Merchants
and Bankers 1550 - 1575
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Merchants
and Bankers This website, produced by Australian historian Dan Byrnes, is a no-frills, text-based website designed simply to list historical and genealogical information on many notable merchants and traders of what is termed, the Western World.
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In Review: C16th: A good treatment of the impact of Spanish silver on European economies and other useful overviews are given in Fernand Brandel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Vol. 1. (Translated by Sian Reynolds) Sydney, Perennial Library, Harper and Row, 1960. (Post Crusades)
From 1550: Islam spreads to Indonesia.
1500-1550: (From a website reviewing book on climate change by H. H. Lamb, Climate History and the Modern World): After a generally warmer interlude between 1500 and 1550, northern Europe turns much colder... there appears The Little Ice Age, which reached a peak in the 16th and 17th centuries, experienced temperatures that were as much as 1.5°C colder than the 20th century. Great hurricanes arose in the North Atlantic. (A gale whose winds exceeded the speeds of any modern tempest destroyed the Spanish Armada and changed history. Traces of this era of cold persisted until the mid-19th century.)
1550: Islam begins its spread to Indonesia.
1550: Portuguese settlement of Nova Scotia. (Canada)
1550: Portuguese settlement in Nova Scotia, first European settlement in North America. (McIntyre, Secret Discovery of Australia, pp. 215-216.)
Follows an impression of the family
history of London Lord Mayor of 1550, Sir Andrew Judd
Descendants
of Coloniser and Muscovy Co. merchant, London Lord Mayor, Sir Andrew
Judd (c.1551/1553) and sp: Joan Mirfyn
2. Elizabeth Judd sp: Sir
William Morgan (b.1542;d.1583) 2. Alice Judd (b.1538;d.1563) sp:
London customs receiver Sir Thomas Smythe (b.1522;m.1554;d.7 Jun
1591)
3. Sir John Smythe of Kent (c.1620) sp: Isabella Rich
(c.1648)
4. Isabella Smythe wife2 (b.1648) sp: John Robartes Earl1
Radnor
5. Leatitia Isabella Robartes sp: Charles Moore Visc4
Drogheda, Earl2 Drogheda (m.28 Oct 1669;d.18 Jun 1679) sp: Dramatist,
William Wycherley (m.1680) sp: Customs Commr, MP Charles Cheyne Visc1
Newhaven (b.Oct 1625;m.8 Jun 1688;d.30 Jun 1698)
3. Miss Smythe
sp: Dir EICo, Alderman Robert Johnson merchant (c.1630)
4. Miss
Johnson sp: London merchant tailor Nathaniel Knightley
3. Sir
Thomas II Smythe Sir (b.1558;d.4 Sep 1625) sp: Sarah widow Blount
wife2 sp: Judith Culverwell wife1 sp: Joan Hobbs
3. Catherine
Smythe wife2 (b.1564) sp: Coloniser, London Lord Mayor, Sir Rowland
Hayward (b.1520;d.5 Dec 1593)
4. Sir John Hayward 4. Susan Hayward
wife1 (d.1592)
sp: MP Henry Townshend (b.1537;d.1621) 5. MP,
journalist, Hayward Townshend (b.1577;d.1603) sp: Francasina Neville
Illegit 4. Elizabeth Hayward sp: MP Richard Warren (b.1545;d.1598)
sp: Thomas Knyvett Lord Knyvett Baron Knyvett of Escrick
(b.1548;m.1597;d.1622) 4. Alice Hayward sp: MP Sir Richard Buller 5.
Francis Buller sp: Thomasine (Honywood) Honeywood 6. Francis Buller
sp: Miss Notknown 7. John Buller sp: Anne Coode sp: Miss Notknown 7.
John Buller 5. Thomasine Buller sp: Josias Calmady 4. Joan Hayward
sp: John Thynne
5. MP Sir Thomas II Thynne (b.1578;d.1639) sp:
Catharine Howard wife2 sp: Maria Audley wife1 (m.1601)
4. Widow,
Catherine Hayward wife2 (d.1632) sp: Sir Richard Sondes
(b.1571;m.1609;d.1645) sp: Sir John Scott (c.1599)
3. Sir John I
Smythe of Kent, (b.1556/1557;d.29 Nov 1608) sp: Elizabeth Fineux
(m.Jan 1577) 4. Sir John Smythe sp: Miss Notknown
5. Sir Thomas
Smythe
4. Thomas Smythe Visc1 Strangford of Kent (b.1599;d.30 Jun
1635) sp: Lady Barbara Sydney (b.28 Nov 1599;m.1621;d.1643) 5. Philip
Smythe Visc2 Strangford (b.23 Mar 1623/1624;d.Aug 1708) sp: Mary
Porter wife2 6. Endymion Smythe Visc3 Strangford sp: Miss Notknown 7.
? Smythe Visc4 Strangford sp: Miss Notknown 6. Catherine Clare Smythe
wife1 (b.1683;d.1711) sp: Henry Roper Baron8 Teynham, (suicide)
(b.1676;d.16 May 1723) 7. Henry Roper Lord10 Teynham (b.1708;d.29 Apr
1781) sp: Miss Notknown sp: Catherine Powell wife1 (b.18 Sep
1709;d.22 Sep 1765) sp: Anne Brinckhurst wife2 (d.16 Jan 1771) sp:
Elizabeth Newport wife3, widow sp: Miss Notknown 7. Philip ROPER Unm
Died Young (d.13 Jun 1727) sp: Isabella cousin Sydney wife1
(b.1634;m.22 Aug 1650;d.Jun 1663) 3. Richard Smythe MP
(b.1563;d.1628) sp: Elizabeth Scott wife1 (m.Sep 1589) 3. Mary has
issue Smythe wife2 (d.1621) sp: Robert Davy MP (d.1599) 3. Joan
Smythe wife2 (d.1622) sp: Exchqr Remembrancer Thomas Fanshawe
(b.1533;m.1578;d.1601) 4. MP Thomas II Fanshawe (b.1580;d.1631) sp:
Anne Babington (m.1604;d.1638) sp: Mary Mathew wife2
Item:
Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of British Naval
Mastery. London, Allen Lane, 1976. (Here, Hawkins is indexed but
Sir William Winter is not indexed.) Ch 1 says, to 1603, and for Tudor
times the cloth merchants who backed maritime endeavour were
pro-Spanish; matters changed with 1551-152 cloth slump, and in 1552
arose some English hopes of finding a north-east passage.. to fabled
Cathay.
22 April, 1550: The first encounter between Europeans and South American Indians/Brazil, as recorded by Pero Vaz de Caminha, an official scribe for a Portuguese flotilla that accidentally arrived on the coast of Brazil, off-course for a voyage to India. The Indians were given a red beret, a linen hood and a black hat. In return, the Indians gave a headdress of bird feathers, a necklace of white beads. Not so long later, the Portuguese enslaved the Indians. At the time of first contact, there were about five million Indians in 1400 tribes speaking 1300 languages. In April 2000, a 500th anniversary was observed at Porto Seguro, a small coastal town. Today, DNA research reveals that about 45 million Brazilians, about a third of the population, share some indigenous DNA levels. Brazil still has about 30 pockets of Amazon jungle where so-called Stone Age tribes live, of about 100-300 people. Land rights remain a serious issue for Brazil's indigenous people.
1551AD: Burma: Bayinnaung inherits the Burmese throne and overruns Thailand.
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1551: Capt. Thomas Wyndham, dealing in sugar by 1551.
(Brenner,
Merchants and Revolution, p. 81. Willan, Elizabethan
Foreign Trade, p. 100. Williamson, Age of Drake, pp.
14ff.)
1551: And earlier: Already under Henry VIII, Hawkins makes made several voyages to Liberia [Grain Coast], gets pepper, ivory but no gold. Whyndham's syndicate (now also with Sir George Barnes) has idea re Gold Coast, with Portuguese pilot Antonio Pinteado (sic). Whyndham sails with 140 men including young Martin Frobisher (a kinsman of Sir John Yorke), and only 40 survived.
1551-1552: Thomas Wyndham sails to Barbary Coast, the Atlantic coast of Morocco, in 1553 to Guinea Coast into Benin Bay; he died on his last voyage, but his crew brought back enough gold to enrapture London.
1549-1551AD: Mission of Jesuit St. Francis Xavier to Japan.
1551-1552-1603: Kennedy writes that to 1603, more so in Tudor times, the cloth merchants who backed maritime endeavour were pro-Spanish, matters had changed with the 1551-1552 cloth slump, and in 1552 arose some English hopes of finding a north-east passage. See Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery. London, Allen Lane, 1976.
1552: Rise of Londoner merchant and noted customs receiver, hence the name "Customer" Smythe, Thomas Smythe, born 1552.
