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1800++: "Never was Empire less the result of design than the British Empire of India." Prof Ramsay Muir in The Making of British India, cited in Ramkrishna Mukherjee, p. xiv.
1799: India: Ranjit Singh founds Sikh kingdom in Punjab, India.
1799: Rosetta Stone discovered in Egypt by French invaders under Napoleon, assisting deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphics.
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New Millennium? 1799, Approx, Editors of The Times newspaper, London, after receiving letters on when the Nineteenth Century would begin, wrote: ..."when the present century ends... is one of the most absurd (questions) that can engage the public attention, and ... it appears plain. The present century will not terminate till January 1, 1801, unless it can be made out that 99 are 100 ... It is a silly, childish discussion, and only exposes the want of brains of those who maintain a contrary opinion to that we have stated."
1798: Napoleon sets out to conquer Egypt.
1797: British Admiral Nelson defeats the Spanish fleet, Cape St Vincent.
1797: A theory on sea salt-circulation is posited in 1797 by the
Anglo-American physicist Sir Benjamin Thompson (later known, after he
moved to Bavaria, as Count Rumford of the Holy Roman Empire), who
also posited that, if merely to compensate, there would have to be a
warmer (Atlantic?) northbound current as well. The fact that excess
salt is flushed from surface waters has global implications, some of
them recognized two centuries ago. Salt circulates, because
evaporation up north causes it to sink and be carried south by deep
currents. (Greenhouse Timeline)
William H. Calvin, The Great
Climate Flip-Flop, The Atlantic Monthly, January 1998, Volume
281, No. 1, pp. 47-64.
1797, 25 July: British naval commander Horatio Nelson has his right elbow shattered by grapeshot during an assault on Tenerife. His arm has to be amputated.
1796: The first vaccine becomes available in Britain for smallpox.
1796: Emperor Qianlong of China relinquishes power, but still directs government (to 1799).
1795: More to come
1794: French spymaster and republican Joseph Fouche has 1900 counter-revolutionaries butchered in Lyons over a 12-week period.
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1794: US artist John Trumbull paints Thomas Jefferson presenting the Declaration of Independence to Congress. (On Jefferson, check Website: gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/03pjeff.html)
1794: Aga Mohammed founds Kajar dynasty and unites all Persia.
1792: Chinese army marches into neighbouring Nepal.
1792: Sheikh Mohammed Ibn Abdul Wahhab, founder of Saudi Arabia, dies.
1791: Publication by Thomas Paine of part one of his radical book, The Rights of Man.
1790: USA: Two Quaker petitions arrive to the House of Representatives in February 1790, prompting a debate on slavery. The USA now has about 700,000 black slaves. Charles Pinckey of South Carolina said: "South Carolina and Georgia cannot do without slaves."
1790: Rediscovery of one of Mexico's greatest relics of Aztec times, a 24-tonne calendar wheel stone, which the Spanish had long before buried. It is uncovered during repair work on the Metropolitan Cathedral.
1790: First emancipation of a convict in New South Wales, case of surgeon John Irving.
1789++: Re United States of America: ... nations "all bear some marks of their origin, and the circumstances which accompanied their birth and contributed to their rise, affect the whole term of their being". de Tocqueville
1789: In Paris, a beheading machine, the guillotine, is developed by a German harpsichord-maker living in Paris, Tobias Schmidt.
14 July 1789, Paris, France, Day of the Storming of the Bastille. The French Revolution...
1789-1790: About Sydney, NSW, a smallpox epidemic kills thousands of the Aboriginal population. As a matter of dispute in Australia, some say that today's Aboriginal oral history on the matter is that the French - La Perouse' men - introduce the problem, not the British.
1780s: The Madness of King George III:
Porphyria soon
treatable? Is it a surprise that the rare and incurable disease that
afflicted George III is still not fully treatable? Symptoms of the
disease include port-coloured faeces, stomach pains, muscle weakness,
hypersensitivity to light and mental illness. Historian Prof. John
Rohl at Sussex University suspects that Mary Queen of Scots suffered
the heritable disease, as did George IV, Queen Victoria and the
present Queen's first cousin, Prince William of Gloucester. The
disease arises when the body produces excessive amounts of molecules
called porphyrins, the building blocks of haem, the iron-rich
component of haemoglobin in the blood. In excess, porphyrins reach
toxic levels to the extent they affect the nervous system, resulting
in mental illness. (Reported 22 May 1999)
1788: Loss in the Pacific Ocean of the French exploration expedition led by La Perouse. Napoleon Bonaparte had attempted to join this expedition. Bonaparte remained interested in Australia, and in 1800 sent French exploration ships (corvettes), Le Naturaliste and Le Geographe, under Captain Nicholas Baudin, accompanied by scientist Francois Peron.
