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You can find much greater detail for the timeframes 1550-1700 at a new website now almost finished ... THE BUSINESS OF SLAVERY... a website book also designed to bring genealogical studies up-to-date from 1530 to the present-day... as well as questions of merchant lives and activities... Click now to... The Business of Slavery (in English history).

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Merchants and Bankers
1650-1675

Trade - an international perspective

This website, produced by Australian historian Dan Byrnes, is a no-frills, text-based website designed simply to list historical and genealogical information on many notable merchants and traders of what is termed, the Western World.

These pages will be added to and improved in quality as time permits. In time, some essays will appear on these pages.

It is hoped that these webpages will be of assistance to family historians in the UK, the US and Australasia, by way of providing contexts for further research.

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Further chronology notes for 1650-1675

1650-1700: Note: One of the most remarkable (and outrageous?) books ever written about English pirates is:
B. R. Burg, Sodomy and the Pirate Tradition: English Sea Rovers in the Seventeenth Century Caribbean. New York, New York University Press, 1995.
See also:
W. Jeffrey Bolster, Black Jacks: African-American Seamen in the Age of Sail. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, nd-recent/1990s?.

1650s: France sets up slave depots in Senegal, at Fort St. Louis and Goree Island.

About 1650: Olson finds, maybe later, colonial merchants included such as Maurice Thompson who figured in the Canadian fur trade and sent provisions to New England. Thompson was recommended by a governor of Virginia as one of three merchants who had a monopoly on the tobacco crop. Thompson was also said to be an interloper in East India Company trade. Another prominent merchant was Owen Rowe, active in Virginia trade, a leading merchant backer of development at Massachusetts Bay, a deputy governor of the Bermuda Company. The interlocking activities of men of the City of London were finding their shape. (Olson, Making the Empire Work, p. 15).

By 1650-1655: Thomas Povey was beginning to wield influence over the colonies. (About 1664-1666, the merchant and lawyer Povey was surveyor-general of the Victualling Dept.!). Povey dealt with the West India islands, and men such as Maurice Thompson. Martin Noell (sic) was a friend of Povey, "a barrister of Gray's Inn and a merchant with widespread interests, well known for exerting his influence". His brother Richard Povey was secretary and commissary general of Provisions at Jamaica and another brother was William Povey, provost-marshal at Barbados. (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 10-13.

Reference item: Colin Jack-Hinton, The Search For The Islands Of Solomon, 1567-1838. Oxford At The Clarendon Press. 1969.

1650 Circa: (Olson, Making the Empire work, p.21), about 1650, Cromwell's time, merchants worked with "head of the Admiralty", Thomas Scott, to build up the Commonwealth navy. London coffee houses date from 1650, and a Virginia-Maryland coffee house seems to have arisen near the Royal Exchange. About 1650, maybe later, colonial merchants included Maurice Thompson, in Canadian fur trade, sent provisions to New England, recommended by Gov. of Virginia as one of three merchants re monopoly on tobacco crop, an interloper in EICo trade, another prominent merchant was Owen Rowe, active in Virginia trade, leader merchant backer of Massachusetts Bay, deputy governor of Bermuda Company.

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1650: From a Map of Barbados (p. 63 of Dunn) circa 1650 at beginning of a sugar boom, various names of property holders in no particular order, but on Leeward or non-Leeward areas of Barbados. Non-Leeward names, inland or non-Leeward, Stevens, Lee, Cole, Turner, Nolland, Mathews, Arnold, Bryce, Lewes, Ellis, Sayers, Chapman, Leonard, Lee, Lyd(e), Bowyer, Edward(s), Hetherolls, Alven, Newman, Royles, Smyth, Knott (a place, not a person's name?), Lacy, Southall, Trott, Battyn, Drax, Allen, Brome/Browne?, Milliard/Mulliard?, Royle(s), Buckley, Browne, Battyn, Allen, Marshall, Stringer. // Map of Barbados p 63 of Dunn circa 1650 at beginning of a sugar boom, various names of property holders on and near Leeward coast areas of Barbados. Laurence, Cater, Patrick, Mac? Terill, Ogle, Dutton, Wolfe, Bybjon, Powell, Walker, Slovens, Terill, Ogle, Curtis, Watters, Flutter/Fludyer?, Scriven, Yates, Brown, Sussex, Bushall, Steven, Weeks, Cook, Streton, Browne, Duke, Earl, Small, Gray, Hanniforth, Sandifords, Boston, Webb, Ware, Wright, Smyth, Walker, many illegibles, Powell, Russell, Marshall, Pearce, Smith, Holland, Woodhouse, Ball, Browne, Mutton, Watts, Cornelius, Read, Bix, Bowyer, Coverly, Andrews, Jurymen, Fyde, Morgan, Howard, Martin, Bally, Cox, Wincott, Lambert, Ashton, Eyers, Read, Buckley, Holdip (sic), Fisher, Perkins, Moris, Moss, Sanders, Nedham, Webb, Birch, Jones, Exeter, Wafer (VIP as Dampier's pal!), Hamond, Kitteridge, Hilliard, Taylors, Allen, Fryer, Royle, Baldwin, Byrch, Rose, Scrivener, Wetherell, Webb, Tommson (sic), Battyn, Knott, Trott, Webb.

1651, Battle of Worcester, End of English Civil Wars.

Before 1652: (Penson, Colonial Agents, p.21-22), the authority of the proprietor of the Caribbean Islands is represented by the earl of Carlisle's lessee, Francis Lord Willoughby of Parham... Willoughby gained his authority from Charles Prince of Wales in 1647.

1652: Transportation, Ireland, Egmont Mss: there hath been shipped for Spain, [i.e., transported], 7,000 [Irish people], Kilkenny, Sept. 25, 1652. (Hist Mss, Comm Rep. Egmont Mss, Vol. 1, 1905, p. 514).

1652: English merchants obtain letters patent granting them freedom of trade from Bengal. (In 1690, Job Charnock sets up factory and officially founds Calcutta.)

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1652: Dutchmen led by Jan van Riebeeck land at what becomes Cape Town, South Africa, to establish a trading station.

1653: England bore its years of interregnum under a Commonwealth to 1653, and the Protectorate after that. In 1654, Cromwell sent Bulstrode Whitelocke to Stockholm to look into the Baltic trades, to stave off the influence of the Dutch, to see to the security supply of naval stores. (Albion, Forests and Sea Power, p. 167).