1552: Birth near Budleigh, Salterton Bay, of Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618). Son of Walter Raleigh of Fardell and Catherine, daughter of Sir Philip Champernowne of Modbury. See 1578:
1552: (Lord/Earl) Northumberland forms joint-stock company to carry out John Dee's plan re north-west passage. Northumberland's company which included 200 "capitalists" sent out an expedition led by Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor. Willoughby died with all his crew trying to winter on the coast of Lapland, but Chancellor entered the White Sea, found village of Archangel, established contact with Czar/Ivan the Terrible.
1551-1553: London Lord Mayoralty period for colonist, Andrew Judd,
co-founder of the Muscovy Co. Spouse Names wife1 Joan Mirfyn and
wife2 Mary Mathew.
http on Winter naval family.
(Hasler, The House of Commons, 1558-1603, p. 403 on John I
Smythe d.1608.) Seen as alderman in Hasler, p. 97 on Sir Wm Morgan d
1583. Who's Who /Shakespeare, p. 231. Williamson, Age of
Drake, pp. 14ff. GEC, Peerage, Strangford, p. 358.
1551: And earlier: Already under Henry VIII, Hawkins makes made several voyages to Liberia [Grain Coast], gets pepper, ivory but no gold. Whyndham's syndicate (now also with Sir George Barnes) has idea re Gold Coast, with Portuguese pilot Antonio Pinteado (sic). Whyndham sails with 140 men including young Martin Frobisher a kinsman of Sir John Yorke, and only 40 survived.
1551-1553: London Lord Mayoralty period for colonist, Andrew Judd,
co-founder of the Muscovy Co. Spouse Names wife1 Joan Mirfyn and
wife2 Mary Mathew.
http on Winter naval family.
Hasler, The House of Commons, 1558-1603, p. 403 on John I
Smythe d.1608. Seen as alderman in Hasler, p. 97 on Sir Wm Morgan d.
1583. Who's Who / Shakespeare, p. 231. Williamson, Age of
Drake, pp. 14ff. GEC, Peerage, Strangford, p. 358.
1551: From 1551, Thomas Gresham restored financial stability to
the royal purse. As the crown's financial agent, he required merchant
adventurers to give him in Antwerp a large part of proceeds in
foreign currency, from cloth sales, to be repaid in sterling at a
fixed rate of exchange, which was usually more than what was
available in Antwerp. The crown then had source of short-term loans,
and this also forced up the price of sterling on the international
market. This system remained in use for 20 years. In 1558 the English
crown raised customs rates to increase revenue. Merchants in return
were given gained extra privileges, including the hampering of
non-English merchants in London, the Hanse men, Italian and Flemish
merchants.
Brenner, Merchants and Revolution,
pp. 55-56.
1551: English syndicate of merchants, with Sir John Lutterell, and Henry Ostrich equip ship for Morocco, area frequented by both Portuguese and Spanish. Ostrich is Sebastien Cabot's son-in-law. Promoters suffer disaster. Fever rages in London. Lutterell, Ostrich and others died as did other members of syndicate. New-found captain is Thomas Whyndham, a naval officer and vice-admiral of a fleet employed by Protector Somerset in Scottish campaign of 1547. Whyndham trades at Santa Cruz, so in 1552 another voyage backed by Sir John Yorke, Sir William Gerard, Sir Thomas Wroth, Francis Lambert, with three ships. Wyndham also to Canary Islands, but found no new commerce.
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The early 1550s: William Winter is far too busy with conspiracies to deal with, eg., Muscovy or Levant companies.
1552: More to come
1553: Sir Hugh Willoughby's "fateful expedition to the
Arctic".
(Giles Milton, Nathaniel's Nutmeg. Penguin
Books, 1999/2000.)
1553: On 23 June 1553 sets sails the voyage under Englishman
Richard Chancellor, adopted son of Henry Sidney, for The
Mystery, Company and Fellowship of Merchant Adventurers for the
Discovery of Unknown Lands. Chancellor on ship Edward Bonaventure.
Also two other ships, Bona Esperanza, and Confidentia. Also sailing
is Sir High Willoughby. The ships reach Barents Sea, and end 300
miles inside the Arctic Circle, worried by pack ice. Some of the
ships crew had written wills dated January 1554. Willoughby and his
men froze to death. Chancellor had gone into the White Sea near
today's Archangel, and gone overland to Moscow. Chancellor meets
Grand Duke of Russia, Ivan Vasilivich, also Emperor, who is impressed
enough to grant trade rights, which thus begins the English Muscovy
Company.
(Giles Milton, Nathaniel's Nutmeg. Penguin Books,
1999/2000.)
1553: In 1553, Capt. Thomas Windham and Antonio Anes Pinteado
(from Oporto, Portugal), with three ships and 140 men to sail to
Brazil, Guinea Coast - Gold Coast, went to Benin for Guinea pepper,
Windham died.
W. Walton Claridge, A History of the Gold Coast and
Ashanti: From the earliest times to the commencement of the Twentieth
Century. London, John Murray, 1915., p. 60.
1553: On 23 June 1553 sets sails the voyage under Englishman
Richard Chancellor, adopted son of Henry Sidney, for The Mystery,
Company and Fellowship of Merchant Adventurers for the Discovery of
Unknown Lands. Chancellor on ship Edward Bonaventure. Also
two other ships, Bona Esperanza, and Confidentia. Also
sailing is Sir Hugh Willoughby. The ships reach Barents Sea, and end
300 miles inside the Arctic Circle, worried by pack ice. Some of the
ships' crew had written wills dated January 1554. Willoughby and his
men froze to death. Chancellor had gone into the White Sea near
today's Archangel, and gone overland to Moscow. Chancellor meets
Grand Duke of Russia, Ivan Vasilivich, also Emperor, who is impressed
enough to grant trade rights, which thus begins the English Muscovy
Company.
(Giles Milton, Nathaniel's Nutmeg. Penguin Books,
1999/2000.)
1553: Sir Hugh Willoughby's "fateful expedition to the
Arctic".
(Giles Milton, Nathaniel's Nutmeg. Penguin
Books, 1999/2000.)
1553: Lord High Admiral (1553-1557), William Howard
(1510-1572-1573), son of Thomas Howard, second Duke of Norfolk, and
mother, Agnes Tilney, wife 2; he married Katherine Boughton wife1,
then to Margaret Gamage, wife2.
GEC in The
Peerage says it was "to him above all other Englishmen"
that Elizabeth 1 owed her throne.
GEC, Peerage, Effingham,
p. 9.
1553: 3rd February: Sir Thomas Wyatt and Kentish men march from
Deptford to London, and entered Southwarke where they wait till 6
February but cannot enter London. Wyatt is aged 23; his
fellow-conspirator Winter, commands a fleet which brings him ordnance
to his headquarters.
Cassell's History of
England, p. 359). From websites on the Hawkins and Winter
families cited elsewhere.
To 1553: English voyages to Morocco. Chancellor-Willoughby voyages
for a north-east passage of 1553. First steps in English
expansionism. Developing connection of Spanish-Morocco trades, latter
taps sources of sugar and gold. Trade pioneers begin to import sugar
to England, then refine it. Some voyages began in 1551-1552, eg.,
ship Bark Anchor as reported by Hakluyt. Aboard is Richard
Chancellor.
Brenner, Merchants and Revolution,
pp. 12-13.
1553: Decay of English Levant trade and rise of the Muscovy Co's Persian links. William Jenkinson initiates overland route with Persia for the Muscovy Co., through Ottoman Empire, dealing with Suliman in Aleppo.
1553: Some men in both the Merchant Adventurers earlier exporting
cloth, and the new rising trades were Edward Jackman, Francis Bowyer,
William Allen and William Garrard. in 1553 began some merchant
syndicates seeking direct trade with Guinea, and here were involved
some Spanish merchants who were developing the Morocco trade.
Brenner, Merchants and Revolution, p. 14.
1553: Anthony Jenkinson: is at Aleppo, gets licence to trade from Suliman the Great.
1553: A voyage allowed by Northumberland (sailed a month after
Edward VI succeeded Queen Mary). Two of Whyndham's ships are loaned
by Navy. 1553 circa, Whyndham dies. Northumberland now ambitious to
go to Asia via North-West Passage. Some backers include: Sir
George Barnes, Sir William Gerard and Sir John Yorke already in
Africa trade; Sir Andrew Judde, Rowland Hayward and Miles Mordeyne,
who promoted later Africa voyages; Marquis Winchester, Earls of
Arundel, Bedford and Pembroke, Lord William Howard the Lord Admiral
and Sir William Cecil, plus Sir Thomas Gresham acting for a govt
interest; all in a joint-stock company. Gov. of this Co. is Sebastian
Cabot "for life". He knew English cloth needed a market in
cold climates, not China and Moluccas.
Williamson,
Age of Drake, pp. 14-19.
