove the Egyptians out of Kadesh and recovered lost territory by siege of Carchemish. Queen of Egypt here is Ankhesenamun, and 50 years later, Ramesses II. This all in the time of King Tutankhamun. Then in 1307BC-1196BC during the Ramessid period, the place known as pi-Ramesses a three-sq-mile purpose-built town, Was the Pharaoh caught in the Red Sea Merneptah (1224-1212BC), the son of Ramesses II, it seems not, Exodus must be before Merneptah? (Ian Wilson on Exodus).

1320BC, Cretan/Myceneaen outpost is Miletus, south of Troy on the Turkish coast, large theatre, river Maeander; damaged by a large earthquake.

1322BC-1304BC, Jews delivered by Moab, 18 years. (Packer.)

1321BC: Joshua is born in 1321. By 1320 the Hebrews work on rebuilding fortified cities such as Avaris. (which is sometimes called Ramesses). (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1325AD, In Mexico, Tenochtitlan becomes the capital of the Aztecs. (Date from Hancock/Faiia).

1326BC-1299BC, Reigns in Egypt, Haremhab, with Queen Mutnodjme. Aldred has the eight Ramessides ruling from 1299BC to 1185BC.

1327BC - 1367BC-1327BC: Jews delivered by Othniel. (Packer)

1327BC-1322BC: Five years of Jews apostasy. (Packer)

1330BC: Date for Exodus of Moses from Egypt. (Gardner's date in Genesis of the Grail Kings).

1332BC: Death date for Akhenaten, at about age 30, who is succeeded by Akhenaten's younger brother, Smenkhkara (murdered); who is succeeded by Tutankhamun (an Atenist), who had a child-bride, a daughter of Akhenaten, Ankhesenpaten. (Robert Feather, The Copper Scroll Decoded)
There is strong evidence that Tutankhamun was murdered by Ay. (Robert Feather, The Copper Scroll Decoded)

Tutankhamun's faithful servant a serial killer?: Professor Bob Brier, from Long Island University, New York, who has been researching an old x-ray of Tutankhamun's skull, now thinks that a murderer, perhaps Tutankhamun's leading adviser, Aye, a commoner who had risen to government rank, or someone else of the royal household killed the 20-year-old pharaoh. The murderer also killed Tutankhamun's wife, another royal who seemed destined to succeed Tutankahmen. Aye had conspired, Brier thinks, to marry Ankhesenamen. When Aye died, his wife was Tiy, who did become a queen of Egypt. After the death of Tutankhamun, Ankhesenamen took the unusual step of asking the King of the Hittites to send him one of his sons as a husband. The king did so, but the son and his party were ambushed and killed. Meanwhile, a ring found in Cairo in 1931 indicates that Aye and Ankhesenamen had married. She was not heard of again, according to Brier. If Aye had her killed, then he became a serial killer, Brier finds. Reported 21 March 1997.

Who killed Tutankhamun?. His tomb is robbed and desecrated not long after his burial, to be resealed by his treasurer, Maya, who destroys evidence of the location to protect T's afterlife. T's body has been glued into a coffin made for someone else (three coffins nested inside each other). There are also in T's tomb, some 130 walking sticks and two female foetuses, one stillborn (suffered spina bifida and scoliosis - a lateral curvature of the spine), one four months premature. An autopsy is made on T's body in 1925 by Douglas Derry, Professor of Anatomy at Cairo University; Derry cannot establish the cause of death due to damage earlier done due to efforts to extract the body from its coffins, decapitation and removal of limbs from torso. In 1969, the mummy of Tutankhamun is X-rayed by Professor R. G. Harrison of Liverpool University; who finds the sternum and several ribs missing. Harrison notices evidence of a blood clot at base of the skull, plus a small piece of loose bone inside the skull. Had there been a blow to the head? By 2002, much information on Tutankhamun's death has been subject of new investigation by US police researchers, Mike King and Greg Cooper, who suspect that T might have been murdered by any of four suspects who were snatching power; Egyptian army commander Horemheb (has many motives at a time when the Hittites threaten Egypt, is later Pharaoh, is probably guilty), vizier/prime minister Ay (Pharaoh following T, and married T's widow, reinstates the old gods after Ahkenaten's monotheistic revolution), treasurer Maya (probably not guilty), or even T's half-sister and his wife, Ankhesenamun (daughter of Ahkenaten and Nefertiti and probably not guilty).
It is also possible (evidence from the tomb of T's police chief?) that T was killed by a conspiracy of priests who were themselves later arrested and tortured. When Harrison's X-rays are re-examined by Dr. Richard Boyer, a pediatric radiologist from the medical examiner's office, Salt Lake City, he finds that T was physically handicapped, his cervical vertebrae were fused together, so he had to turn his entire upper body to turn his head. He also had scoliosis. After T's death, his widow Ankhesenamun had pleaded with the Hittite king to provide her a husband, as she had no one to turn to for help in Egypt, and Ay was pursuing her. A son of the Hittite king is sent to her, but he is intercepted and killed on a border. (In 1931, a ring turns up in Egyptian antique shop bearing the name of Ay and Ankhesenamun.) Later, Ay dies, is buried in T's proper tomb, and is succeeded by Horemheb.
From an article in The Weekend Australian Magazine, 1-2 February, 2003, by Richard Girling.