1654: Cromwell draws his "Western Design", a typical English piratical expedition into the Caribbean undertaken with blistering (and also self-punishing) self-righteousness. By mid-1654 Cromwell wanted to break the Spanish monopoly in the West Indies and Central America, rationalising this as "enlarging the boundaries of Christ's kingdom". But the enterprise was mismanaged, botched, ill-supplied. An attack on Hispaniola failed, and although a small colony was started on Jamaica it faltered. (John Gillingham, Cromwell: Portrait of a Soldier. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1976., p. 135).

1654, Anglo-Spanish War.

1648-1654: The fall of Luanda to the Portuguese and the loss of New Holland in 1654 lead the Dutch to establish Curacao as a slave depot - quite a successful one. Goslinga says that Spanish officials, aware of the value of slaves to sugar production, are quite willing to accept bribes from foreigners in matters of slave handling. Before the Grillo-Lomelino asiento, there had been no official asiento granted for some time by the Spanish. Grillo-Lomelino intended to rely mostly on English and Dutch suppliers of slaves. Which meant, the Dutch West India Company is involved. (Goslinga, Dutch in the Caribbean, p. 353.) - Asiento chronology -

1654+: The brother-in-law of William Courteen was the Earl of Bridgewater. Bridgewater had taken on Courteen's debts after Courteen had bankrupted due to his speculations with the Dutch East India Company. Courteen had come to the attention of Oliver Cromwell after 1654, and it seems Cromwell tried to smooth things over regarding unstated problems with Bridgewater's estates - problems which were probably also linked to the Courteen debts. Charles had been indebted to Courteens but the Courteens' affairs in all are too-little discussed. (Antonia Fraser, Cromwell: Our Chief Of Men. London. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1973., p. 491).

1655, English conquer Jamaica.

1655: Stuart kings and DC's ancestors, In 1655, Jamaica was captured by the English Admiral William Penn and Robert Venables, and in 1670 was formally ceded to Great Britain by the Treaty of Madrid.

1655++: Sir James Modyford: Sir James Modyford (died 13 January 1675 at St. Andrews, Jamaica). Lt-Gov of Jamaica. He was married to Elizabeth Slanning, sole heir of Sir Nicholas Slanning, Knight, of Maristow in Devon; they had four daughters. Modyford by about 1655 was licenced to take circuit-convicted felons and those from the Old Bailey, who were to be reprieved to transportation to Jamaica. Modyford had been a celebrated cavalier commander in the Civil War. His estate went to a daughter, Grace, who married Peter Heywood; then to their grandson and heir, James Modyford Heywood, who died in 1798. [It is not impossible this Heywood was an early member of the family line of Peter Heywood, the Bounty mutineer]. Modyford brought settlers from Barbados to Jamaica after the success of Cromwell's Western Design (from 1654). His influence as a leader on Jamaica was significant and he therefore influenced some merchant activity.

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1655: From 1655 after England acquired Jamaica, reports flooded back to England of suffering on the island. Cromwell considered sending Irish youngsters, or Highlanders, but he was warned such Scots might incite the island to rebellion. Soon Cromwell forced to suggest 1000 Irish boys and girls be rounded up to fill the empty island; no evidence this transportation actually occurred. Spanish king furious about the English "rape" of Jamaica, Notes from Antonia Fraser, Cromwell. Cromwell died 3 Sept., 1658.

1655: King granted a licence to Sir James Modyford to take all felons convicted on circuits and at the Old Bailey, then reprieved, to Jamaica.

1655: In 1655, Jamaica was captured by the English Admiral William Penn and Robert Venables, and in 1670 was formally ceded to Great Britain by the Treaty of Madrid. (Sir George Clark, The Later Stuarts, 1660-1714. Oxford History of England. Vol. 10. OUP. 1965., p. 340).

1655: In 1660, the most influential element in the West India interest were the merchants [whom Penson does not name] whose rise to power had been mainly caused by the share they took in the Cromwell western expedition of 1655. (Writes Penson, Colonial Agents, p.45.) Noell's interest declined. Povey's schemes disappeared with the decline of the Willoughby interest.

1655: Meanwhile, from 1655 (Eric Williams, p. 101, p. 114) Cromwell was to get rid of many inconvenient people by sending them to the West Indies. (England captured Jamaica in 1655). Cromwell sent 7000-8000 Scots from the 1651 Battle of Worcester to British plantations in the colonies. Cromwell's men voted in 1656 to send 2000 Irish men and girls to Jamaica, and in 1656 Cromwell ordered the Scottish government "to apprehend known idle, masterless robbers and vagabonds" for Jamaica. But there is no evidence the Irish transportation was actually conducted.

After 1655: (As in Penson, Colonial Agents, p.24, Cromwell's military governor on Jamaica was Colonel D'Oyley.

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1656++: On Thomas Povey: Thomas Povey, lawyer, became a West Indian merchant. I have no information on his parentage. Newton mentions the "overtures" of Noell and Povey in 1656-1657, who were part of an important group of London merchants who advised Cromwell. Their ideas led to the first beginnings of a definite foreign colonial policy, and to the formation of a Select Committee for Trade and Foreign Plantations. Povey had wanted to form a privateering West India Company. About 1664-1666, Povey was surveyor-general of the Victualling Dept. Penson sees Povey as a Carlisle place man, a barrister of Gray's Inn. Povey's brother Richard was on Jamaica and another brother, William, worked on Barbados. Povey was friends with Maurice Thompson, Martin Noell, and Colonel James Drax of the Caribbean. Richard Povey was active about 1664. He became a Jamaica agent.
He may have been the Povey named as secretary for Jamaica mentioned in Frederick G. Spurling, Early West India Government: showing the progress of Government in Barbados, Jamaica and the Leeward Islands, 1660-1783. Palmerston, North New Zealand, self pub. nd.

William Povey, Provost Marshall of Barbados, brother of Thomas, was active by about 1664. Charles Povey's name is noted in respect of insurance in London; he was active by 1710. He was a wheeler-dealer, an inveterate entrepreneur, a dealer in property and newspapers. Povey founded the Sun insurance company. He probably had association with one Nicholas Barbon.