1553: Winter took part in Dudley's plot to place a Protestant queen, Jane Grey (1537-beheaded 12 Feb. 1554, for nine days queen of England 6 July 1553 ).
1553: 3rd February: Sir Thomas Wyatt and some Kentish men march
from Deptford to London, and entered Southwark where they wait till 6
February but cannot enter London. Wyatt is aged 23; his
fellow-conspirator Winter, commanded a fleet which brought him
ordnance to his headquarters.
(Cassell's History of England,
p.359). From websites on the Hawkins and Winter families cited
elsewhere.
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1553: In the first year of the reign of Philip and Mary (1553), William Hawkins' partner, a naval officer, Thomas Wyndham of Norfolk, and Antonio Anes Pinteado, a Portuguese sailed to Guinea and Benin and although Wyndham died on his first voyage to Gold Coast; his ships brought back gold, pepper and ivory.
"The first voyage (for William Winter) was to Guinea and
Benin - In the year of our Lord 1533, the twelfth day of August,
sailed from Portsmouth, two goodly ships, the "Primrose"
and the "Lion" with a pinnace called the "Moon."
Thus sailing forward on their voyage, they came to the Islands of
Canary, continuing their course from thence until they arrived at the
island of St. Nicholas where they victualled themselves. From hence,
following on their course, they came at length to the first land of
the country of Guinea, where they fell with the great river of Sestos
where they might for their merchandise have laden their ships with
the grains of that country, which is a very hot fruit and much like
unto a fig as it groweth on the trees. For as figs are full of small
seeds, so is the said fruit full of grains which are loose within the
cod, having in the midst thereof a hole on every side. This kind of
spice is much used in cold countries". ("The first voyage
to Guinea and Benin" - Anonymous report Hakluyts "Voyages").
Per Winter family website.
1553: 3rd February: Sir Thomas Wyatt and the Kentish men march
from Deptford to London, and entered Southwarke where they wait till
6 February but cannot enter London. Wyatt is aged 23; his
fellow-conspirator Winter, commanded a fleet which brought him
ordnance to his headquarters. (Cassell's History of England,
p. 359).
From websites on the Hawkins and Winter families cited
elsewhere.
1554: In 1554 Capt. John Lok sails from the Thames with three ships to Cape Coast and Kormantin. W. Walton Claridge, A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti: From the earliest times to the commencement of the Twentieth Century. London, John Murray, 1915., p. 64.
1554: Another venture for gold and ivory to Africa by John Lok (sic).
1554: Englishman Capt. John Lok sails from the Thames with three
ships to Cape Coast and Kormantin. See W. Walton Claridge, A
History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti: From the earliest times to the
commencement of the Twentieth Century. London, John Murray,
1915., pp. 60-64.
1554: Martin Frobisher voyages with John Lok,
captured by Negroes and given to the Portuguese at Elmina, later sent
to Europe and released.
1553-1555: London men interested in opening a direct route to the
far East, and in 1555 the Muscovy Co. charter claimed right to
control all voyages of discovery to east by way of any north-east or
north-west passages. See 1556.
Brenner, Merchants
and Revolution, p. 20.
1553-1555: Muscovy Co. established for discovering a north-east
passage. this evolved into the Muscovy Company of 1555. Muscovy Co.
idea to open a route for gold and spices of the Far East, free from
Portuguese interference. new direct trade with Russia for furs and
naval stores. (Interference for Mediterranean trade from rise of
Turkish and Barbary naval power.
T. S. Willan,
`Trade between England and Russia in the second half of the C16th,
HER, 63, 1948., pp. 308-309.
1553-1555: Russia Co. is formed, two years later receives
monopoly. First English company to employ joint-stock and own ships
corporately. Co's captain Chancellour (sic) laid the foundation of
its trade.
Ramkrishna Mukherjee, The Rise and
Fall of the East India Company: A Sociological Appraisal. Bombay,
Popular Prakashan, 1973. [Also, New York, 1974]., p. 25 and p. 41.
1554: In England, in October, English trade effort by Sir John
Yorke, Sir George Barnes, Thomas Lok, Anthony Hickman (traded to
Canary Islands and maintained factors there), Edward Castlyn (traded
to Canary Islands and maintained factors there), sent another
expedition to the Gold Coast (maybe had no official authorization). A
second Gold Coast expedition for John Lok as representative of City
and Court interests . John Lok (son of Sir William Lok, merchant and
alderman of London) has brothers Thomas and Michael. John Lok returns
in 1555 with good lading plus 400 lbs of gold.
Williamson,
The Age of Drake, pp. 28ff.
1554: 20 February: Conspiracy: A group is sent to the Tower:
William Winter, Sir Nicholas Throckmorton (one-time Elizabeth's
ambassador in France) and William Thomas. The conspirators wanted
Courtenay, a Yorkist heir descended from Sir William Courtney who
married Catherine Plantagenet, daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth
Woodville, to marry Elizabeth. on 7 April, 1544 the Lord Mayor found
against Throckmorton, Crofts, Arnold, Carew, Pickering, Rogers,
Winter and Warner who were charged with conspiring with Wyatt, Harper
and others in London on 16 November 1553, with seizing the Tower and
levying war against the queen to deprive her of her royal title (KB.
329 R.2 Controlment Rolls of the Courts of the King's Bench). Winter,
Warner, Rogers and Arnold were never brought to trial. Winter was
pardoned on 10 November 1544. The Duke of Suffolk was tried and
executed, so was his brother Thomas Grey. Sir Thomas Wyatt, Anne
Boleyn's cousin was executed on 15 March, 1553. Winter was sentenced
to death but pardoned in November 1554; he retained his Surveyorship
of the Navy and even escorted Philip II on his return to Spain.
From
websites on the Hawkins and Winter families cited elsewhere.
1554: Michael Lok's brother John was with the Guinea expedition of
1554. Loks, engaged in the Levant trade, were disappointed by Barbary
piracy and so became interested in a north-west passage to Cathay.
Michael Lok became a member of the Muscovy Company (founded in 1555),
and in 1574 with the patronage of the first Earl of Warwick helped
promote Frobisher's voyage, inspired by Sebastian Cabot's earlier
voyages; but Frobisher's failures led to Lok's ruination. Zacariah,
an MP who died in 1603, son of Michael Lok, was in the service of
Henry Carey, first Baron Hunsdon.
Mariner Sir Martin Frobisher
(1553-1594), a nephew of John Yorke, Russia merchant and an
originator of the English Guinea trade.
(Brenner,
Merchants and Revolution, p. 20. Taylor, Tudor Geography,
p. 37.)
1554: 20 February: Conspiracy: A group is sent to the Tower:
William Winter, Sir Nicholas Throckmorton (one-time Elizabeth's
ambassador in France) and William Thomas. The conspirators wanted
Courtenay, a Yorkist heir descended from Sir William Courtney who
married Catherine Plantagenet, daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth
Woodville, to marry Elizabeth. on 7 April, 1544 the Lord Mayor found
against Throckmorton, Crofts, Arnold, Carew, Pickering, Rogers,
Winter and Warner who were charged with conspiring with Wyatt, Harper
and others in London on 16 November 1553, with seizing the Tower and
levying war against the queen to deprive her of her royal title (KB.
329 R.2 Controlment Rolls of the Courts of the King's Bench). Winter,
Warner, Rogers and Arnold were never brought to trial. Winter was
pardoned on 10 November 1544. The Duke of Suffolk was tried and
executed; so was his brother Thomas Grey. Sir Thomas Wyatt, Anne
Boleyn's cousin was executed on 15 March, 1553. Winter was sentenced
to death but pardoned in November 1554; he retained his Surveyorship
of the Navy and even escorted Philip II on his return to Spain.
From
websites on the Hawkins and Winter families cited elsewhere.
1555: Sailed for the Guinea Coast, Englishman Capt. William Towrson (Towerson), Towrson in 1556, three ships on a second try, with one John Davis. In 1558 is Towrson's third voyage with four ships.
1555: The English Muscovy Co. continued the trade with Persia,
sending six voyages 1557-1579 till the Turks cut the Persia-Russia
route in 1580.
Brenner, Merchants and Revolution,
p. 13.
1555: Creation of the Muscovy Co. charter; 22 of the men named
were part of the 34 merchants interested in the 1558 voyage to
Guinea. Many of the 1550s Merchant Adventurers were leaders in the
Muscovy, Morocco and Guinea ventures of the 1550s.
Brenner,
Merchants and Revolution, p. 14.
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1555: Muscovy Co. continues to trade with Persia, sending six
voyages 1557-1579 till the Turks cut the Persia-Russia route in 1580.
Brenner, Merchants and Revolution, p. 13.