1788: "....It is still curious that the intense and rather spectacular early maritime experience should have left so little mark upon the [Australian] national character. Perhaps there was at work some conscious repudiation of a tradition that was too closely associated with a Britain that had cast them out to that distant shore and appeared to have forgotten them..." - John Bach, Australian maritime historian.
1788++ "There is a kernel of truth in the view of Australians
as somewhat simple-minded folk. Originally settled by the detritus of
eighteenth and early nineteenth century Britain, Australia has the
distinction of being the world's only entirely proletarian country.
It is as if 1930s Tottenham had been picked up and plopped down in
its entirety in a continent of unimaginable beauty, size and wealth.
Their architecture, sense of humour and culture are almost entirely
lower class."
From an article by Australian author Thomas
Keneally on Republicanism in Australia, The Catholic Weekly,
March 3, 1993, quoting Andrew Roberts writing originally in London's
Sunday Telegraph.
1788++: "Australian history is
almost always picturesque; indeed it is so curious and strange that
it is itself the chiefest novelty the country has to offer, and so it
pushes the other novelties into second and third place. It does not
read like a history, but like the most beautiful lies, and all of a
fresh new sort, no mouldy old stale ones. It is full of surprises and
adventures, and incongruities, and contradictions and
incredibilities; but they are all true, they all happened."
Mark Twain, Following The Equator". Quoted in article
in The Age, 15 August, 1990, by Jenny Brown, Whose History
Is This - an article on need for revisions of Australian History.
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1787: More to come
1786-1788, Founding of a British convict colony at Sydney, Australia (Botany Bay, or, New South Wales, or, New Holland).
1785, Writings appear on sado-masochism in the Bastille, Paris, from Marquis De Sade Count Donatien Alphons Francois De Sade, born Paris in 1740.
1785: Stephen Baxter, Revolutions in
the Earth. Orion, 2003, 245pp. (The story of Scotsman James
Hutton, who overturned the Bible-based work of C17th archbishop James
Ussher, who decided the Earth was created on a Sunday, 23 October,
4004BC. Hutton's thesis work was delivered in 1785 by his friend the
chemist, Joseph Black, due to Hutton's shyness.)
1785, Scottish
geologist James Hutton introduces concept in geology of
Uniformitarianism, slow processes working at a uniform rate
over millions of years. Christians believed the Earth was only about
4000 years old. Later appeared the idea of Catastrophism.
(Oppenheimer, Eden In The East)
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1783-1784: British mariner Thomas Forrest visits the East Indies. In 1792 he comments on visits of Indonesian Maccassarmen to northern parts of New Holland, possibly to Carpentaria Bay area, for beche-de-mer. There are rumours of gold to be had in the area.
1782-1809: Rama I reigns in Thailand; founds Chakri dynasty.
1783-1788: Severe famine in Japan.
In 1783 the French become first to use balloons as a means of aerial reconnaissance for warfare.
1782, England, Alleged working of chemicals by Alchemy to produce gold, by chemist and Fellow of the Royal Society, James Price, who committed suicide rather than duplicate the exercise.
1780: Spain: Last victim of the Inquisition is burned at stake in Seville.
1780: Cannibalism still exists on Sumatra, it is claimed in Marsden's History of Sumatra, p. 390, 3rd edition. From J. H. Parry, The European Reconnaissance: Selected Documents. London, Macmillan, 1968., p. 42.
1780s: Slavery on the African West Coast. SBS TV screen
documentary entitled: As it Happened: Cahokia - African Trade.
The upshot is that there was no African tribe on the West Coast which
did not have its own form of participation in the trans-Atlantic
slave trade. West Coast Africans admit this on guided tours through
old slave trading forts. Today, Afro-Americans when they visit Mother
Africa and this part of the coast, and go on such tours, are often
tearfully devastated to find that it is not only Europeans who can be
blamed for the horrific slave trade which took their ancestors to the
Americas.
By the late eighteenth century, England-educated
Africans might be writing on slaving business from the West African
coast to people in Bristol or Liverpool. One-tenth of all slaves were
provided by Wedah, which was managed by Africans. Goree was often
managed by African women who liased with white merchants. One slave
market of West Africa did not close till 1906. To the north of
Africa, African boys were sold to Arabs for use as eunuchs; the death
rate for eunuch candidates was 90 per cent.