Povey: Sources: P. G. M. Dickson, The Sun Insurance Office, 1710-1960. London, 1960. Clive Trebilcock, Phoenix Assurance and the development of British Insurance. Vol. 1, 1782-1870. London, Cambridge University Press, 1985., p. 7. There is much information on Poveys and others of that generation in Pares, Merchants and Planters. Arthur Percival Newton, The Colonising Activities of the English Puritans: the last phase of the Elizabethan struggle with Spain. New Edition. Port Washington, New York, 1966., p. p. 101, p. 325; Brenner on Maurice Thomson. Burke's Extinct Baronetcies, p. 70 in the section for Bond of Peckham.
Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest. Vol. 5. Bath, England, Cedric Chivers Ltd., 1972., notes that one Thomas Povey was Mayor of Bristol in 1612 as Anne (of Denmark) visited that city. Antonia Fraser, Cromwell: Our Chief of Men. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973., p. 534; K. G. Davies, Royal African Company, index. Maurice Thomson, Noel and others are mentioned in Shafaat Ahmad Khan, The East India Trade in the Seventeenth Century, in its Political and Economic Aspects. New Delhi, S. Chand and Co., 1971?.

1656: The governor of Antigua was Colonel Christopher Keynell. (Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 18).

1656: A list of planter names now on Jamaica or Barbados, and/or their backers, includes: the Earl Carlisle, James earl Marlborough an early grantee, Lord Willoughby. By 1658 Sir James Modyford (formerly in Charles' army) led anti-Carlisle Barbados factions. Modyford's ally was Peter Watson. (Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 15). Colonel Colleton (of a family early on Barbados) was a relative of Modyford suspended by a Barbados governor Daniel Searle (It remains uncertain who were Courteen supporters here? Courteen had a vigourous now). Power would go to General Monk when Cromwell died. Monk relatives included Modyford and Colleton, plus friends Peter Watson, Sir James Drax, Thos. Kendall, Jonathan Andrews, Tobias Frere, Edward Walrond. By 1759. Col. James Russell was governor of Nevis. Some of the Willoughby faction were Povey and Noell. Interested and anti-Willoughby was Kendall. The Royalist factions won some battles and Willoughby appointed Humphrey Walrond. One Capt. Lynch by 1673 became governor Jamaica, but he would be supplanted by Modyford. (A statesmen Sir William Morice was a kinsman of Monck).

1657: Governor Edward D'Oyley, Jamaica, in 1657 invited English buccaneers to Tortuga to transfer their headquarters to Jamaica. By the mid-1660s, a freebooting fleet manned by 1500 men operated from the new town of Port Royal, which, a mark of the decadence of the purposes preoccupying its residents, had no fresh water supply. (Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 24).

14 January 1657: Governor of English East India Company William Cockayne calls a conference on state of the Company, news is not good, and disaster is averted only since Cromwell and his men decide the Company needs to survive, be reordered more consistently, and be properly revived.

1658-1707: India: Emperor Aurangzeb is the last great Moghul emperor; after 1707 empire begins to break up.
(Giles Milton, Nathaniel's Nutmeg. Penguin Books, 1999/2000.)

1658: Cromwell died on September 3, 1658, when the governor of St. Christopher was Capt. Philip Ward. (Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 25). Power fell into the hands of George Monck, leader of the forces occupying Scotland. In England arose strong reaction against Puritan supremacy, and when Monck got to London, opinion had already crystallised for recalling an exiled king.

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1658: Gov. of St. Christopher, Caribbean is Capt. Philip Ward.

1659: More to come

Thomas /Foote/ Lord Mayor of London. d. 1687 - Acceded:21 Nov 1660 Lord Mayor of London. Thomas FOOT elected in 1649.
(Item, per Peter Western)

1660: A noted Barbadian was Capt. John Bayes, once treasurer on Barbados; he had been about the island since 1653. (Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 15.

1660, July 16: (Penson, Colonial Agents, p.27-28, authorities in London wanted instatement of Col. Modyford at Barbados, Modyford's friends in London wanting this outcome, friends here led by John Colleton and aided by favour of General Monk, both of whom were relatives of Modyford. The group of friends appears to have been Peter Watson, John Colleton, [Sir] James Drax, Thomas Kendall, Jonathan Andrews, Tobias Frere, Edward Walrond (sic), all concerned re their tenures re Lord Willoughby. all this group would later to 1671 dominate the actions of any agent for Barbados.

30 August, 1660: Dispute over Barbados continues, a committee had backed a decision of the king, as some rival claimants appeared, the heir of the earl of Carlisle and the representative of an earlier grant, James, Earl of Marlborough, and so Kendall, Colleton et al had again to press their case for a royal government of Barbados. [it seems, versus a [proprietary right].
Sept 1660: seemingly resolving the Barbados dispute, in Penson, Colonial Agents, p.31, Lord Willoughby with royal authorization designated Humphrey Walrond as present of council on Barbados, Modyford demurred but gave in, though he then led the opposition on the island over 1661.

1660: The commissioners of Treasury included Sir Edward Hyde, George Monck later duke of Albemarle, Sir William Morice. 1660 - England now with a base in the Caribbean - Jamaica - and Barbados, wanted goods from the west, logwood for dyeing, from an area with no fixed government, in the Bay of Honduras and on the Mosquito Coast. The Spanish held St. Eustatius about now as an entrepot. From Barbados came General Christopher Codrington, born in Barbados and succeeding his father as governor there. (Clark, The Later Stuarts, p. 325, p. 348).

December 1660: In London, some members of the Council for Foreign Plantations include Secs of State, others of Privy Council, some experts, Lord Willoughby, Earl of Marlborough, some west Indian planters and merchants, Sir Peter Leare, Sir Andrew Riccard, Sir James Drax, Thomas Povey, John Colleton [relative of Modyford], Edward Walrond, Martin Noell, Thomas Kendall, Thomas Middleton, William Watts. all worked together for five years with the board. Povey seems to have been linked to some letters to Virginia and New England. He maybe wanted to become agent all round. Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 34-35-37.) Earlier, Povey been more or less recommended by Willoughby to governors of Montserrat and Nevis, Col. Osborne and Col. Russell respectively, on concerns of the islands. By about 1663, Colonel Philip Froude was sec of the council for Foreign Plantations and he had support of Modyford's party, and Lord Bartlet and others, re the antagonist Povey.

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1660: (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 26-27), July 9, 1660, Lord Willoughby was directed by the king to take up as governor of Barbados and other Caribbee islands, re his position as lessee of the Earl of Carlisle's rights, whereupon interested persons in London protested, and in July and August 1660, one protestor was the son of the first settler of Barbados, Sir William Courteen. Another protestor a Mr. Kendall. They had to go to law, as the decision was for Willoughby.