1555: Chancellor gets home in 1554 and in 1555 the Muscovy
Co. forms to take advantage of new contacts. Chancellor later voyages
with Stephen Borough to disaster. Chancellor fails to return in 1557,
but England had found an outlet for its cloth trade, and could now
break the Hanse's monopoly on shipping timber, cordage, and pitch as
maritime supplies. (See 1566 re Sir Humphrey Gilbert.)
G.
R. Elton, Tudors, pp. 331ff.
1555: Russia Co.
successful in negotiating agreements with Russian Tsar, by White Sea
route, see re Anthony Jenkinson in 1557. Co. sent an employee to
Persia and Bokhara. Further rights in area granted in 1567.
Mukherjee, Rise and Fall of the East India
Company, pp. 25ff.
1555-1570: Noted merchant adventurers 1555-1570 included Richard
Malorye, Richard Champyon, Roger Martyn, Richard Foulkes, Thomas
Rowe, William Allen, Humphrey Baskerfeld, Richard Chamberlyn, Rowland
Heyward, Edward Jackman, Richard Lambert, William Beswick, alderman
Lionel Duckett, John Ryvers, Henry Beecher, William Bond, Richard
Pype and Alexander Avedon.
Brenner, Merchants and
Revolution, p. 81.
1550s: Date? : Merchant Adventurers
send Hugh Willoughby to find China and lost two or three ships.
1555: Anthony Jenkinson admitted to membership of Merchants' Co.,
and in 1557 appointed by Muscovy Co. as Captain-general of their
fleet sailing to Russia. Russia matters by 1557, diplomat to an
indecisive Czar. Goes to Bokhara, Caspian area.
1555: Sails Capt. William Towrson (Towerson), for the Guinea Coast. Towrson in 1556, three ships on a second try, with one John Davis. In 1558 is Towrson's third voyage with four ships. W. Walton Claridge, A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti: From the earliest times to the commencement of the Twentieth Century. London, John Murray, 1915., pp. 64-73.
Follows an impression of the family
history of London Lord Mayor of 1555-1556 William Garrard. This
material also points to other families of other Lords
Mayor
Descendants of London grocer John Garrard and sp: Miss
Notknown
2. London Lord Mayor Sir William Garrard (c.1555;d.1571)
sp: Isabel Nethermill
3. Sir William Garrard (d.17 Nov 1607) sp:
Elizabeth Rowe
3. Anne Garrard sp: London Lord Mayor, Spanish Co.
merchant Sir George Barne (c.1587;d.2 Jan 1593) 4. William Barne sp:
Miss Sandys 4. John Barne son2 sp: Miss Notknown 5. Mary Barne dr1
sp: Francis Roberts of Willesdon, Esq 6. Barne Roberts (d.30 Jan
1610/1611) sp: Mary Anne Glover 7. William Roberts (b.21 Apr
1604;d.19 Sep 1662) sp: Eleanor Atty (b.4 Jun 1608;m.22 Feb
1623/1624;d.22 Nov 1678)
4. Anne Barne wife1 (d.1564) sp: Sec. of
State, Sir Francis Walsingham (b.1532;m.1562;d.6 Apr 1590) 4.
Elizabeth Barne sp: London Lord Mayor Sir John Rivers (b.1574) 5.
Alice Rivers sp: MP Richard Inkpen (d.1577) 6. Elizabeth Inkpen sp:
Mr Anderson 5. MP George Rivers (b.1553;d.1630) sp: Frances Bowyer
sp: Sir Matthew Carew 5. Thomas Carew Poet 4. John Barne son2 sp:
Miss Notknown 5. Mary Barne dr1 3. London Lord Mayor Sir John Garrard
(c.1592;d.7 May 1625) sp: Jane Partridge (d.24 Jan 1616) 4. London
Lord Mayor Sir Samuel Garrard (c.1709) sp: Miss Notknown 5. Robert
Halesfoot Garrard (d.1785) sp: Miriam Richards (d.1801) 6. Samuel
Garrard (b.1757) sp: Miss Walker 7. Robert Garrard (b.1793;d.1881)
sp: Esther Whippy sp: Miss Walker 7. Robert Garrard (b.1793;d.1881)
6. Goldsmith Robert Garrard (b.1758;d.1818) sp: Sarah Crespel 7.
Henry Garrard, to Australia sp: Mary Mortimer sp: Miss Notknown 5.
Robert Halesfoot Garrard (d.1785) 4. Sir John Garrard (d.1637) sp:
Elizabeth Barkham wife1 (c.1611;m.1611;d.17 Apr 1632) 5. Jane Garrard
sp: Sir Justinian Isham 5. Sir John Garrard, Bart2 (d.1685) sp: Jane
Lambard 6. Sir John Garrard, Bart3 (d.Jan 1700) sp: Katherine ?ENYON
7. Jane Garrard (d.1724) sp: MP Montague Drake 6. Elizabeth Garrard
(d.1683) sp: MP Sir Nicholas Gould, Bart1 (d.1664) 6. Sir John
Garrard, Bart3 (d.Jan 1700) sp: Katherine ???? 7. Jane Garrard
(d.1724) 4. Benedict Garrard (c.1629) 3. George Garrard sp: Margaret
Dacres 4. Anne Garrard 4. Frances Garrard sp: Thomas Howard Earl3
Berkshire (b.1619;d.12 Apr 1706)
In 1553 and 1555 Englishman Richard Eden publishes his Treatise of the New India and Decades of the New World or West India. There arose by 1555 a "fruitful co-operation" in Elton p. 334, of merchants, sailors and moneyed gentry including a few members of court and council. from 1551 the first trade contacts grew with Africa. See 1551.
1556: Portuguese establish a trading factory at Macao, China.
1556: Agricola's De Re Metallica synthesizes knowledge of metals.
1556: Stephen Borough; Explorer for the Muscovy Co. And his more
famous brother, William. In 1556 the Muscovy Co. sent Stephen to
Russia, following up Chancellor's earlier visits. Stephen's daughter
married into the Huguenot family of London alderman John Vassal,
which family later became noted as planters/slavers in the Caribbean.
This John Vassal was connected with the ship Mayflower, the
famed ship bringing New England colonists to America; his daughter
married Peter Andrews, said to be captain of Mayflower. Vassal
fitted one or two of his own ships to fight against the Spanish
Armada. He was later with the Virginia Company.
Andrews, Ships,
Money and Politics, p. 58, p. 193, Note 22.; J. C. Brandon,
Genealogies of Barbados Families, conveyed by email by Chris
Codrington.
Taylor, Tudor Geography,
variously. Brenner, Merchants and Revolution, p. 20, p. 134ff.
Andrews, Ships, Money and Politics, p. 58. Williamson, Age
of Drake, p. 26.
1556: In 1556-1557 the Muscovy Co. sent out first Stephen Borough
then Anthony Jenkinson to test for north-east passages. In the 1550s,
Martin Frobisher, who is a nephew of Muscovy Co. leader John Yorke,
participates in first voyage or so to the Guinea trade. In 1576-1578,
Frobisher led three ventures to establish trade routes to the Indies
by way of a northwest passage with license from Muscovy Co.
Frobisher's voyages had both court and merchant backing re Russia,
Spanish and Morocco trades.
Brenner, Merchants
and Revolution, p. 20.
1556: Lord Mayor of 1537, Richard Gresham, father of the founder in 1566 of the Royal Exchange, Sir Thomas Gresham (1519-1579). (Burke's Extinct Baronetcies for Gresham, p. 227. Brenner, Merchants and Revolution, p. 55. R. G. Lang, 'Social Origins and Social Aspirations of Jacobean London Merchants', Economic History Review, 2, V, 27, 1974., pp. 28-47. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage for Bacon, regarding ancestors of the Lords Townshend.)
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1556-1605AD: Reign of Moghul emperor Akbar in India.
Sebastio (Aviz), King Portugal 1557-1578.
1558: From Brussels, Oliver Brunel advertises that he has
travelled on the coasts of northern Russia, and might soon find a
North-East Passage to the Indies. He would soon take a Russian ship
to the spice islands. (This might reduce a year's sailing time?) This
information caused great pain to London merchants, so they denounced
Brunel to the Russians as a spy and he is imprisoned for 12 years.
(Giles Milton, Nathaniel's Nutmeg. Penguin Books,
1999/2000.)
1558 and later: By Elizabeth's reign (from 1558) English ships
were unloaded at the English factory at San Lucar de la Barrameda
(the only port allowed to trade with the Americas from 1492-1717) and
Cadiz. English merchants from London, Southampton, Bristol and the
West Country resided in Seville where the Casa de las Indias was
situated. The English in Spain became hispanized and the Spanish in
England anglicised; the English family of Castlyns or Castelyn were
perhaps of Spanish origin. Hugh Tipton, an important English merchant
in Seville, was John Hawkins's agent to whom he sent cargoes.
