This file updated 31 January 2010
Notes on merchant history of the English-speaking world since 1550
Preamble: Due to the popularity of genealogy pages 1720-1900 placed on the Internet as part of The Blackheath Connection since March 2000, a new set of appendices is now being re-edited. Reading British history since the time of Henry VIII, and noting the period of English/British colonisation beginning during the reign of Elizabeth I, it sometimes seems as though British historians have under-estimated the role of merchants in their work. Genealogical work on this proposition however was greatly hampered till about 1992, when Robert Brenner published his work, Merchants and Revolution. Brenner’s work, plus the use of genealogical software, now makes it much easier to discuss merchant life from the 1620s to the time of the American Revolution, 1775. The lists given below are sometimes composed of terse information. This is merely part of an effort to be economical with data on the Internet. It is hoped that these files will be of interest to those interested in either general history, colonial history, or family history.
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Forms of citation: Strictly chronological arrangement, roughly, in terms of general patterns seen in merchant activities, 1550-1900. Information on an individual merchant. Perhaps some genealogical information. Brief reference to sources used. Most books consulted will be properly listed in the bibliography given for The Blackheath Connection website. Finally, this project will be provided with proper footnotes for the Net version. -Ed
Please note: This list of influential merchants of the English-speaking world is originally footnoted, and once finished will end as footnoted on the Internet. The list begins about 1550 and will proceed to about 1900. The word "influential" is used, since sometimes, even a non-wealthy or a bankrupted merchant can be found to have been influential, as distinct from powerful in his field. These lists were first placed on the Internet in late November, 2000, as an ongoing project.
Preamble 1: Due to the popularity of genealogy pages 1720-1900 placed on the Internet as part of The Blackheath Connection, a new set of appendices is now being re-edited. Reading British history since the time of Henry VIII, and noting the period of English/British colonisation beginning during the reign of Elizabeth I, it sometimes seems as though British historians have under-estimated the role of merchants in their work. Genealogical work on this proposition however was greatly hampered till about 1993, when Robert Brenner published his work, Merchants and Revolution. It does appear that Brenner inherited the research files of many historians working before him, which speaks of magnanimity amongst British historians. Brenner’s work, plus the use of genealogical software, now makes it much easier to discuss merchant life from the 1620s to the time of the American Revolution, 1775. In all this, the role of noted merchants in the cloth trade from 1550, especially those in London, should never be underestimated. The lists given below are sometimes composed of terse information. This is merely part of an effort to be economical with data on the Internet. It is hoped that these files, in development, will be useful to those interested in general history, colonial history, and/or family history.
Preamble2: These appendices present chains of merchant names gained from a wide variety of books, articles and original documents. The chains stretch from 1620 (and before) in London, Virginia and the Caribbean, to 1835 in Sydney, New Wales in Australia, and to other Australian colonies, as well as areas in India, South East Asia and China. Where appropriate, using a genealogical database, the lists have been enchained genealogically, which presumably could give added weight to any implications cast by linking the names to texts and bibliographic material. In particular, the first-appearing list below has been developed after perusal of Robert Brenner's recent book, Merchants and Revolution: Commercial change, political conflict, and London's overseas traders, 1550-1653. (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
Brenner's research has emphasised commercial linkages between Robert Rich, the second Earl of Warwick, and one of his (formerly unknown) business managers, Maurice Thomson. Those linkages greatly assisted the early development of Virginia (and information on those linkages).
I have anyway tried to follow Brenner's lead in: Dan Byrnes, 'A Bitter Pill: An assessment of the significance of the meeting between Thomas Jefferson and Duncan Campbell of the British Creditors in London, 23 April, 1786'. November, 1994 Unpublished. Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.
Convict transportation to Australia developed a
long and odious tradition. Oddly enough, some "convict relics" sent to
Australia bear relation to the career of Jonathan Forward, who is
listed below; he died aged 80 in 1760, leaving much property to a
grandson, Edward Stephenson, including a share of the Iron Gate Wharf,
by St. Katherine's Dock.
[See Peter Wilson Coldham, Emigrants
in Chains. Phoenix Hill, Far Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire,
Allan Sutton, 1992., p. 86].