1660s: One reason for a sugar island to be dependent on food from Britain, Ireland and North America, was the price of sugar, the cost of land and profit from it. (Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, p. 206). Between 1660 and 1685 (reign of Charles II, the king generally received more from each pound of Virginian imported leaf that the planter! With the Restoration, the East India Company directors gave gifts of their loyalty, and the king gave them a favourable charter and accepted loans over 16 years of £170,000. (Mukherjee, p. 75).

By 1660: England with base in Caribbean with Jamaica, also in Barbados, and in west, England too logwood for dyeing, with no fixed government, in Bay of Honduras and Mosquito Coast. Spanish held St. Eustatius about now as an entrepot. Clark, Later Stuarts, p. 325.)

1660, 9 July: Lord Willoughby was directed by the king to take up as governor of Barbados and other Caribbean islands, respecting his position as lessee of the Earl of Carlisle's rights. Whereupon interested persons in London protested and in July and August 1660, one protestor was the son of the first settler of Barbados, Sir William Courteen. Another protestor was Mr. Kendall. They had to resort to law as the decision was for Willoughby. (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 26-27).

1660: 16 July: Certain authorities in London wanted the instatement of Modyford at Barbados. Modyford's friends in London also wanted this outcome, a coalition led by John Colleton and aided by favour of General Monk, both of whom were relatives of Modyford. The group of friends appears to have included Peter Watson, John Colleton, [Sir] James Drax, Thomas Kendall, Jonathan Andrews, Tobias Frere, Edward Walrond (sic), all here apparently concerned about their tenures with Lord Willoughby. To 1671, all this group would later dominate the actions of any agent for Barbados. (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 27-28).

1660 - 30 August: Dispute over Barbados continued. A committee had backed a decision of the king as rival claimants had appeared, the heir of the earl of Carlisle and the representative of an earlier grant, James, Earl of Marlborough. And so Kendall, Colleton et al had again to press their case for a royal government of Barbados.

1660: September: Seemingly resolving the Barbados dispute, Lord Willoughby with royal authorization designated Humphrey Walrond as present of the council on Barbados, Modyford demurred but gave in, though he then led the opposition on the island during 1661. (Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 31).

1660: (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp.26-27, July 9, 1660, Lord Willoughby was directed by the king to take up as governor of Barbados and other Caribbee islands, re his position as lessee of the Earl of Carlisle's rights, whereupon interested persons in London protested, and in July and August 1660, one protestor was the son of Sir William Courteen, the first settler of Barbados. Another protestor a Mr. Kendall. They had to go to law, as the decision was for Willoughby.

1660: By 1660, "the most influential element in the West India interest" were the merchants [whom Penson does not name] whose rise to power had been mainly caused by the share they took in the Cromwell western expedition of 1655. (Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 45). Noell's interest declined. Povey's schemes disappeared with the decline of the Willoughby interest. But none of this is adequately explained.

1660: 28 November: Two members of the army on Jamaica were Capts Thomas Lynch (later the governor of Jamaica by 1673, and Epinetus (sic) Crosse (sic). With the Restoration, both had returned to London on their own concerns and regarding general business of the island. (Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 18).

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1661, June: Jeremy Bonnel and Co. of London petitioned the King to have delivery of prisoners to ship to Jamaica on their ship Charity. Bureaucracy ruined the overtures, but more pardons were issued on conditions of transportation, whereupon the sheriffs of London complained of the costs of keeping reprieved prisoners. (But the City could reimburse itself by selling its felons!). (Coldham, Emigrants in Chains, pp. 50-51.)

1661: June: Povey's old friend William Watts was in command of government of St. Christopher, while Povey's brother Richard was on Jamaica where the new governor was Lord Windsor. Povey's pro-Willoughby influence abated from 1663 as the ruling party on Barbados remained anti-Willoughby. About 1664-1666, Povey was surveyor-general of the victualling dept. (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 35-38).

1661: September 25: The naval administrator Samuel Pepys noted in his diary the first time he ever drank tea. (Misra, p. 21). (Joseph M. Walsh, Tea: its history and mystery. Philadelphia, Coates and Co., 1892.

1661: Discussions ensued on the Carlisle patent respecting Barbados. Francis Lord Willoughby, (who had a brother William Lord Willoughby) referred to the actions of a group of planters and merchants in London who "resisted the imposition of proprietary government" for [their own] private ends. By 1667 these were thought to include Peter Colleton, Peter Leare, Mr. Ferdinando George [Gorges?]. These were all absentee planters continuing the work of Kendall and Colleton, working against the development of an agency by Povey. (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 40-41).

1661: 29 March: Walrond on Barbados decided Kendall and Colleton were really working for the reinstatement of Modyford on Barbados. Willoughby sailed to Barbados by 1663 and there found considerable intrigues. (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 32-33).

1661: A Scots Council of Trade had formed during the interregnum of 1661-1685. Scots merchants began trading to North America, despite English provisions against such activity.

1661: Bank of Stockholm issues world's first banknotes.

1662: And later. On the development of the joint-stock company in England, (Davies, Early Stuarts, pp. 24ff). (K. G. Davies, RAC, pp. 22ff, p. 32), lists joint-stock companies such as Muscovy, Mines Royal, Mineral and Battery Co., Levant Co., East India Co., New River Company (half of its capital belonged to the crown), Royal Fishery (interesting the Duke of Monmouth; Charles II invested 9000 pounds in the RF), Royal Adventurers, Royal African Co., Hudson's Bay Company, Bank of England.