(According to Spanish sources, John Hawkins was even knighted by
Philip II whom he served when he was king of England and referred to
him as his master during the Ridolfi Plot. (?)
1558: Calais falls from English control.
1558: Sir William Winter was in the fleet under Edward Fiennes de
Clinton, earl of Lincoln, which burned Conquet in 1558. In 1559 he
has instructions to sail north with 14 royal ships taking artillery
and supplies to Berwick and to deal with the French. He kept his
fleet intact.
From websites on the Hawkins and Winter families
cited elsewhere.
1558: Anthony Wilkinson of the Russia Co. goes into Persia for trade. [Could this be a misprint in a book re Anthony Jenkinson?]
1558: January 1558, William Towerson set out on a third voyage
from England. His squadron has two navy ships, evidence the Lord
Admiral had connived at such business. Towerson had gone first to
Gold Coast, and he and others built trade on success with that. Some
fell out of the business; Portugal claimed rights in the area, rights
which Towerson did not respect.
Williamson, Age
of Drake, p. 31.
1558: Sir William Winter was in the fleet under Edward Fiennes de
Clinton, earl of Lincoln, which burned Conquet in 1558. In 1559 he
has instructions to sail north with 14 royal ships taking artillery
and supplies to Berwick and to deal with the French. He kept his
fleet intact.
From websites on the Hawkins and Winter families
cited elsewhere.
1558: Mary Queen of Scots, aged 16, marries the Dauphin of France, the future Francis II.
1559: 16 December: Expectation of a French invasion, Admiral Sir
William Winter is with fleet to lie in the Firth of Forth, with
instructions to observe the French. He sailed from Gillingham, Kent
with 14 vessels with orders to proceed to the Firth of Forth to watch
for the French and if attacked to sink and destroy. He left
Queenborough on the 27th December and sailed from there in January
1560 when the fleet was driven into Lowestoft, Suffolk by a gale and
kept there for a fortnight. It sailed north on 15 January 1560 and
was driven back into the Humber but on 20 January 1560 sailed to
Berwick, along the coast to Fife near Kinghorn and in front of
Burntisland was garrisoned by the French, who attacked Winter, who
captured the Forth and cut off French communications and sent a
message to Norfolk (Dom. MSS, Rolls House 16.12.1559). (25.1.1560
Scotch MSS, Rolls House).
From websites on the Hawkins and Winter
families cited elsewhere.
1559: 16 December: Expectation of a French invasion, Admiral Sir
William Winter is with fleet to lie in the Firth of Forth, with
instructions to observe the French. He sailed from Gillingham, Kent
with 14 vessels with orders to proceed to the Firth of Forth to watch
for the French and if attacked to sink and destroy. He left
Queenborough on the 27th December and sailed from there in January
1560 when the fleet was driven into Lowestoft, Suffolk by a gale and
kept there for a fortnight. It sailed north on 15 January 1560 and
was driven back into the Humber but on 20 January 1560 sailed to
Berwick, along the coast to Fife near Kinghorn and in front of
Burntisland was garrisoned by the French, who attacked Winter, who
captured the Forth and cut off French communications and sent a
message to Norfolk
(Dom. MSS, Rolls House 16.12.1559). (25.1.1560
Scotch MSS, Rolls House).
From websites on the Hawkins and Winter
families cited elsewhere.
1559: First cultivation of tobacco starts in Spain.
1559AD: Henry II of France is killed in a jousting accident. Succeeded by his son Francis II died 1560. Arises the rivalry of the Guises and the Bourbon (who are Protestants) in French political life.
1560: Active from 1560, John Dee. Not a mariner, but interested in
colonisation. By 1560, "the English by contrast, so far from
being at that time the heirs to generations of sea-goers, were
newcomers to ocean trade and shipping".
From
Ralph Davis, The Rise of the English Shipping Industry in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. London, Macmillan, 1962.,
p. 1.
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1560: Soon after 1560 John Hawkins moved to London and formed a syndicate of merchants and officials including alderman Sir Lionel Ducket and Sir Thomas Lodge, who were already engaged in Gold Coast trade, and Benjamin Gonson (death date not identified yet) and Sir William Winter (who dies the next year). This syndicate period may mark the time when a rather unexpected nexus of interest developed - between "naval men" and merchant-slavers.
1561: A company of English Guinea merchant adventurers includes
Sir William Gerard, William Winter, Benjamin Gonson, Antony Hickman
and Edward Castelin - and they sent out John Lok in ship "Minion".
This syndicate sent two ships out in 1562 only to be harrassed by the
Portuguese, and by now, Kormantin is already a focus point on African
coast. A a minor English expedition sailed in 1563.
See W. Walton
Claridge, A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti: From the earliest
times to the commencement of the Twentieth Century. London, John
Murray, 1915., pp. 73-75.
1561: Richard Eden, geographer, "cosmographer" and
promoter of colonisation. In 1561, Eden published The Art of
Navigation. (In 1563, English sailors made a second voyage to
Florida.) Eden had close links with Cabot above, Richard Chancellor
and Stephen Borough. A friend of Sir John Cheke, Eden also knew the
Spanish historian of Peru, Zarate. Eden dedicated a book to
Northumberland, given the Earl/Duke's interest in a voyage to Cathay.
(Little is known of Eden's family here.)
Taylor,
Tudor Geography, p. 20. Williamson, Age of Drake, p.
43.
1561: Bristol merchant John Frampton trades to Cadiz and Lisbon,
then overland to Malaga to buy wines. The Inquisition searches his
ship. Frampton was pirated and a decade later still petitioned the
admiralty for redress.
Williamson, Age of Drake,
p. 45.
1561: By 1561-1562, Thomas Cobham, the brother of a peer, guilty
of various piracies and has shown religious prejudice by murdering a
friar. Martin Frobisher conducts similar piracies about now.
Williamson, Age of Drake, pp. 42ff.
By 1561, John Hawkins had links with a member of an important Canarian family of Genoese descent in Tenerife named Pedro de Ponte from whom he got information about the African and American trade and Hawkins's pilot, Juan Martinez, was Sevillian. The Canaries were free to English merchants under a treaty and there was a factory of the Company of English Merchants trading with Spain.
1561: Gold Coast venturers include treasurer of Navy Benjamin
Gonson and secretary of Navy, Sir William Winter, who had use of four
navy ships. The queen finds the equipment and £500 for vittles.
Merchants paid the crews,cargo, repairs, undertook to hand on
one-third of the profits. John Lok makes another voyage in 1561.
A
formal charter party for an African voyage by Queen's ship Minion
is found in Landsdowne ms 113, ff9-17, see Williamson, Age of
Drake, pp. 34-35.
On Sir William Winter see website:
http://www.pillagoda.freewire.co.uk/ADMIRAL.htm
1561-1562: The French Wars of Religion: "Throughout France,
members of the rival creeds (Catholic and Huguenot) attacked each
other, killing, burning, raping, torturing, and looting. The
atrocities were as outrageous as they were cruel. In a frenzy of
Protestant iconoclasm churches were desecrated and their clergy
hunted down like vermin; one Huguenot captain wore a necklace of
priests' ears while the infamous Baron des Adrets made Catholic
prisoners leap to their death from a high tower. Even the dead were
attacked; at Orleans a Reformist mob burnt the heart of poor Francois
II and threw Joan of Arc's statue into the river. The
Counter-Reformation was not yet in evidence so Papist fanatics were
rare but nonetheless Catholics were goaded into fury. At Tours two
hundred Huguenots were drowned in the Loire while the bodies of those
slaughtered at Sens came floating down to Paris. That grim old
soldier Blaise de Montluc made Protestant captives jump from the
battlements and remarked with satisfaction that all knew where he had
passed by the trees which bore his livery - a hanged Huguenot; on one
occasion he strangled a pastor with his own hands." As Pascal
said a hundred years later, "Men never do evil so completely and
cheerfully as they do from religious conviction."
From:
Desmond Seward, The First Bourbon: Henri IV, King of France and
Navarre. London, Constable, 1971., p. 143
1562: Maritime history: Legaspi sails in Philippines area.
1562: Capt. John Hawkins has on his own account three ships in 1562. In 1562-1563, England passes an Act legalizing the purchase of slaves. From W. Walton Claridge, A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti.
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1562 from 1530: (H. R. Fox Bourne, English Merchants: Memoirs, p. 136, old Master William Hawkins of Plymouth, 1530, 1531, 1532, with ship Paul of Plymouth, 250 tons to coasts of Brazil, coast of Guinea, to Brazil to sell to the Indians, his sons William Hawkins a merchant and shipowner in London and John, a "naval hero'. he began the slave trade, three ships outfitted from London, one backer being Alderman Duckett, got 300 slaves from Sierra Leone, in 1562, later used one of the largest ships available in England, later a slave partner with Sir Francis Drake.