1331BC-1326: (Aldred), Reigns in Egypt, Pharaoh Ay, priest/soldier, with Queen Tey. Then, 1344BC-1306-1295BC, in Egypt, general Horemheb, untainted by the Aten, precedes the period of Ramesses.

1340BC-1331: (Aldred): Reign in Egypt of Tutankhamun, with Queen Ankhesenamun, defusing the heresies of Akhenaten. Aldred said (his dates seem wrong and he suggests about 1315BC, that when Tutankhamun suddenly and unexpectedly died), Ankhesenamun had no royal blood to marry with, and took the extraordinary step of writing complainingly, even fearfully, to the Hittite Suppilulimas to marry one of his sons and make him next Pharaoh; the suspicious Hittites sent envoys to check on this amazing request, and later when Prince Zennanza was duly sent, he was murdered on his way to Egypt; whereupon Suppilulimas attacked Amqa, drove the Egyptians from it, and brought back prisoners who with the plagues they suffered afflicted the Hittites for many years afterwards.

1342BC-1340BC: (Aldred): Reign in Egypt of Smenkhkare with Queen Meritaten, and Egyptians move war on the African theatre south of the Second Cataract, and under the later Ay, the cult of Amun is reinstated.

Egypt's chief of Antiquities, Zahi Hawass, has expressed unhappiness over recent claims that a not-unknown mummy in Egypt is that of the renowned beauty, Queen Nefertiti , wife of Akhenaten and co-ruler with him. Hawass feels the mummy in question is of a man. The new claims have come from a mummification specialist from the UK's University of York, Joann Fletcher. Hawass is general secretary of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities. The mummy in question is from a well-known tomb in Egypt's Valley of the Kings at Luxor. Confusion exists over the gender of the mummy, which reveals no evidence of male genitalia, but Hawass says he is sure the mummy is not a woman. He adds, the fact that the ears of the mummy are double-pierced does not mean the body was a woman, and another male mummy beside the disputed mummy also has pierced ears. Mr Hawass says the disputed mummy's hips are also too slim to be those of a woman, whereas Nefertiti had six children. However, the mummy will be x-rayed to see if the person had given birth. Mr Hawass also said Nefertiti died at age 35, but a UK team had reported the disputed mummy to be of a person aged 18-30. (Reported 1 September 2003)

1344BC: About 1344BC (by Aldred's dates), Akhenaten had increased the authority of the Pharaoh at the expense of the priests' rule, and as a result, lawlessness in administration has set in, more so in the army, so corruption, fraudulent taxation collection, arbitrary exactions, requisitions in the name of the king. All this to be reformed later by Tut and Ay. Akhenaten has seen die his wife Nefertiti, his consort, Kiya, Meketaten, and perhaps Meritaten, his daughters, and Tiye. Due to plague in the land. Akhenaten then proceeded with fury to attack the prestige and objects of the god Amun. Akhenaten died in circumstances completely obscure, to be known as "that criminal". His sarcophagus was smashed, his original grave desecrated, but he was reburied in Kiya's coffin, with altered inscriptions, and modifications that made it barely refer to a king, in Tomb No. 55. Originally buried at Amarna?, but finally buried at Thebes.