1662: In 1662 the Royal Adventurers Trading into Africa had one prime purpose, to oust the Dutch in the slave trade. It was the third English-Africa Company, and it took over an East India Company factory, Cape Coast Castle, a few miles east of a Dutch station, Elmina, on the Gold Coast. Prince Rupert maintained an interest as a shareholder. The Duke of York invested with the Hudson's Bay Company. By 1663 there appeared the Company of Royal Adventurers of England Trading to Africa, which in 1663 told Charles II, the very being of the plantations depended on the supply of Negro slaves. (Clark, Later Stuarts, p. 332). (Eric Williams, pp. 136-137)

1662: In 1662, prior to the granting of an asiento to Domingo Grillo and Amrosio Lomelino (who were Genoese), future profits for slave trading promise to be large. Spain in 1662 makes an asiento with Grillo-Lomelino, for 24,000 Negroes in seven years and they would obtain slaves from Dutch West India Company and the English Royal African Company, and resell them. They put an agent on Curacao. This time around, Spain had varied its practice, as Grillo-Lomelino had won an exclusive right to procure and sell slaves in the Spanish colonies in America. Spanish colonists are appalled at the arrangements and prices charged for slaves and protest to their government, which tries to convince Grillo-Lomelino to obtain slaves direct from Africa. They refused. In 1668, though Grillo-Lomelino were becoming insolvent, they contracted to supply 3500 slaves annually to the Caribbean, subcontracting with the Dutch West India Co. for the delivery of 2000. (Goslinga, Dutch in the Caribbean, pp. 353-362.) - Asiento chronology -

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1662: Dutch are driven from Taiwan (called Formosa by the Portuguese, meaning "beautiful").

1663: Sir George Smith of EICo instrumental in interest in tea import to London, with Henry Page at Bantam consigning tea to Smith in ship London by 1663. (See Sir Percival Griffiths, The History of the Indian Tea Industry. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967., p. 17)

1663: In 1662, Charles II married the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza, who was very fond of tea. Sir George Smith of the East India Company had been instrumental in promoting tea import to London; Henry Page at Bantam was consigning tea to Smith in the ship London by 1663. (Sir Percival Griffiths, Indian Tea Industry, p. 17).

1663: About 1663, England acquires New York and New Jersey.

1633: In 1663, with formation of Royal Africa Co., e.g. Prince Rupert a shareholder, and Duke of York invests with Hudson's Bay Co.

1663: An Anglo-Dutch War. Capt. Robert Holmes (who ended in causing a war that changed the history of the Caribbean! So who sent him?) spent the 1663-1664 winter on the west coast of Africa in winter with a squadron to support the Royal Africa Company against Dutch encroachments. Holmes took the island of Goree, north of the Gambia River and Cape Coast Castle on the Gulf of Guinea, the Gold Coast. Other Anglo-Dutch conflict began elsewhere. the war lasted 30 months (as in London the Great Plague raged, the worst since the Black Death of 1348, almost 7000 deaths in one week). (Clark, The Later Stuarts, p. 63).

1664: England: A mere two pounds and two ounces of tea are imported from China. (Frank Welsh, A History of Hong Kong.)

1664: English capture New Amsterdam (New York).
1664: One summer's day, "four English frigates swoop on New Amsterdam to change it to New York".

1664: Thailand: Dutch force king of Thailand to give them monopoly of deerskin exports and seaborne trade with China.

The end of 1664: The Dutch admiral de Ruyter with 12 ships recaptured African possessions - a battle fleet under the Duke of York and Prince Rupert made prizes of Dutch ships in the Channel. (Clark, Later Stuarts, p. 65).

1664: Holmes established Fort James up the Gambia River. (Clark, Later Stuarts, pp. 332ff).

1664: Formation of a French East India Company, wishing to take what the Dutch had not yet taken. (Glen Barclay, A History of the Pacific: From the Stone Age to the present day. London, Sidgwick and Jackson, 1978., p. 38).

1664: The name John Colleton reappears. In 1664 - Charles II granted a licence to Sir James Modyford to take to Jamaica all felons convicted on circuits and at the Old Bailey, then reprieved. (Oldham, p. 5).

1664: Holmes established Fort James up the Gambia River for the English. Clark/Oxford p332ff, In 1664 Capt. Holme's expedition founded Fort James about 20 miles up the Gambia River, after cleaning out the Dutch, as a new base for British operations. There followed a confusing series of British-Dutch capture and recapture.

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1664: Modyford, "a planter become a governor" as he boasted, was removed from Barbados to Jamaica, but this did not destroy the anti-Willoughby faction on Barbados that Modyford had built up to hinder first Searle, then Willoughby. (Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 39). Modyford shortly laid down on Jamaica an evil document, the Barbados slave code, which was later exported to Carolina and Virginia in North America.

1664: English capture New Amsterdam (New York).

1664: November. Charles II told the sheriffs that Sir James Modyford would ship felons to his brother on Jamaica. But in 1665, a similar licence was given Thomas Bennet, and in 1668, Peter Pate was given an exclusive trade in Newgate convicts. Till 1707, the London officials had to play round robin to find which colonies found transported prisoners most acceptable, for which reasons, or not, for which excuses.

1664: England: A mere two pounds and two ounces of tea are imported from China. (Frank Welsh, A History of Hong Kong.)

1665: Newton "discovers" gravity.

1665: Second Anglo-Dutch War.

1665: A "purely commercial" Anglo-Dutch war began, stemmed again from conflict on the African west coast, Capt. Robert Holmes took Goree north of the Gambia River, and Cape Coast Castle on Gulf of Guinea. Capt. Nicolls meanwhile took the New Netherlands (New York) from Gov. Peter Stuyvesant. (Clark, Later Stuarts, p. 63). The name Carteret would reappear. In 1643 the New Englanders had helped form the New England confederation, for defense. A staple trade item was fur. In 1664 came a new effort to subdue New Netherland, as it was encroaching on English holdings. So Charles II decided to grant the area to his brother James Duke of York, as a proprietary province. James' deputy was Richard Nicholls who sailed for New Netherland from Boston. The Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant surrendered in Sept 1664, the colony was renamed New York. Part of the New York territory included what would become New Jersey. The Duke of York here favoured his friends Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, two defenders of the Stuarts during the Puritan Cromwell period. In 1665 these proprietors established a government for the area, but New York protested as this clashed with their own interests. (Finns and Swedes were then on the Delaware River). In 1674 Lord Berkeley sold his New Jersey interests to two Quakers, John Fenwick and Edward Byllynge. and these Quakers used trustees including William Penn. (Ver Steeg, The Formative Years, pp. 115-116).

Sept 1665, another pro-Willoughby agent in the wings was John Champante, a clerk in the Grand Excise office. (Penson, Colonial Agents, p.38,

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1665: The Dutch attacked Barbados. Gov. Lord Willoughby perished in a hurricane that took his fleet and England no choice but to base defence on the very buccaneers they'd earlier been trying to suppress. England gained St. Eustatius, and Tobago. There followed the Peace of Breda in 1667. England regained Nova Scotia, the Dutch never recovered their dominant position in West Indian trade. (Clark, Later Stuarts, p. 327). At this time, the commentator on Mercantilism, merchant-cum-political scientist Josiah Child, dominated the East India Company. There was later a firm, Coutts and Child. Sir Josiah Child as political economist helped develop the outlook of Mercantilism.