(Screened 8 March
2000 in Australia)
1779, Died, English navigator Capt James Cook, Hawaii.
1778 or before: Banff, Scotland. Author of "An Account of the Effects of Electricity in Different Diseases" is Dr James Kenneth Saunders (1717-1778), surgeon and physician at Banff. (See Medical Commentaries of Edinburgh, Vol. 3.)
1777: Korea: Christianity introduced to Korea by Chinese Jesuits.
1776: Adam Smith completes his book on new-industrialisation and economics, Inquiry into the Wealth of Nations. This soon influenced policy of the British Treasury.
1775-1783, The American War of Independence. The beginning of the end for aristocracy as the dominant model enabling government of populations.
1775-1776, Beginning of the American War of Independence concluding with Treaty of Paris in 1783.
1773: More to come
1772, Discovery of mysterious Easter Island in the Pacific by three Dutch ships, Commander Jacob Roggeveen. (Date from Hancock and Faiia, p. 221).
1772: In St Petersburg, Russia, rulers of Russia, Prussia and Austria sign first of three partitions which end sovereign rule of Poland till 1918.
1772: New Zealand: Marion du Fresne, French explorer - at New Zealand, killed and eaten (along with 15 crew members) at Bay of Islands (northern North Island) in 1772.
1772: So-called sexual revolutionary De Sade seeks an aphrodisiac, and gives prostitutes sweets laced with Spanish Fly, a name for blister beetles found in Southern Europe.
1771: More to come
1770, Captain James Cook charts eastern coast of Australia.
1769: New Zealand: James Cook 1769 lands at several places and times. Cook returns 1773, 1777; introduces pigs and potatoes as source of nutrition for sealers and re-supply of sailors.
1768: More to come
1767: Burmese invade Thailand, destroying its capital, Ayudhya, and forcing Thais to accept Burmese overlordship, but have to withdraw to repulse Chinese invasion of Burma.
1766: More to come
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1765: Date from Russia, re the women credited with bearing the most children of any woman in the world, 69, between 1725 and 1765. (From Prof Croucher's column in Good Weekend)
1764: More to come
1762: Jacques Rousseau publishes his treatise on education, Emile. The book influences The Enlightenment and The Romantic Movement which came later.
1760: More to come
1759: Courtship ritual, In the days of Puritanism in Massachusetts, America, is the custom with courting couples of "bundling" them. In privacy, the young couple is allowed to lie together, fully clothed, to become better acquainted, though without sexual intercourse. The girl might even have her ankles/legs tied together.
1758: Japan: Aoki Konyo, Japanese scholar who introduced the sweet potato into Japan, completes Dutch/Japanese dictionary.
1757: Robert Clive defeats Siraj ud daula, Nawab of Bengal, at Battle of Plassey.
1756: "Black Hole" of Calcutta.
1756: Exploration of Australian coasts: Voyages of ships Rijider and Buis.
1755: Samuel Johnson issues his Dictionary of English language.
1754: 15 October: Dutch governor-general in Batavia reports to Dutch East India Company on "the Great South Land" - it produces little but trepang, which is dried jelly fish and wax. He sent also a copy of an earlier report of 1705 and would make further inquiries of Macassar and Timor. (Evidently, HQ had been asking fresh questions on the produce of Northern Australia generally.)
1753: Alaungaya reunites Burma; founds last Burmese dynasty, the Kombaung (to 1885).
1752: Last days in Britain of use of the Julian Calendar. Replaced by Gregorian Calendar (an eleven-day difference).
1751: More to come
1750: China: Chinese capture Lhasa and take over state of Tibet.
1749: More to come
1748: More to come
1747: More to come
1746: American scientist Benjamin Franklin begins his research into electricity.
1745: More to come
1744-1767: Herman Samuel Reimarus, professor at Hamburg, argues Jesus was a failed Jewish revolutionary, and his body was removed from his tomb by his followers/disciples. (Baigent/Leigh, Messianic Legacy, on revising the story of Jesus Christ)
1745: Last Jacobite uprising of the Scots against the English by "Bonnie Prince Charlie", unsuccessful.
1744: More to come
1743: More to come
1742: More to come
1741: More to come
1740: Composition and first singing in Britain of God Save The King as national anthem.
1739: More to come
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1738: More to come
In 1737, Abbe de Saint-Pierre completes Observations On The Continuous Progress Of Universal Reason. (An influence on the encyclopedia movement in France)
1736-1747: Nadir Shah reigns as Shah of Persia.