1347BC-1337BC: Tutankhamun in Egypt. (Tapsell). 1348BC, in Egypt on Tutankhamun's death, priest Ay reigns.

Tomb found of Tutankhamun's wet nurse?

TUTANKHAMUN had a wet nurse, Maya, and French archaeologists think they have found her tomb.

With any luck, further research may help identify Tutankhamun's mother? His father is widely thought to have been Pharaoh Ahkenaten. It had not been thought that Tutankhamun had had a wet nurse, but information gleaned from Maya's tomb makes it apparently so.

It is unusual for an Egyptian tomb to be devoted to one woman, but Maya's tomb, which is multi-chambered, dates to 1330BC and was found at Saqqara, an old necropolis for courtiers, officials and royal staff about 20km south of Cairo, used between 1400BC and 1100BC.

A researcher mentioned in reports is: Mr Alain Zivie, research director, National Centre of Scientific Research in Paris.(
Reported 10 December 1997)

Dates 1349BC-1319BC: Dates for usurper Pharaoh Haremhab, a professional soldier beforehand. Post-Ahkenaten. (From McNeill)

1349BC: Amenhotep IV comes to power in Egypt. He rebuts the growing power of the traditional priests by making a formerly "secret monotheism" more overt. (Amenhotep IV, son of Amenhotep III and a Mitanni princess, Gilukhepa.) Amenhotep IV, a destroyer of idols, viewed his monotheistic god as "un-imaginable", that is, abstract. (Robert Feather, The Copper Scroll Decoded)

1350BC: First known outbreak of smallpox which Hittite warriors catch from Egyptian prisoners. Biblical story of Fall of Jericho, perhaps due to an earthquake.

About 1350BC: Cape Gelidoniya, between Rhodes and Cyprus, a shipwreck with bronze ingots, tools.

1350BC approx: Followers of Zoroaster?: An area thought to be a homeland for Zoroastrianism is being examined by archaeologists from Sydney University, who were working by 11 September 2001. Followers of Zoroaster were monotheists who venerated fire. The researchers think they have found a fire temple about 2400 years ago, the oldest one to be associated with Zoroastrianism. It is also possible they have found a mausoleum where kings and queens of Chorasmia, south of the Aral Sea, were buried. Another temple may be as old as 1350BC and if so might predate Zoroastrianism. The dates for "suitable first mentions" of Zoroaster are still uncertain, set as early as 1400BC or as late as 700BC-600BC. His teachings were not written down, though his hymns were passed down as oral history. Chorasmia was on the fertile delta of the ancient River Oxus, and was part of the Persian Empire. It was an independent state from about 40BC to 100AD, before invasions and later disappearance. It was mentioned in ancient Greek, Persian and Chinese texts, and rediscovered in the early 1930s by Soviet archaeologist, S. P. Tolstov. A heavily fortified city had been called Kazakl'i-Yatkan. Today the area is part of Uzbekistan. Work has been done in the area since 1995. One researcher involved is Dr. Svend Helms. (Reported Sydney Morning Herald 4 May 2002. See also: www.arts.usyd.edu.au/departs/archaeology/)

1350BC: Approx: Likely date for Joseph and the descent of Jacob and the Hebrews into Egypt, as the monotheist/Atenist Akhenaten is on the throne. Feather has it that Jacob arrives in Egypt 1380BC-1350BC. (Robert Feather, The Copper Scroll Decoded)