1665 - With the connivance of the governor of Jamaica, three British captains including Henry Morgan made their way upriver and sacked Granada, capital of Nicaragua. Other parties later pillaged the Pacific coast. (Clark, Later Stuarts, p. 328).

1665: The Dutch come to Ceylon, British power showed in 1796 and complete British control by 1817.

1665: (Clark, Later Stuarts, p. 63), a purely commercial war Anglo Dutch, stemmed from conflict on African west coast, Capt. Robert Holmes aggressive there winter of 1663-1664, he took Goree north of Gambia River and Cape Coast Castle on Gulf of Guinea - and Capt. Nicolls took the New Netherlands.

From 1665-1671: Gov. Modyford of Jamaica sending out Henry Morgan as pirate, and finally after 1671, Charles II thought it had gone too far and recalled Modyford and set to suppress the buccaneers. (Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, p 156), the Gov. after Modyford, is Lynch, a planter man who wished to dispense with the buccaneers.

1665-1670: Charles II made attempts to obtain the contract for the supply of slaves to the Spanish, the Asiento, which was not granted to Britain till the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. (Clark, Later Stuarts, p. 328).

1665: The plague of 1665 took 100,000 Londoners, spreading from St. Giles and Drury Lane, to the City, then Stepney, Rotherhithe and Deptford, until 4-5000 deaths occurred per week. The distress lasted in all from summer 1664 to the Great Fire. (Burke, Streets of London, p. 38).
1665: The plague of 1665 took 100,000 Londoners, spreading from St. Giles and Drury Lane, to the City, then Stepney, Rotherhithe and Deptford, until 4-5000 deaths occurred per week. The plague lasted in all from summer 1664 to the Great Fire. Pro-Catholic Stuart kings remained hateful of the Protestant Dutch, there was fighting over supplying slaves to Catholic Spain. Further commerce was being designed. 1665 - A purely commercial Anglo Dutch war occurred, stemmed from conflict on the African west coast, where Capt. Robert Holmes remained aggressive over the winter of 1663-1664; he took Goree north of the Gambia River and Cape Coast Castle (Crispe's earlier creation) on the Gulf of Guinea. Capt. Nicolls took the New Netherlands (New York?) Burke, Streets of London, p. 38). (Clark, The Later Stuarts, p. 63).

1665-1671: Gov. Modyford of Jamaica began sending out Henry Morgan as pirate till finally, after 1671, Charles II thought it had gone too far and recalled Modyford and set to suppress the buccaneers. (Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, p. 156). The governor replacing Modyford, Lynch, a planter man, wished to dispense with the buccaneers.

1666: Sept.: The Great Fire of London, an accidental fire on London Bridge, in four days 13,000 houses destroyed, plus larger buildings in between, value of property was 7-10 million pounds, no insurance as fire insurance a thing of the future, and in the country, riots due to unemployment and high taxation. There were many disasters, but Britain did gain New Amsterdam, New York.
1666: September. The Great Fire of London. Hillaby writes of "the blitzed but still glorious shell of St.-Dunstan-in-the-East, near Love Lane and St. Clements. The Great Fire of London started in a bake house about Monument Street and Pudding Lane, taking a day and a half to really take hold. Pepys had buried his valuables in the garden of his house in Seething Lane. The king had given permission to tear down houses to deprive the moving fire of fuel. The fire raged for five days, taking 436 acres, about 13,000 houses and 89 churches. (Hillaby's London, pp. 86-87).

1667: Josiah Child dominates EICo, about time of Treaty of Breda ending Dutch War in 1667.

1667: Sir Peter Colleton had visited Barbados, then returned to London with a petition to the king respecting a risk of war with France. Barbados' governor then was Sir Jonathan Atkins. Disputes arose over island defence. Barbados agents became Colleton and the pro-Modyford, anti-Willoughby Colonel Henry Drax died 1683. (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 54-56).

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1667-1668: William Lord Willoughby had sailed to the Leeward Islands. On his return to London he was granted a renewal of his commission as governor of all the Caribbean Islands. (Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 43).

1667-1669: Act 18 Car II c. 3 empowered judges to exile for life the border brigands of Northumberland and Cumberland to any of the American colonies. This act expired in 1673.

18 April, 1667: Holland and England: Treaty of Breda. The small Island of Run of the spice islands, Indonesia, source of nutmeg, is swapped for Manhattan. Manhattan later becomes a giant city, New York, and Run is forgotten, drops off maps, and is not noticed again until Giles Milton writes Nathaniel's Nutmeg.
(Giles Milton, Nathaniel's Nutmeg. Penguin Books, 1999/2000, p. 364.)

1668: An advance in the art of economic reasoning, England begins to collect statistics.

1668: A new council of trade was established. In 1670 a council for the colonies was established, which in 1672 became a council for trade and plantations, with its secretary after 1673 John Locke. This body advised the Privy Council on co-ordinating policy, but the innovation was dropped by 1675, till Parliament grew dissatisfied.

1668: Barbadian agitators against Lord Willoughby include Sir Paul Painter and Ferdinando Gorges. (Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 48).

1668: Capt. Henry Morgan with 400 men seized Port Bello, the port from which Spanish silver fleets sailed, returning with 250,000 pieces of eight. (Clark, Later Stuarts, p. 328).

From 1669: The Scots name Campbell begins to appear on Barbados, in parishes such as St. Michael, St. Philip, St. Lucy, St. Peter in 1780, St. Joseph, Christ Church; in 1675 at Christ Church Barbados. In 1677 a Susan Campbell lived on Barbados. Culpeper and Campbell married in June 1774 at St. John. In 1664 was mentioned Mary Campbell at St. John. Campbell married Jordan at St. Lucy in 1763. Campbell and Armstrong were linked by 4 March, 1753. The names Campbell and Joseph Nurse were linked at St. John's. (IGI). After 1672 the name Nurse appeared as a dealer with the Royal African Company.

1669: Turks conquer Crete.

1670: After 1670: The Bahamas became subject of a grant to certain of the proprietors to whom the province of Carolina was also granted in 1670. (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 99-103; citing CSP iii, No. 311, pp. 132-133, November 1, 1670).