By 1972, some "convict relics" from St. Katherine's Dock were sent by the British Tourist Authority to be presented to the Lord Mayor of Sydney; a flagstone and a piece of railing. [The Sydney Morning Herald, 11 March, 1972, p. 7.] The flagstone was "part of the last dry land on which many of our ancestors stood in England until they landed in Australia to begin their sentences as transported convicts". ..."It was at St. Katherine's dockside next to London's Tower Bridge... men waited there between 1827 and 1828, building storehouses and vaults. The piece of railing was from the barring of vaults... from the flagstones of St. Katherine's Dock, hard by the Tower".
Despite the tradition referred to, Australian historians for generations have erred with some information concerning linkages between English expansionism, merchant activity, and names which ought to be mentioned in respect of England's maritime heritage. This mistake has been in mentioning Hakluyt as a commentator on maritime matters, deflecting attention from John Dee (1527-1607 see below). Correcting this error assists us in seeing how an entire tradition developed to the point where "relics" were sent from St. Katherine's Dock in London, to Sydney, Australia.
The English convict contractors felt their brief was to help provide labour. At times, the literature on convict transportation suggests that the contractors' activities could have been motivated by punitive, personally-held views based on an ideology of the repression of convicted persons. This emphasis, however, can be misleading, so much so, the history of the export of North American tobacco to North America has been distorted. For it is from this early point, during the apogee of merchant Perry's career, that the histories of the Virginia-London tobacco trade and convict transportation have been rendered divergent, instead of convergent.
By tracing the careers of several London-based convict contractors, revised information leads straight to consideration of the severe disruption of London's tobacco trade, a re-export trade, at the outbreak of the American Revolution. This disruption of tobacco shipments has eluded examination by historians, with the result that the history of convict transportation to North America has been further distorted. In particular, information on the career of Duncan Campbell of London has been distorted.
This history must have been distorted if Bailyn could write, quite wrongly, as he wrote in Bernard Bailyn, The Peopling of the British Peripheries in the Eighteenth Century. [Canberra, The Australian Academy of the Humanities, Occasional Paper No. 5, 1988; (p. 19)], that, "I might put [it] this way: I have never found a single reference to a convict in any genealogy or history of an American family, nor, in any other way does a single one of the 50,000 convicts sent to America appear as such in American history." However, according to usually-quoted statistics, about 40,000 English convicts were sent to North America between 1718 and 1775. Irish, about 15,000. Up to 55,000 convicts.
It appears, that what has been left out of the picture, which today can be seen to affect family history studies, has included, maritime history. There are connections between family history, commercial and social history which be not been recognised sufficiently, in "British Imperial history".
Merchants Group 1: On notable names from Elizabethan times:
John Dee:
John Dee (1527-1607) had many roles in life, as alchemist, cartographer, an adviser to the mighty on matters arcane. [Useful details are available in G. R. Elton, England under the Tudors. London, Methuen, 1955]. Dee was a friend of Sir Thomas Browne, a contact of the Freemason and antiquarian, Elias Ashmole; and he knew map-maker Gerard Mercator. Dee's father was a physician in ordinary to Charles I. Sir John Cheke promoted Dee to Secretary Cecil, who had met Dee by 1567. Dee was once introduced into royal presence by William Herbert, third Earl of Pembroke, a grandmaster of Freemasons and a son of Mary Sidney; and the Earl of Leicester, Lord Robert Dudley. Dee once visited St. Helena and was once sent on a mission to Germany by Walsingham [see below on Walsingham-St. Barbe]. Dee, who lived on the Thames banks at Mortlake, Surrey, at some time visited St. Helena, and by 1567 he knew Sir William Cecil. Dee was once sent on a mission to Germany by Walsingham - and as student of navigation, he was a promoter of the discovery of Terra Australis; he is not however mentioned as such in Kenneth Gordon McIntyre, The Secret Discovery of Australia: Portuguese ventures 250 years before Capt. Cook. (Revised) Sydney, Pan, 1977. He lived in Thames banks at Mortlake, Surrey. Dee was mildly interested in settling Terra Australis - though its location was decidedly unclear - but this is not mentioned in MacIntyre's Secret Discovery. [See Robert Brenner, Merchants and Revolution.