1736-1796: Rule of Qianlong, as Qing emperor; boundaries of empire reach farthest limits; population increases greatly; frequent rebellions crushed ruthlessly.
1735: The Carolinas, colonies in America, receive 8000 slaves from Angola.
1735: Nadir Shah, chief adviser and general to last Safavid ruler in Persia, defeats Turks in great battle at Baghavand and captures Tiflis.
1734: More to come
1733: Appearance of first Masonic Lodges in the American colonies.
1732: More to come
1731: More to come
1730: More to come
1729: An Imperial Chinese edict expresses disapproval of young people taking opium. By the 1770s, the French view was that the Chinese had developed "an unbelievable passion for this narcotic". (Frank Welsh, History of Hong Kong)
1729: Yongzheng sets up Grand Council, an informal and flexible body of military advisers.
1728: More to come
1726: More to come
1725: China: Gujin tushu jicheng, the largest encyclopedia ever printed, in 10,000 chapters, commissioned by Qing emperor Yongzheng.
1725, One date given for formation of Irish Grand Lodge of Freemasons.
1722: Death of Kangxi, enlightened Manchu emperor.
1722-1735: Rule of Manchu emperor Yongzheng; Treaty of Kiakhta signed with Russia; Siberian-Mongolian border defined.
1721: More to come
1720-1723: The bursting in England of the South Sea Bubble. (In 1841, Charles Mackay writes his book on investment bubbles in history, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. Mackay listed more than 100 financial schemes decreed illegal and abolished in Britain in 1720.)
1720: Japan removes its ban on European culture.
1719: More to come
1718: More to come
1717: Formation of Freemason's Grand Lodge of London.
1716: In 1716, members of London lodges resolve to form a Grand Lodge. Hamill. Holy Grail p. 384 suggests that before this, Masonic tombs in England used a motif of a skull and crossbones, signifying burial of a Master Mason. Many such tombs predate the founding of the English Grand Lodge in 1717.
1716-1745: Reforming shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune rules Japan.
1716: Manchu emperor Kangxi sends troops to expel Junkar people from Tibet; in 1720 Kangxi enthrones seventh Dalai Lama as tributary ruler of Tibet.
1715: Jacobite uprising of the Scots against the English, unsuccessful.
1715: Frenchman and government official Benoit de Maillet, writes a book (his name spelled backwards, Telliamed) suggesting that the beginning of life on earth was with germs of life arriving from space, developing into marine organisms in the ocean. But his book did not appear till 1749, eleven years after he died. Voltaire derided such ideas, and also disbelieved in fossils as evidence of much earlier life forms. Colin Wilson feels Maillet should be regarded as the father of evolution.
1713: Peace of Utrecht.
1712: More to come
1711: China: Ch'ing emperors are willing to relax restrictions on foreign trade and English East India Co. is allowed to create a base at Canton.
1711: War between Turkey and Russia.
1710: More to come
1709: Ghilzai people under Mir Vais defeat Persian army; Afghanistan no longer an obedient province of Persian empire.
1709: Death of shogun Tsunayoshi of Japan.
1709: Freemasons' modes of recognition noted and mentioned in The Tatler in London.
1709: A Jesuit priest from Brazil, Father Bartolomeu de Gusmao, demonstrates a hot-air balloon to the Portuguese court at Lisbon. That is, the Montgolfier Bros of Paris were probably not the first people to fly in a balloon. (Source: James/Thorpe).
1708: More to come
1707-1717++: informal meetings of a few scholars in London which led in 1717 to the foundation of the (English) Society of Antiquaries.
1707: India: Death of Moghul emperor Aurangzeb followed by break-up of empire.
1706: More to come
1705: French ships begin to enter the Pacific Ocean.
1705: Exploration of Australia: Voyage of Dutch ship and Van Delfft to Melville Island, Coburg Peninsula and Croker Island.
1705: Hamill's Chronology on Freemasonry, Re a list for members of a lodge at Scarborough, and first records of a Mason's lodge at York.
1702: More to come
1703: Isaac Newton Elected Fellow of Royal Society in 1672, and in 1703, Newton president of Royal Society, and became friends with Jean Desaguliers (Holy Grail, p. 456), of Sion, who helped spread Freemasonry throughout Europe, associated with Radclyffe, Ramsay, and in 1731 as Master of the Masonic lodge at the Hague, presided over initiation of the first European prince to become a Freemason, Francois, Duke of Lorraine, who when he married to Maria Therese of Austria became Holy Roman Emperor.
1703: In Japan, 47 ronin commit suicide.
1702: More to come
1701: More to come
1700: More to come
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