1670: In 1670, due to the Grillo-Lomelino insolvency, the Spanish asiento goes to a Portuguese, Antonio Garcia, for five years, with 4000 slaves supplied each year, he to get his slaves from the Portuguese-controlled areas of Africa. But Garcia buys his slaves from the Dutch WIC at Curacao. Garcia temporarily loses his business to the resurging Grillo-Lomelino team, but regains it two years later, and continues buying from the Dutch. (It is even possible, says Goslinga, p. 362, that Dutch capital had been involved earlier re the Garcia asiento of 1675, and so the Dutch interest won out internationally in the slave trade.) At one time, Grillo-Lomelino had placed several thousand guilders in trust at Willemstad on the island of Curacao. Goslinga writes that during the Garcia concession, two Amsterdam merchants, Balthasar and Joseph Cooymans acted as bankers and representatives of the asiento for Garcia. Later, Balthasar Cooymans got the asiento for himself. Goslinga does not elaborate on a later Balthasar Cooymans asiento, except to say that it was "colourful". (Goslinga, Dutch in the Caribbean, pp. 353-362.) - Asiento chronology -

Circa 1670? Concerning London Lord Mayor Sir Samuel Starling
Descendants of Garford
2. Tallow Chandler Richard Garford
sp: Miss Notknown
3. Mary Garford wife2 (d.1700)
sp: George Villiers Visc4 Grandison (b.1617;m.14 Nov 1764;d.16 Dec 1699)
sp: Sir, London Lord Mayor Samuel Starling nd

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1670: Incorporation of the Hudson's Bay Company. Notions persisted of finding the fabled north-west passage, but most activity was engaged in the fur trade. (Clark, Later Stuarts, p. 340).

1670 - The Spanish entreated England to try to discipline the buccaneers. (Clark, Later Stuarts, p. 328). Over the winter of 1670-1671, Apt Morgan with 1800 men again took Granada, Porto Bello and Providence Island, then went across the Isthmus and took Panama, Old Panama was never rebuilt, the Spanish were never recompensed for their losses. Morgan was later knighted and became Lt.-governor of Jamaica.

After 1670: (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 99-103), the Bahamas were subject of a grant to certain of the proprietors also to whom the province of Carolina was granted in 1670, [citing CSP iii, No. 311, pp. 132-133, Nov 1, 1670 -

1670: After 1670: In London, wealthy West Indian planters began to meet at a tavern, and by 1674 had come into existence the Jamaican Coffee House, and so was aided the institutionalisation of West India absentee landlordism.

1670: Sir Thomas Modyford says in 1670 the council and assembly of Jamaica is modelled on the high court of Parliament. (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 4-5, and Modyford led the factions of Barbados, when Daniel Searle the official governor of Barbados for the Commonwealth. and in 1658, Searle suspended from judicial duty a relative of Modyford, Colonel Colleton, member of a family on Barbados quite early. p . 15. [So, is Colleton maybe a Courteen supporter?]

1670 - In dealing with the French regarding Barbados, Willoughby found support from some of the Barbados planters and merchants in England such as Sir Peter Colleton and Edward Drax. But a Leeward Islands interest triumphed. For whatever reason, in January 1670/71, Sir Charles Wheeler was appointed first governor-general of the Leeward Islands. He was succeeded by Sir William Stapleton, in office till 1685, "a man of powerful personality". (Penson, Colonial Agents, p. 430.)

By 1670: In need of supplies, Charles II proposed to lay a tax on commodities including sugar. William Lord Willoughby in England still, dealing with Champante, also less so with Povey, processed claims put forward by the Leeward Islands. He also wanted grant of the petitions given him by the Barbados assembly in 1668. Willoughby had little success, so in 1670 the assembly wrote to both Willoughby and London merchants, as Modyford had earlier done, in November 1670. Various merchant and planters remained worried about taxes and regulations, and they wanted agents in London to see to their affairs, the agents to be responsible not to London but to the island assembly, which was regarded as an innovation. (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 46-49ff).

1670: Sir Thomas Modyford says in 1670 the council and assembly of Jamaica is modelled on the high court of Parliament. (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 4-5, and Modyford led the factions of Barbados, when Daniel Searle the official governor of Barbados for the Commonwealth.

1671: London's sugar refiners had been intriguing regarding import duty on sugars from Barbados. The New England traders were at this time evading the Navigation Laws, trading for example with the French sugar islands. The Royal Africa Company as a supplier of slaves remained worrying due to its "narrow interests". (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 116-119).

Jan-Feb 1671: A former Barbados colonist, Col. Edward Thornburgh (a crony of Povey) was being considered for attending to the affairs of Barbados by the assembly there, but letters were crossing in the mail. Ferdinando Gorges for a time was rival to Thornburgh, who obtained the position, only to be replaced by Thomas Hinchman. By 1672, Willoughby decided to leave everything to the planters, who were divided over Hinchman. (Penson, Colonial Agents, pp. 51-53, p. 116).

1672: Guericke's "Experimenta Nova Magdeburg." vacuum pump, static electricity.

1672: By 1672 there were 70 sugar works on Jamaica (which is total of 3,840,000 acres), in 1752, only 2,133,336 acres cultivable, and in 1752, cultivable land measured at 633,336 acres - in 1754 there were 1620 planters with an average holding of 1000 acres, and much land not used for sugar was left idle, despite the island's potential for greater self-sufficiency in food production and urgings it become more diversified in production, and also - to keep production down propped up the price, and Eric Williams (p. 127) says Jamaica could easily have had three times the number of sugar plantations it did have), producing 760 tons of sugar, 200,000 acres had been granted to 717 families, about 280 acres per family. Sugar islands became increasingly parochial in outlook, was this due to monoculturalism? (Eric Williams, pp. 114-115.) Cultivating one acre of cane in the WI required [about] 172 days of human labour.

1672: British Royal African Co. formed in 1672 with a monopoly.

1672: Royal African Co. founded in 1672, then its monopoly from 1689 was broken by private traders, by 1712 the private traders gave the Co. a 10 per cent commission, to fund operation of the forts, from 1712, the British slave trade became free, after 1712 the Co. itself made only insignificant supply of slaves. this is how Bristol and Liverpool became ports so dependent on slavery, especially Liverpool.

1672: The African Adventurers Company had been ruined by its losses. After 1672 it was replaced by the Royal Africa Company, which ambitiously set up six forts on the Gold Coast and one on the slave coast, while the French built north of the Gambia in Senegal.