Dee's influence as cartographer and theorist on
navigation-colonisation can be traced to a variety of history relating
to Henry Sidney (Earl Romney, 1641-1704), the first voyages made for
the Muscovy Company, the careers of Mercator, Sir Francis Drake and
possibly Sir Walter Raleigh; along with some early English anti-Spanish
maritime endeavours. Dee also seems to have influenced the plans for
some of the voyages of the English Muscovy Company. Mariners,
colonists, merchant adventurers and political and other commentators
mentioned in connection with Dee (and very often, prior to the defeat
of the Spanish Armada, 1588) include John Davis of Dartmouth, Raleigh,
secretary Walsingham, William Sanderson, Richard Chancellor, the Earl
of Northumberland (his joint-stock company formed in 1552 with the use
of a north-west passage in view). Dee's views on the North-West Passage
seem to have been influential. In any case, once Brenner's information
on trade to and from Virginia from about 1620 is absorbed, it becomes
much easier to understand the chains of merchant names which are to be
mentioned in respect of convict transportation and other matters.
John Dee: Sources: James A. Williamson, The Age of
Drake. London, Adam and Charles Black, 1938; Elton, Tudor
England, p. 337, p. 352. A. L. Rowse, An
Elizabethan Garland. London, Macmillan, 1953., pp. 102ff.
Brenner, Merchants and Revolution, p. 108 and
elsewhere. Dee's DNB entry.
On March 5, 1496, Henry VII issued orders for a
sailor, John Cabot, to make a voyage of discovery. Williams observes,
"The date has been called the birthday of the British Empire." A trend
was set when John Cabot, in organizing his second expedition to the New
World, was allowed by Henry VII to take "some criminals" as part of his
crew. This was perhaps the first use of convicted people in the service
of English colonialism. John Cabot's efforts to explore were continued
by Sebastien Cabot, to Chesapeake Bay.
Eric Williams, From
Columbus to Castro: The History of The Caribbean, 1492-1969. London,
Andre Deutsch, 1970., p. 71. H. R. Fox Bourne, English Merchants:
Memoirs in Illustration of the Progress of British Commerce. 1886.
London, Chatto and Windus, 1886.
In 1533 the Muscovy Company was incorporated under
Sebastien Cabot with a view to finding a passage to "Old Cathay" - but
geographic ignorance meant this brought England into contact with
Russia, not China. However, later profit came with the establishment of
the Russia Company, and regular supplies to England of naval stores
such as timber and tar.
(Neville Williams, p. 298.)
Reasons of religious conflict set in. By the time of the pirate Francis Drake and Elizabeth I, England refused to accept the "Papal Line" (arising from the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas) dividing the world into spheres for the Portuguese, and the Spanish, of whom the Portuguese were the more determined explorers and mapmakers. The commentator Richard Hakluyt had urged that England create colonies; his remarks were similar to those of Plancius, his Dutch contemporary. England meanwhile developed a maritime blood sport of harassing Spanish shipping, especially the silver fleets bringing wealth to Europe from South America. Some other English naval men were Lord Howard of Effingham and Sir Henry Seymour. There is an insult for the for the British sailor-pirate delivered with the title of... Margaret Irwin (pseud), The Great Lucifer: a portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh. London, Chatto and Windus, 1966.
In 1577 Martin Frobisher went to the "New World"
with some criminals in his crew; six of these were left on the coast of
Friesland. Long later, Irish captains carrying convicts were to gain a
disgraceful reputation for their habit of dumping their "cargoes" of
convicts.
F. L. W. Wood, Jeremy Bentham Versus
New South Wales, JRAHS, Vol. XIX. 1933., Part VI. p. 329.
London merchants were willing to back Drake's piratical
(state-recognised) adventures. One target for English pirates was Porto
Bello. But the matter of slavery also arises for discussion, more or
less simultaneously.
Neville Williams, Elizabeth 1: Queen
of England. London. Sphere, 1971.
"Old Master William Hawkins" of Plymouth over
1530-1532 with the ship Paul 250 tons of Plymouth
sailed from the coasts of Guinea and Brazil with a view to selling to
the Indians; his sons were William Hawkins a merchant and shipowner in
London, and John, a "naval hero'. Hawkins is said to have "begun the
English slave trade"; one of Hawkin's backers had been Alderman
Duckett.