1350BC: Mosaic Law was revealed in about 1350BC (an early date? and this conflicts with history of the Sea People) (Bacon, Atlas). Kadesh-Barnea, in Gen 14:7, or Meribath-Kadesh, waters of strife or spring of Judgement, in Wadi Qudeirat, in the wilderness of Zin/Paran, an ancient sanctuary in Canaan, has a west extremity to the River of Egypt, Wadi el-Arish, three springs, flowing all year is spring Ain el-Qudeirat, old name for Kadesh is En-mishpat, not far from El-Paran, Abraham probably watered here, leaving Kadesh, the Israelites with Moses tried to force their way into the hill country, of the Amorites, beaten back with great slaughter, uncertain how long they remained at Kadesh, and were at Kadesh again just before the death of Aaron, Ezekiel made Kadesh part of the southern border of his Israel. Packer et al have it that at Kadesh, the Jews sent spies into Palestine spies reported the land was fertile but populated with giants, only Caleb and Joshua believed an invasion was worth the risk, so the people turned from Palestine and God wrathful so condemned them to wander for 40 years... they ended their wandering on the plains of Moab, when Moses gave leadership to Joshua. Wilson likes idea that Jericho had been enlarged before Joshua invaded, possibly to accommodate the earlier outflow of Hyksos from Egypt, as many Canaanite towns had been refortified with huge artificial mounds, and presumably once the Hyksos had been thrown out, the Egyptians kept harassing the Canaan area to discipline them and the Mittani and Hittites to north and north east. (Ian Wilson on Exodus). Jericho a relative backwater for anyone invading Canaan from the south, but absolutely necessary from the east, going west. and one could ford the Jordan River there. (Ian Wilson on Exodus) before Joshua's invading action there was some epidemic, a plague, and Armana was also later told of a plague in Canaan, and Aldred notes that Akhenaten's family was afflicted by plague. Twenty years later this same plague reached the Hittites, says Wilson.

At Jericho when Joshua arrived, a plague multiple burials in the Jericho area, but little decomposition, so perhaps some earthquake movements released odd gases that killed bacteria etc and prevented decomposition, (Ian Wilson on Exodus) some quake as also with the damming of the Jordan, collapse of the town walls, and before they left the Israelites burned Jericho, which wasn't very large, 52 metres by 22 metres, (Ian Wilson on Exodus) and otherwise (it has been suggested by G. E. Mendenhall) that the invasion of Canaan was assisted by a "peasants' revolt" against rulers loyal to Egypt. (Egypt had regularly been milking Canaan.) Joshua legendarily had the bones of Joseph, and Joshua buried them at the spot Abraham had bought; it still being the nomadic custom to bury family members in caves. The place, Shechem, was noted to Amarna as friendly to these Habiru. (Ian Wilson on Exodus). In the post-Joshua time, parts of Canaan area were considerably de-urbanised, lack of city walls, and in the hills, cave burials continued, and all this gives 150 years for the period of Judges, not the usual 350 years before the Philistines arrived, (Ian Wilson on Exodus) - so perhaps exodus began at Pithon or Ramesses, cities built perhaps by Ramesses II on east Nile delta, The Theban Kings (Thutmoses, early date) did little building on the Nile delta, so this book goes for the early Exodus date, while enslaved the Hebrews might have worked on building the store cities Pithom and Ramesses were built on the delta near Goshen, the district in which the Hebrews lived. But re Ramesses and Pithom the store or garrison cities, these were (re)built by Ramesses II, 1290BC-1224BC as the best dating, Ramesses II and his father Seti I moved capitol from Thebes to the Nile delta, to Pi-Ramesses, Ramesses I reigned for only one year. (Ian Wilson on Exodus). Moses crossed at the Sea of Reeds many later episodes in wilderness near Kadesh-barnea, an oasis s/w of the Dead Sea. An early date for exodus say 1290-1224 with Ramesses II might assume the six "Leah tribes" were not involved in the Exodus and were later accepted/recruited into Israel in Moses view of Israel. (Salibi). Mt Sinai roughly on border of Asir and Yemen. (Now follows from Charles, Pseudepigrapha), Moses is with God on Mt Sinai, a cloud overshadowed the mount for six days. Moses there 40 days and 40 nights, God tells Moses many things, some of the original angels of creation appear to be the forces of nature, eg seasons, cold and heat, see Genesis as usual. See Genesis as usual. El means "God" El Shaddai means God of the Mountain, or, Almighty God, and the Phoenicians had a god, El Shaddai, the thunderer, a supreme God would be Elohim, or the Almighty, a title containing a plural, Jehovah means The Lord, Yahweh means He Who Creates (... Brings Into Being).

1350BC: Mosaic Law was revealed in about 1350BC (an early date? and this conflicts with history of the Sea People). (Bacon, Atlas).

1351BC-1348BC: In Egypt, Smenkhare. (Tapsell).