1672: The Treaty of Dover.

1672: England: The Cabal's public finances had been disastrous. By 1672 the government owed two millions, one million to bankers to whom government stopped paying interest. "Five considerable bankruptcies" resulted. The king began to sell fee-farm-rents. In 1672, Clifford became treasurer, soon succeeded by Danby till 1679 (Danby who relied on the advice of Sir William Temple had wanted to plan the marriage of William and Mary. Thomas Osborne or Danby was related to Lady Temple.

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1672: Charles II of England charters the slave-gathering Royal Africa Company. Among the subscribers are 15 Lords of the realm and the "philosopher of Liberty", John Locke.

1672: Outbreak of Dutch War. Also in 1672, France founds port of Pondicherry in India.

1673: The Royal Africa Company Listings - Assistants to the Company included: Sir John Buckworth, Deputy-Governor 1672-1673. Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury, Sir John Banks, Jarvis Cartwright, Thomas Farrington, Sir Samuel Dashwood, Ferdinando Gorges, Sir Edward Hopegood, John Jeffreys, Sir Andrew King, Samuel Moyer, Sir Gabriel Roberts, Sir John Shaw, Benjamin Skutt in 1682-1684. Also associated, Thomas Vernon, Sir Robert Vyner, Sir Joseph Williamson, Edward Rudge, Sir John Robinson, William Roberts, Sir Arthur Ingram, Thomas Crispe, William earl of Craven, Roger Chappell, John Bull, Sir Robert Vyner.

About 1673: The English crown attempts unsuccessfully to install Lord Culpeper and Lord Arlington as significant new landlords in Virginia. (Ver Steeg, The Formative Years, p. 136).

1673: Governor of Jamaica is Sir Thomas Lynch, who tries and fails to have an assembly formed.

1673: French build Kuthi at Chandannagar. French take over Pondicherry.

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1674 Circa: Names of interest on roads out from Barbados Bridgetown by Carlisle Bay, in no particular order, (From Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, p. 94, from a Barbados map dated about 1674. Hawley, Scot(t) Sherland, Eyton, Carter, Kisbrook, Peat, Clements, Morris, Child, Young, Codrington Jnr, Turton, Cecill, Elegant, Newbold and Prideaux, Willoughby, Cole and Mellors, Gregory and Prideaux, Ridgway, Pellard, Osborn, Robinson, Witham and Green, Wolverston, Bulklay, Sutton Snr, Kandye, Perkins, Davis, Pointz, Morgan, Silvester, Stroud, Finchbrok; Neal, Bright and Salter, Newell and Guy, Gayton (maybe links to the Gaytons who relatives of Arthur Phillip?), Bu Lett, Barnes, Marcell and Claypole, Holdip (sic) Evans and Cade, Grant, Sharpe, Thompson and Prideaux, Heywood, Chester, Lane Jnr, Lane Snr (are these linked to the later Lane Son and Fraser?), Dean, (See Frost on Gov. Phillip of NSW, p. 4,5. old connections between Phillip, Lanes, Gaiton and Everitts, Lane Son and Fraser acted as bankers to Michael Everitt and Arthur Phillip, Phillip close to John Lane and Eleanor Everitt, In the late 1780s, after Michael Everitt died (Phillip been with him on ship Stirling Castle), Elizabeth Gaiton Everitt lived close to her daughter in Nicholas Lane, about time she commissioned the portrait of A. Phillip now in National Portrait Gallery, which she later gave to Isabella Phillip, who later gave it to Eleanor Lane "of Peckham", and in later C19th, the Lane house at Peckham passed to the Gaiton family. See notes in Dunn on Caribbean planters, notes from maps, re Lanes and Gaitons on Barbados before 1688.

1649:

An impression of the family history of London Lord Mayor 1649-1650 Sir, Thomas FOOT Bart and his unknown wife
Sir Thomas Foot Bart (c.1649/1650;d.12 Oct 1687) sp: Miss Notknown
2. Rose Foot wife1 sp: Sir Arthur Onslow, Bart2, MP
2. heir Mary Foot sp: Sir Arthur Onslow, Bart2 MP
3. Sir Richard Onslow Sir, Bart3, MP, Baron1 Onslow (b.23 Jun 1654;d.13 Dec 1717) sp: Elizabeth (Suicide) Tulse (b.1660/1661;d.25 Nov 1718) (Daughter of a London Lord Mayor, see elsewhere) 4. Thomas Onslow Baron2 Onslow (b.Nov 1679;d.5 Jun 1740) sp: Elizabeth Knight a fortune of Jamaica (m.17 Nov 1708;d.19 Apr 1731) 5. Richard Onslow Baron3 Onslow, Whig MP (b.1713;d.8 Oct 1776) sp: Mary Elwill (m.16 May 1741;d.20 Apr 1812) 4. Elizabeth Onslow sp: Thomas Middleton Of Essex 5. Mary Middleton Of Essex (d.12 Aug 1766) sp: John Molesworth Visc2 Molesworth of Swords (b.4 Dec 1679;m.Sep 1718;d.17 Feb 1725/1726) 3. Levant trader Foot Onslow MP, Excise official (d.10 May 1710) sp: Susanna Anlaby 4. MP, Speaker House of Commons, Arthur Onslow Rt Hon (b.1691;d.17 Feb 1768) sp: Anne Bridges 5. Coloniser, George Onslow, Earl1 Onslow, Baron4 Onslow (b.13 Sep 1731;d.17 May 1814) sp: Henrietta Shelley (b.Feb 1730/1731;m.26 Jun 1753;d.27 May 1809) 4. EICo, Gov. Fort William, India, Lt-General Richard Onslow (b.1697;d.1760) sp: Pooley Notknown 5. Lt-Col. George Onslow MP (b.1731;d.1792) sp: Jane Thorp sp: Rose Bridges 5. Elizabeth Onslow sp: Rev George Hamilton
2. Sarah Foote sp: Sir John Lewis, Bart of Co. York (c.1660) 3. Elizabeth Lewis wife1 (b.1654;d.24 Dec 1688) sp: Theophilus Hastings Earl7 Huntingdon (b.10 Dec 1650;d.30 May 1701) sp: Denzil Onslow MP sp: Miss Notknown
2. Rose Foot wife1
2. Mary heir Foot wife2
2. Sarah Foote

1650: More to come

- Dan Byrnes (otherwise indicated in these pages as -Editor)

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