1562: Re Hawkins: The African coast was a favourite haunt of French pirates and privateers (mainly Huguenots, who were the finest sailors) who lurked amongst the islands and ravaged the coasts of Senegal and the Spanish West Indies. The difference between a pirate and a privateer was that the latter had Letters of Marque from a monarch or a government licensing them to do what pirates did illegally. William Winter was a privateer who raided the African coast with Letters of Marque from Elizabeth I. English privateers were first licensed by Henry VIII to seize French goods carried under the Spanish flag whereupon Charles V seized all English goods in Flanders and suspended trade with England. Huguenots seamen from Rouen and Dieppe, La Rochelle and Bay of Biscay practised piracy and raided the Caribbean. Under the provisions of the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis in 1559 everything below Tropic of Cancer was considered fair game for corsairs.
1562: John Hawkins, reputed to "begin the English slave trade", (but see an earlier Hawkins of the 1530s entering that trade), with three ships outfitted from London, one backer being London Alderman Duckett. Hawkins gets 300 slaves from Sierra Leone, in 1562, and later uses one of the largest ships available in England. Later Hawkins becomes partner in slaving with Sir Francis Drake.
1562: [John] Hawkins sails from Plymouth in October 1562 to the
Canaries, his chief ally amongst the Spanish there being one Pedro de
Ponte. Thence Cape Verde, while Ponte dealt with Hispaniola
(Jamaica). Hawkins got about 400 slaves, some from Portuguese ships.
In April 1563 Hawkins got to north of Hispaniolo, Puerto de Plata,
then to La Isabela, bartering slaves for goods, pearls, hides and
sugars, some gold.
1562: Frenchman Jean Ribault leads an
expedition to Florida in 1562. About now, Elizabeth I wanted Thomas
Stukely to go to Florida with Ribault, but Stukeley found Channel
privateering more lucrative. Another Frenchman, a Huguenot, Rene de
Laudonniere, sailed for Florida in 1564 with approval of French
government.
Williamson, Age of Drake, p. 47,
p. 60.
1562: First slave trading English venture in 1562, under John
Hawkins (son of William earlier trading to Brazils, sailing from
Plymouth. (Walvin cites The First Voyage of John Hawkins,
1562-1563, in Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations...
[12 Vols.] Glasgow, 1904.)
Elton says Hawkins has ideas of
peacefully invading Spanish monopoly. He made a final profit of 60
per cent on a round-trip. By time he returns, relations between Spain
and England are deteriorating.
James Walvin, Black
Ivory: A History of British Slavery. London, Harper Collins,
1992., p. 303, p. 341.
1562: John Hawkins, reputed to have "began the English slave
trade", (but see an earlier Hawkins of the 1530s entering that
trade), with three ships outfitted from London, one backer being
London Lord Mayor Duckett.
Merchant adventurer Sir
Lionel Duckett; He had three daughters with dowry of 5000 pounds in
Tudor money. Fox-Bourne, Merchant Memoirs. Duckett's staff
worked with copper and silver, and in cloth manufacturing. Duckett
had a company with Cecil, and the Earls of Pembroke, to construct
waterworks to drain mines. Taylor, Tudor Geography, p. 107.
Brenner, Merchants and Revolution, p. 81.
1562: Hawkins got 300 slaves from Sierra Leone, in 1562, and later used one of the largest ships available in England. Later Hawkins becomes partner in slaving with Sir Francis Drake.
1562: [John] Hawkins sails from Plymouth in October 1562 to the
Canaries, his chief ally amongst the Spanish there being one Pedro de
Ponte. Thence Cape Verde, while Ponte dealt with Hispaniola
(Jamaica). Hawkins got about 400 slaves, some from Portuguese ships.
In April 1563 Hawkins got to north of Hispaniolo, Puerto de Plata,
then to La Isabela, bartering slaves for goods, pearls, hides and
sugars, some gold.
1562: Frenchman Jean Ribault leads an
expedition to Florida in 1562. About now, Elizabeth I wanted Thomas
Stukely to go to Florida with Ribault, but Stukeley found Channel
privateering more lucrative. Another Frenchman, a Huguenot, Rene de
Laudonniere, sailed for Florida in 1564 with approval of French
government.
Williamson, Age of Drake, p. 47,
p. 60.
1562: Voyage of Legaspi in Philippines.
1562: First slave trading English venture in 1562, under John
Hawkins (son of William earlier trading to Brazils, sailing from
Plymouth. (Walvin cites The First Voyage of John Hawkins,
1562-1563, in Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations...
(12 Vols.) Glasgow, 1904.)
Elton says Hawkins has ideas of
peacefully invading Spanish monopoly. He made a final profit of 60
per cent on a round-trip. By time he returns, relations between Spain
and England are deteriorating.
James Walvin, Black
Ivory: A History of British Slavery. London, Harper Collins,
1992., p. 303, p. 341.
1563: Stress of urbanisation: French parliament begs the king to prohibit vehicles from the streets of Paris.
1563: England: Anthony Jenkinson makes another trip to Russia, at Moscow by 20 August, 1563, one of his companions then is Edward Clarke who went home with Jenkinson's letters. Then from London came a second expedition to Russia of May 1564 with Thomas Alcock.
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1563: William's brother George Winter (Clerk of Ships, died 1580) of Dyrham, Gloucestershire (which he purchased from Sir Walter Dennys in 1571 (13 Elizabeth I) is mentioned in an order from Elizabeth dated 16 July 1563 to Lord Clinton, Lord High Admiral asking him to deliver certain stores to George Winter "Clerk of our Ships" (Add. MSS Vol. 5752) a position he held until he died in 1582.
1564: Death of Michelangelo and birth of English playwright, William Shakespeare. Note: Michelangelo: The received wisdom that he is a homosexual is dismissed. From a book review, September 1999. See James Beck, Three Worlds of Michelangelo. Norton, 1999.
1564: King of Moluccas Islands, Indonesia, cedes his territorial
rights to king of Portugal. Portuguese now link Indian Ocean trade to
the New World via Philippines.
1564-1567: Muscovy Co. loses leader as Richard Chancellor dies,
replaced by Anthony Jenkinson.
Williamson, Age of
Drake, p. 37.
1565: Spanish colonise Florida.
1565AD: India: Of the Hindu kingdoms surviving, Vijayanagar survives till destroyed in 1565 by Muslims.
1565: Philippines: An expedition from New Spain commanded by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, establishes a first Spanish settlement in Sebu, Manila, on the island of Luzon, is occupied in 1571, partly to gain a link to existing trade with China. From J. H. Parry, The European Reconnaissance: Selected Documents. London, Macmillan, 1968., p. 255
1565: 30 May: Anthony Jenkinson addresses memorial to Elizabeth 1 re north-east passage to Cathay, but nothing comes of ideas. Jenkinson back in Russia by 23 Aug. 1566, obtains monopoly of White Sea trade, but more trouble with Czar.
1565: Francis Drake sails with John Lovell on a slaving voyage from Guinea to South America.
1566: Invention of the full stop, as a punctuation mark, by Aldus Manutius the Younger, author of a punctuation handbook, Interpungendi ratio. He was grandson of the Venetian printer who invented "the paperback book".
1566: Maritime history: Mendana's first voyage.
1566: Sir Humphrey Gilbert, promoter of navigation, and his brother Adrian active by now. Humphrey Gilbert writes on discovering Cathay, "a mix of sense and nonsense". Dee spoke of a "Southern Continent" (Australia?). (See 1574.)
1566: Mendana's first voyage.
1566: Elizabeth I has financial stake in John Hawkins' second voyage of plunder undertaken in defiance of views of the Spanish.
1566: John Lovell follows in Hawkins' maritime footsteps, but finds Spanish ports closed to him, and he is remembered only as he had Francis Drake (born c.1540) with him. Drake's father a chaplain at Chatam dockyard. (This John Hawkins born in 1532).
1566: Sir Humphrey Gilbert, promoter of navigation, and his
brother Adrian active by now. Humphrey Gilbert writes on discovering
Cathay, "a mix of sense and nonsense". John Dee speaks of a
"Southern Continent". (See 1574.)
Elton,
Tudor England, pp. 336ff.
1566: On 9 November 1566 John Lovell, on his way to the Indies sailed to Cape Verde with four ships Paul, Salomon, Pasco and Swallow, seized a Portuguese vessel with negroes, wax, ivory and other merchandise. In February 1567 he captured a ship with a cargo of sugar and negroes, close to Santiago, capital of the Cape Verde Islands, killing some of the crew, as well as a ship from Lisbon bound for Brazil and two more off the Island of Maio.