1355BC: It is possible Akhenaten puts his wife Nefertiti away in disgrace (?). (Mellersh)

1356BC: Pharaoh orders death of all Hebrew male children. In 1355 is born Moses to Amram and Jochobed of tribe of Levi. He is first protected by his own sister Miriam and later by a an Egyptian princess who adopts him. Some think that this princess was the later Hatshepsut. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1357BC-1346BC: Egypt King Tutankhamun, (pleasant is the life of the Amun); he is aged between 10-18 and undoes the damage done by the "heretic criminal", Akhenaten who had tried to simplify the polytheism of the Egyptians.

1358BC-1340BC: (Aldred): Amenophis IV, later Akhenaten, reigns in Egypt, the heretic king, Queen Nefertiti. Akhenaten co-ruled for 12 years with Amenophis III. ie, Amenophis dies about 1346BC. Two years later, Nefertiti died, in 1344BC. and then, how did the newly arriving Israelites continue to avoid the armies of Tuthmosis III and his son, Amenhopis II, who also was warlike, and it happens that the Israelites prevailed while the unwarlike Akhenaten (1353BC-1335BC) was preoccupied with heresies, and Armarna. (Ian Wilson on Exodus).

1360BC-1357: Reign in Egypt of Smenkare, related to Akhenaten. Amenhotep IV in Egypt became Akhenaten the heretic hated by the priests, who died in 1366 BC. See King Tutankhamun who reinstalled the old religion.

1360BC: Approx: Time of Akhenaten, or Amenhotep IV; at Ugarit the king is Niqmad II, who shifted loyalty from Egypt to Hittite king, Shuppiluliuma, Niqmad was 1336Bc to 1265BC, and he sided with Hittites at Battle of Kadesh in 1285BC. stalemate and then a treaty with that battle. (Packer.) Site is Kadesh on the Orontes, a town south of the lake of Hums, another date is 1288BC, modern Tell Nebi Mend. When Hittites defeated Ramesses I, at Kadesh in 1286 BC, the greatest chariot battle of antiquity, the Hittites had 17,000 foot soldiers and 3500 chariots. (Edwards).

1362BCE: Egypt: End of Akhenaten's 17-year reign (conventional dating).

1362BC-1349BC: McNeill's dates for reign of Tutankhamun.

1363BC: Amenhopis IV changes his name to Akhenaten, in 1360BC he neglects his empire and refuses to help his governors in Syria and Palestine. (Mellersh).

1366BC to 1357BC: Pharaoh Tutankhamun.

1367BC-1327BC: Jews delivered by Othniel. (Packer).

1368BC: Birth of Miriam, older sister of Moses and in 1358 is born Aaron, older brother of Moses. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1374BC-1358BC: Reign of Akhenaten/Amenhopis IV, married to Nefertiti. Liaison also with a secondary (diplomatic?) queen, Kiya. Akhenaten established a new seat of government for upper Egypt, city called Akhetaten, etc., at Amarna on virgin ground, in his fifth regnal year, which by Aldred's dating would be 1353BC.

1375BC to 1367BC: Jews oppressed in Egypt. (Packer)

1375BC: Sigmund Freud was mistaken when he dated Moses at about 1375BC. Robert Feather dates Moses at about 1200BC. Both Feather and Freud agree that Moses however did encounter the monotheistic views of Ahkenaten. (See Sigmund Freud, Moses and Monotheism. Hogarth Press, 1951. Robert Feather, The Copper Scroll Decoded)

1379BC: In Egypt, 1379BC to 1362BC, reign of the heretic Akhenaten sun's disk the Aten, as chief god. Moved from Thebes (modern Luxor - and there were temples to Amun at Karnak and Luxor) to new city, Amun; his half-brother was Tutankhamun, who returned to Thebes and restored Amun as chief God. Amun an obscure god originally, by the 11 Dynasty had become established at Thebes and rose as chief of Egyptian pantheon. Only challenged once, by Akhenaten. Thebes, Mother of Tut was Queen Tiye, her parents were Yuya and Thuya, their intact burial; Tutankhamun's tomb, he a boy king of Egypt, possibly half-brother of Akhenaten, his half-brother, Smenkhare, and Tut had to leave the new capital of Ahketaten and return to Thebes, where he allowed the worship of Amun-Re reinstated. He was a pawn for the Pharaonic priesthood. Tut's wife was Ankhesenamun. In about this time, the temple at Karnak had 60 acres, 81,000 slaves, 420,000 head of cattle, 690 acres, 83 ships, 46 temples and 65 cities and towns. secular power of the priests.

About 1380BC: The native kings of Assyria throw off the overlordship of the Mittani and destroy the Mittani empire by about 1270BC. Thus the Assyrians came to rival the Hittites and the Egyptians. (From McNeill).

1380BC: Official Egyptian diplomacy to Mycenae. Re links with "great Kings". (From M. Wood)

1380BC-1375BC: Five years of Jews apostasy. (Packer)

1380BC-1290BC: Pharaoh Seti I apparently mentioned a system of fortifications from Zilu/Qantaral to Raphia in south of Palestine. He regained provinces lost in Palestine, eg Tyre, Phoenician coast, part of Lebanon.

1384BC-1346BC: (Aldred): Amenophis III reigns in Egypt, Queen Tiye.

1385BC: One date given for - Akhenaten attempts to establish monotheism in Egypt with the worship of Anton, the sun disc.

1386BC: Tuthmosis IV's reign ends, from 1419BC to 1386BC, son of Amenhotep II, sealed matters with the Syrian kingdom of Mittani by marrying a Mittani woman.

1394BC-1384BC: (Aldred): Tuthmosis IV reigns in Egypt, Queen Mutemwiya. Tuthmosis IV made efforts to uncover the giant image of the god Re-Herakhte, the god of Lower Egypt, from the sands that engulfed his great Sphinx at Giza. Re the first king to rule Egypt, had wearied of dealing with humans and left his son the Pharaoh to rule on earth in his place.

1400BCm, Destruction of palaces on Crete, and Mycaeneans appear to take over Crete.

1400BC: Control is kept in Aegean by fleet of the Cretans, but this power waned from 1400BC.

From about 1400BC: Ways of smelting iron ores known in northeastern Anatolia, but the arts "remained secret and local" for a period. (From McNeill).

1400BC: Encyclopedia Britannica says early date of Exodus based on 480 years elapsing from Exodus to Solomon building his temple, which would make Exodus about 1440BC in the time of Tuthmosis III eg when petty kingdoms Moab and Edom are not yet settled and the destruction of the cities the Jews claimed to have captured occurred about 1250BC, not 1400BC.

1400BC: More destruction on Crete by a further eruption on Thera, possible local earthquake. (Mellersh). Crete and Thera only 75 miles apart. Possible revolt also against Myceneaen rule.

1400BC: The Cambridge History of The Bible. Tell-el-Amarna letters: about 200 letters from Canaanite scribes to Egypt, dated about 1400BC.

1400BC, More destruction on Crete by a further eruption on Thera, possible local earthquake. (Mellersh). Crete and Thera only 75 miles apart. (Mellersh). Possible revolt also against Myceneaen rule.

1400BC: One date for Joshua conquering Canaan. Joshua dies in 1380BC. (Packer). But, how did the newly-arriving Israelites continue to avoid the armies of Tuthmosis III and his son, Amenhopis II, who also was warlike? And it happens that the Israelites prevailed while the unwarlike Akhenaten (1353BC-1335BC) was preoccupied with heresies, and Armarna. Ian Wilson on Exodus then Akhenaten (1353BC-1335BC) or 1350BC, Ian Wilson on Exodus after Ahkenaten, oppression of Jews about 1280BC, Conquest about Merneptah's time as Pharaoh. using date re Solomon's temple gives us Exodus at about 1450BC, time of Tuthmosis III, of 1479BC-1425BC.

1400BC: Trade on Cyprus, settled millennia before, much better by contact with the Myceneaens. Suffered sorely from Greek Dark Ages.

1400BC: About now, Crete is destroyed and the palace civilisation destroyed. possibly by an earthquake or tidal wave from the eruption of Thera. But Crete remains an important trading centre. Thera, Cycladic Island, volcanic island, Bronze Age town destroyed by volcanic action which also caused the destruction of Minoan sites in Crete about 1400BC. (Another competing date supported by scientific evidence is 1627BC.)

1400BC: Water clock: Found in 1905. Is in use in Egypt at Temple of Karnak. Used to tell the time at night. The water clock (clepsydra), was probably invented by 1500BC by an Egyptian court official, Amenemhet. Water clocks were used in China by 600BC. In Athens by 350BC.