1567: By now, Dutch ships from West Friesland and Zeeland have anchored in Spanish Havana, Cuba. Gradually, the Dutch became interested in the following commodities from the West Coast of Africa, the West Indies and the Amazon-Orinoco area: palm oil, balsam oil, gums, white incense or mastix, orange dye called annatto, Brazil wood, other aromatic woods, pearls, gold and silver, salt, animal hides, tobacco, sugar, ginger, canafistula, sarsparilla, cochineal, dyewoods, cacao. indigo, Goslinga, The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast, 1580-1680, p. 54.
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1567: Francis Drake commands Judith 50-tons on the third
slaving voyage of his kinsman, John Hawkins, on which voyage, only
Drake's and Hawkins' ship escape from an encounter with Spanish at
San Juan de Ulua. In following years, Drake becomes most successful
of the English corsairs annoying the Spanish main.
(Encyclopedia
Britannica entry, Drake).
1567: Hawkins equips his third fleet, in which voyages Elizabeth I has shares.
Follows material on London Lord Mayor
1568 Thomas Rowe and his Lord Mayor son for 1607, Henry Rowe.
Descendants of Merchant Tailor Robert Rowe and sp: Miss Notknown
2. Sir, Lord Mayor Thomas Rowe Thomas Merchant adventurer
(c.1569) sp: Mary Gresham
3. Robert Rowe (c.1551) sp: Elinor
Notknown 4. Coloniser, EICo trader, Sir Thomas Rowe (b.1581;d.1644)
sp: Eleanor Cave (m.1613) 3. Rowe Elizabeth sp: Sir William Garrard
(d.17 Nov 1607) 3. London Lord Mayor William Roe London (c.1590) 3.
London Lord Mayor Sir Henry Rowe (c.1607) sp: Miss Notknown
4.
Susan Rowe wife2 (c.19 Sep 1582;d.16 Jan 1645/1646) sp: Gov. EICo
London alderman William Halliday (b.1610;d.14 Feb 1623/1624)
5.
Miss Halliday sp: Sir Henry Mildmay
1568AD: -Circa 1600 Period of national unification in Japan begins when feudal lord, Oda Nobunaga, captures capital, Kyoto.
1568: Muslims forcibly converted to Catholicism in Spain.
1568AD: Japan: Regional Lord Oda Nobunaga first seized Kyoto (Azuchi Momoyama Period). Castles. Hirajiro versus Yamashiro, break of power of Buddhist monk armies & Ashikagas.
1568-1600AD: Japan: Age of Unification.
1568: England: William Cecil (Burghley) effectively becomes
chairman of joint-stock company managing about a third of the slaving
voyages of John Hawkins. The Earls of Leicester and Pembroke also
heavy investors, but most profit of the third Hawkins' voyage was
booty is recaptured by the Spaniards in Sept. 1568 at San Juan de
Ullao. He has much trade with the Canary Islands.
Who's
Who / Shakespeare, p. 110. See also G. R. Elton, Tudor
England.
1568: Civil war in France.
1568: December 1568 Spanish ships take borrowed Genoese money to
pay the army in Netherlands of Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, duke of
Alba, scattered by Huguenot pirates, find refuge in the ports of
Fowey, Plymouth and Southampton. William Hawkins, mayor of Plymouth
(John's brother) helped to unload treasure there which Elizabeth
promptly seized, saying she would borrow the money from the Genoese
herself. Philip retaliated by seizing all English ships and sailors
in Spanish ports, Elizabeth threw all Spaniards and Flemings in
London into prisons and seized their goods, far more valuable than
the original Spanish cargo.
From websites on the Hawkins and
Winter families cited elsewhere.
1568: December 1568 Spanish ships take borrowed Genoese money to
pay the army in Netherlands of Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, duke of
Alba, scattered by Huguenot pirates, find refuge in the ports of
Fowey, Plymouth and Southampton. William Hawkins, mayor of Plymouth
(John's brother) helped to unload treasure there which Elizabeth
promptly seized, saying she would borrow the money from the Genoese
herself. Philip retaliated by seizing all English ships and sailors
in Spanish ports, Elizabeth threw all Spaniards and Flemings in
London into prisons and seized their goods, far more valuable than
the original Spanish cargo.
From websites on the Hawkins and
Winter families cited elsewhere.
1568: Cecil Burghley effectively became chairman of the
joint-stock company managing about a third of the slaving voyages of
John Hawkins. The Earls of Leicester and Pembroke also heavy
investors, but most profit of the third Hawkins' voyage was booty was
recaptured by the Spaniards in Sept. 1568 at San Juan de Ullao. He
had much trade with the Canary Islands.
Who's Who
/ Shakespeare, p. 110. See also G. R. Elton, Tudor England.
1569: January, Hawkins returns from his third voyage slaving and
later sent out as a privateer. In 1569 Walter Raleigh gained war
experience when men of Devon raised a body of horse for service under
Coligny.
Williamson, Age of Drake, p. 102.
1569: By 1569 the Portuguese conception of shape of Australia had
found its way to the "international" maps of Mercator, and
Spaniards such as Mendana, and by 1569, Mercator had changed his mind
about what lay south of Java, adopting the Dauphin map propositions.
McIntyre, Secret Discovery of Australia, p.
53, p. 133.
1569: And earlier, Hawkins' third voyage. Much capital invested
including some from Elizabeth who loans two ships. Drake was on
Judith. Origins here of Drake's revenge against the Spanish.
John Oxenham on this voyage, hanged at Lima. Hawkins' right hand man
was sailor Robert Barrett, burnt alive in market-place at Seville.
A. L. Rowse, Elizabethan Garland, pp. 99ff.
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1569: January, Hawkins returns from his third voyage slaving and
later sent out as a privateer. In 1569 Walter Raleigh gained war
experience when men of Devon raised a body of horse for service under
Coligny.
Williamson, Age of Drake, p. 102.
1569: The English lose the cloth staple at Antwerp, the
Netherlands were occupied by Spanish under Alba and the trade in
Mediterranean centred in Seville. Cecil established a new centre in
Germany that year and William Winter in command of 7 of the Queen's
ships, convoyed fleet of merchantmen to Hamburg taking cloth, spices
sugar, pepper, hides, dyes and wines captured by the Channel rovers.
From websites on the Hawkins and Winter families cited elsewhere.
1569: And earlier, Hawkins' third voyage. Much capital invested
including some from Elizabeth who loans two ships. Drake was on
Judith. Origins here of Drake's revenge against the Spanish.
John Oxenham on this voyage, hanged at Lima. Hawkins' right hand man
was sailor Robert Barrett, burnt alive in market-place at Seville.
A. L. Rowse, Elizabethan Garland, pp. 99ff.
1569: A small number of merchants in 1589 proposed a voyage to Far East by way of Cape Good Hope, using ships Susan, Merchant Royal and Edward Bonaventure, owned by Paul Bayning and Thomas Cordell, of Venice Co., men also in Spanish trade and leading privateers, these ships plus one other were used in "pathbreaking" voyage of James Lancaster to India Ocean in 1591-1592. (Brenner, p. 21.)
1570: Japan: Nagasaki is opened to western trade.
1570: August: Huguenot Pourtholt, lying at Plymouth, offers
Admiral Winter ten chests of money if he would "but wink at an
attack on the Spaniards." Huguenot traders from La Rochelle sell
salt and wine, buying gunpowder with the proceeds, use Plymouth as a
base of operations for their piracy as well as a market for their
goods. There is an entry in Cecil's diary of an agreement by the
Huguenot leader to deliver salt and wine to the value of £10,000.
(Murdin 766).
From websites on the Hawkins and
Winter families cited elsewhere.
Follows an impression of the family
history of London Lord Mayor for 1570-1571 Sir Rowland Hayward
Descendants of George Hayward and sp: Margaret Whitebrooke
2.
London Lord Mayor Sir Rowland Hayward (b.1520;d.5 Dec 1593) sp: Joan
Tillesworth wife1 sp: Catherine Smythe wife2 (b.1564)
3. Sir John
Hayward 3. Susan Hayward wife1 (d.1592) sp: MP Henry Townshend
(b.1537;d.1621) 4. MP, journalist, Hayward Townshend (b.1577;d.1603)
sp: Francasina Neville Illegit 3. Elizabeth Hayward sp: MP Richard
Warren (b.1545;d.1598) sp: Thomas Knyvett Lord Knyvett Baron Knyvet
of Escrick (b.1548;m.1597;d.1622) 3. Alice Hayward sp: MP Sir Richard
Buller 4. Francis Buller sp: Thomasine (Honywood) Honeywood 4.
Thomasine Buller sp: Josias Calmady 3. Joan Hayward sp: John Thynne
4. MP Sir Thomas II Thynne (b.1578;d.1639) sp: Catharine Howard wife2
sp: Maria Audley wife1 (m.1601) 3. Catherine widow Hayward wife2
(d.1632) sp: Sir Richard Sondes (b.1571;m.1609;d.1645)
1571: Digges' theodolite for surveying and aiming.