1400BC: Glass in Mesopotamia, eg glass imitations of lapis lazuli. Glass used in Egypt, where it passes to Bronze Age Crete.

1400BC: Egypt uses mercenary troops in Canaan to enforce taxation - the result is extortion and bribery. (Date from Thomas Robinson, The Bible Timeline)

1400BC: Approx: Crete is first inhabited by Greek speakers. Crete is 200 miles from African coast, 160 miles long, has The White Mountains up to 8000 fee high, part of a chain running east through Karpathos and Rhodes to s/w Anatolia. Mount Dicti is supposed to be home of Zeus, also the cult of Dionysius had some ritual sacrifice and ritual cannibalism. King Minos a noted lawgiver, recalled in Hades, said to be the first person to establish a navy, with his own sons as governors of colonies. Legend of Minos and the Minotaur, and the labyrinth where Theseus with the aid of Ariadne's thread survived. Symbol tied with the Minotaur, of the double axe, and double axe on coins. Labyrinth means "double axe", not a series of caves. Idea that the myths of Homer were recollections of a non-Greek Minoan-Myceneaen culture, but anyway, Greeks came to Crete about 1400BC. (M. Wood.)

1402BC-1364BC: In Egypt, reign of Amenhopis III.

1402BC: Amenhotep III in 1402BC. Amenhotep IV or Akhenaten was 1364BC-1347BC. (Tapsell).

1406BC: Jews conquer Canaan, by about now, or ready to enter there. (Packer).

1410BC to 1377BC: Possibly the Pharaoh of the Exodus, Amenhotep, who ruled from 1410BC to 1377BC? The Princes of Canaan appealed to Amenhotep for help in fighting off invaders called the Habiru. (Packer).

Tuthmosis IV in 1412BC. (Tapsell).

1412BC: In Egypt, Tuthmosis IV. Tuthmosis IV permitted some attention to the Aten as a god.

1412BC: Amenhotep II, 1412BC to 1375BC in Egypt.

1413BC: Prince Tuthmosis is promised he will be king (as Tuthmosis IV) if he frees sand from the Great Sphinx at Giza. (Mellersh).

1417BC: Amenophis III, king of Egypt, 1417-1379BC, Egypt is at her most powerful and wealthy. The father of Akhenaten. Queen Tiye is mother of Akhenaten.

1420BC: Dr John Bimson has dated Joseph's time in Egypt about the time of Sesostris III, 1878BC-1841BC, who had erratic flooding of the Nile, possibly Joseph was an administrator at Avaris/Pi-Ramesses, and so then the Israelites would have been on the delta for 430 years, so that (Exodus 12:40) would be about to 1420BC. (Ian Wilson on Exodus).

1420BC: The Myceneaens overrun the Minoans at Crete, and occupy Knossos, and Minoan trade replaced in the Cyclades by the Myceneaen, Greek not Minoan settlers now on Rhodes.

1427BC-1393BC: (Aldred): Amenophis II reigns in Egypt, Queen Tia.

1433BC-1393BC: Exodus of Moses from Egypt. (Date in Alford, Gods of the New Millennium, p. 363).

1436BC: Amenhopis II becomes ruler of Egypt. (Mellersh).

About 1452BC, Tuthmosis III appoints his 18-year-old son Amenhotep II (1450BC-1425BC) as co-regent. About 1450BC, Amenhotep goes to Kadesh in Syria where the Mitanni threaten Egypt's interests, in about 1441BC, Ugarit rebels against Egypt so Amenhotep cleans it out - including Kadesh (again?). Takes a vast number of prisoners, (Britannica) some say 89,600 but Britannica thinks this is a census figure, not a deportation. (But what if about 70,000 Israelites as departing slaves had to be replaced?)

1438BC: Amenhotep II reigned 1438BC-1412BC. (Tapsell).

1436BC: Amenhopis II becomes ruler of Egypt. (Mellersh).

1438BC: Amenhopis II in Egypt. Amenhotep II was 1438BC-1412BC. (Tapsell).

1433BC-1393BC: Approx: Date for the Exodus of Moses from Egypt. (Alford, Gods of the New Millennium, p. 363).

1440BC: Britannica says early date of Exodus is based