1571: In 1571 William Winter attacked Tenerife (Simancas Trans.
1571, p. 339.) William Winter (probably Sir William's son and not the
Admiral himself who was now getting too old for such adventures) was
taken prisoner by the Spanish in the Canaries and nearly brought
before the Inquisition but escaped in time. Sir William Winter was
involved in the slave and Guinea trade with John Hawkins with whom he
later fell out.
From websites on the Hawkins and Winter families
cited elsewhere.
1571: The Battle of Lepanto; 117 Turkish galleys taken and 80 lost, only 12 Christian vessels were lost.
1571: Foundation by Spanish of city Manila, the Philippines.
March 1571: With Cecil's connivance, John Hawkins (who had briefly
served Philip II when he was king of England) went to the Spanish
ambassador, Gerau de Spes, an avowed enemy of the English, to offer
his fleet at Plymouth. Hawkins' confidential servant and friend
George Fitzwilliam, had sailed with him from Plymouth on 18 October
1564 on his second slaving voyage, had been captured in San Juan de
Ulua with 29 other English seamen in 1569 and sent to a Spanish
prison in Seville but released in 1570 after he had a letter sent by
Hugh Tipton, a prominent English businessman in the city.
Fitzwilliam, a relative of Jane Dormer, duchess of Feria (the
childhood playmate of Edward VI) had a hand in uncovering the Ridolfi
Plot. As Hawkins' agent, he offered ships to Philip II to help put
Mary on English throne. A plan arose to assassinate Elizabeth and
install Mary. When Fitzwilliam returned to England with letters from
the Duke of Feria (who died shortly afterwards) and his son to
Hawkins, he was sent from Plymouth to London to Cecil (created Lord
Burghley in February 1571) with a letter. Three days after Hawkins
wrote, the Duke of Norfolk was sent to the Tower. The bishop of Ross
was told he no longer had diplomatic immunity as Mary's ambassador
and confessed everything.
The duke was executed on 2 June 1572
and his son Philip, earl of Arundel died imprisoned in the Tower.
(There were spies and counter spies, agents and double-agents in
Walsingham's, Burghley's and Philip II's spy networks - the king of
Spain spun such a complicated web that no one has ever been able to
disentangle it. The Spanish spies used milk or lemon juice as
invisible ink to write messages in codes and ciphers which showed up
when the paper was heated.)
From websites on the
Hawkins and Winter families cited elsewhere.
1571AD: Turks conquer Cyprus.
1572: France: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, as Guise faction slaughters the Protestant factions of Paris.
1572: England: May 1572, Drake with two ships sets off from Plymouth to attack Spanish with 75 men. He tries to take "Darien". Gets some $40,000 of Spanish silver.
1572: England: Drake raided Nombre de Dios in 1572 to bring home £40,000. (See Neville Williams, Elizabeth 1: Queen of England. London. Sphere, 1971.) Elizabeth later knights Drake. Hakylut's book becomes famous.
1572: News of Mendana's discoveries in Pacific reach England.
1572: Anthony Jenkinson ceases travelling. He married in 1567
Judith Mersh, daughter of London merchant John Mersh, governor of the
Company of Merchant Adventurers and of a company trading to
Netherlands, who is related to Sir Thomas Gresham.
Follows family history material on London Lord Mayor 1573 John
Rivers (parents unknown)
London Lord Mayor Sir John Rivers
(b.1574) sp: Elizabeth Barne
3. Alice Rivers sp: MP Richard Inkpen
(d.1577) 4. Elizabeth Inkpen sp: Mr Anderson
3. MP George Rivers
(b.1553;d.1630) sp: Frances Bowyer
2. Miss Rivers sp: Robert
Streatfeild (d.1559) 3. Henry Streatfeild sp: Alice Moody 4. Richard
Streatfeild (b.1559) sp: Anne Fremlyn 5. Henry Streatfeild (b.1586)
sp: Miss Notknown 6. Richard Streatfeild (b.1611) sp: Anne TERRY 7.
Henry Streatfeild (b.1639) sp: Sarah Ashdown 7. William Streatfeild
sp: Miss Notknown
6. Richard Streatfeild (b.1611) sp: Miss
Notknown
2. London Lord Mayor Sir John Rivers (b.1574) - 2. Miss
Rivers
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1573-1620 Reign of emperor Wan Li in China: period of great paintings and porcelain-making; imperial kilns at Jingde produce vast quantities of "china".
1574: More to come
1575++: Reference item: Cornelis CH. Goslinga, The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast, 1580-1680. Assen, The Netherlands, Van Gorcum and Co., Dr., H. J. Prakke and H. M. G. Prakke, 1971.
Stop Press: For late entries
Life in the 1500s: some interesting things to ponder... submitted "from the Net"
Lead cups were used to drink ale or whiskey. The combination would sometimes knock them out for a couple of days. Someone walking along the road would take them for dead and prepare them for burial. They were laid out on the kitchen table for a couple of days and the family would gather around and eat and drink and wait and see if they would wake up. Hence the custom of holding a "wake."
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England is old and small, and they started running out of places to bury people. So, they would dig up coffins and would take their bones to a house and reuse the grave. In reopening these coffins, one out of 25 coffins were found to have scratch marks on the inside and they realized they had been burying people alive. So they thought they would tie a string on their wrist and lead it through the coffin and up through the ground and tie it to a bell. Someone would have to sit out in the graveyard all night to listen for the bell. Hence on the "graveyard shift" they would know that someone was "saved by the bell" or he was a "dead ringer."
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Most people got married in June because they took their yearly bath in May and were still smelling pretty good by June. However, they were starting to smell, so brides carried a bouquet of flowers to hide the b.o.
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Baths equaled a big tub filled with hot water. The man of the house had the privilege of the nice clean water, then all the other sons and men, then the women and finally the children. Last of all the babies. By then the water was so dirty you could actually lose someone in it. Hence the saying "Don't throw the baby out with the bath water."
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Houses had thatched roofs. Thick straw, piled high, with no wood underneath. It was the only place for animals to get warm, so all the pets... dogs, cats and other small animals, mice, rats, bugs lived in the roof. When it rained it became slippery and sometimes the animals would slip and fall off the roof. Hence the saying, "It's raining cats and dogs."
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There was nothing to stop things from falling into the house. This posed a real problem in the bedroom where bugs and other droppings could really mess up your nice clean bed. So, they found if they made beds with big posts and hung a sheet over the top, it addressed that problem. Hence those beautiful big four-poster beds with canopies. I wonder if this is where we get the saying "Good night and don't let the bed bugs bite..."
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The floor was dirt. Only the wealthy had something other than dirt, hence the saying "dirt poor." The wealthy had slate floors which would get slippery in the winter when wet. So they spread thresh on the floor to help keep their footing. As the winter wore on they kept adding more thresh until when you opened the door it would all start slipping outside. A piece of wood was placed at the entry way, hence a "thresh hold."
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They cooked in the kitchen in a big kettle that always hung over the fire. Every day they lit the fire and added things to the pot. They mostly ate vegetables and didn't get much meat. They would eat the stew for dinner leaving leftovers in the pot to get cold overnight and then start over the next day. Sometimes the stew had food in it that had been in there for a month. Hence the rhyme: peas porridge hot, peas porridge cold, peas porridge in the pot nine days old."
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Sometimes they could obtain pork and would feel really special when that happened. When company came over, they would bring out some bacon and hang it to show it off. It was a sign of wealth and that a man "could really bring home the bacon." They would cut off a little to share with guests and would all sit around and "chew the fat."
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Those with money had plates made of pewter. Food with a high acid content caused some of the lead to leach onto the food. This happened most often with tomatoes, so they stopped eating tomatoes... for 400 years.
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Most people didn't have pewter plates, but had trenchers - a piece of wood with the middle scooped out like a bowl. Trenchers were never washed and a lot of times worms got into the wood. After eating off wormy trenchers, folk would get "trench mouth."
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Bread was divided according to status. Workers got the burnt bottom of the loaf, the family got the middle, and guests got the top, or the "upper crust".
In English pubs, ale is ordered by pints and quarts. So in old England, when customers got unruly, the bartender would yell at them to mind their own pints and quarts and settle down. It's where we get the phrase "mind your P's and Q's."
Many years ago in England, pub frequenters had a whistle baked into the rim or handle of their ceramic cups. When they needed a refill, they used the whistle to get some service. "Wet your whistle," is the phrase inspired by this practice.
In Shakespeare's time, mattresses were secured on bed frames by ropes...when you pulled on the ropes the mattress tightened, making the bed firmer to sleep on. That's where the phrase, "good night, sleep tight" came from.
The phrase "rule of thumb" is derived from an old English law which stated that you couldn't beat your wife with anything wider than your thumb.
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