(Port Jackson, or, Sydney Harbour, was named for a
patron of Capt. James Cook who also went by the name Duckett - but no
connections are yet available). By about 1562, numbers such as 300
slaves were being taken from Sierra Leone, and some ships used were
some of the largest available in England. Hawkins was later a "slave
partner" with Sir Francis Drake.
H. R. Fox Bourne, English
Merchants: Memoirs, p. 136.
Elizabeth had taken a
financial stake in John Hawkins' second voyage of plunder in 1566,
which was undertaken in defiance of the views of the Spanish. In 1587
Elizabeth authorized Drake to take four of her ships and 16 privately
owned vessels to Spain, where he attacked Cadiz, Lisbon, and parts off
the Azores; he took a Portuguese galleon worth a prize of 140,000
pounds, of which 40,000 pounds went to Elizabeth (who had come into her
reign with very little money)
Neville Williams, p. 303.
The first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe was Drake, and one object of his voyage was to discover any Terra Australis Incognita.
Thus, the earliest English attention given to Australia (Terra Australis Incognita) was part of a maritime tradition already besotted with envy of the wealth of the Spanish, and a willingness to plunder Spanish ships and pride, plus efforts at exploration, getting rid of convicted criminals, or using their labour value; and creating colonies. All this would become the undergridding of the early British maritime history of the Pacific, and in particular of the penal colonisation of Australia.
By 1581 Elizabeth 1 had granted charters to
companies trading to Spain and Portugal, to the Eastland Company
trading to the Baltic, the Levant Company for Turkey. Raleigh's plan to
establish a company in Virginia ended in disaster. Finally the East
India Company was chartered (One Sir Nicholas Bacon had a seat on the
Privy Council of his day; more will be heard of the name Bacon). ( )
And at this point, we need to look into the establishment of the first
English East India Company. The first meeting of East India Company
Adventurers was held in London on 24 September, 1599. The members'
trade was to be on an individual basis; there was no joint stock.
Bankey Bihari Misra, The Central Administration of the East India
Company, 1773-1834. Manchester University Press, 1959., p. 407.
Cabot, and in 1533 the Muscovy Company was incorporated under Sebastien Cabot with a view to seeking a passage to Old Cathay and this merely brought England into contact with Russia. In 1581 Elizabeth granted charters to companies trading to Spain and Portugal, the Eastland Co. to the Baltic, Levant Co. to Turkey and Raleigh planning a company in Virginia ended in disaster and finally the East India Company was chartered; and Sir Nicholas Bacon had a seat on Privy Council; Lawrence Hyde by about 1602 was railing against the system of royal monopolies. ( )
By 1544, Sebastien Cabot had a useful map, possibly a corrupted version of the Dauphin map, which France had filched from Portugal. ( ) Bristol men led by John Cabot, originally a Venetian, had been on the American continent before Columbus had done more than merely visit. There is a patent from Henry 7th, dated March 5, 1497, regarding a ship Matthew, to Newfoundland. John Cabot died and his ideas were taken up by Sebastien.
About now, some London merchants adventured small stock; 3 or 4 small ships were departing in May 1498, for as far as Chesapeake Bay; but certainly not to Cathay.
[Abridgement, more to come]
Merchants Group 1:
Merchants Group 2:
Merchants Group 3:
Abridgement, more to come...
By the 1630s, England was "probably" beginning to
regularly trade in slaves, but little specific is known. (Source: K. G.
Davies, RAC, p. 9, pp. 39-40)
The first important English
settlement in West Africa was made at Kormantin by 1631, as the East
India Company was reconstructed (it had been suffering a shortage of
capital and competition from interlopers). Kormantin became the only
English fort used for 30 years, though it was not the only Gold Coast
settlement. Notably, the area was the only gold-producing area England
could exploit. The English trades in fabric also meant the development
of a trade in redwood (dye) from Sierra Leone and Sherbro. Little gold
was ever found. It was probably during this period that the first
financial links were formed in London between slaving interests and
East India Company merchants, links which would become regularities in
the money markets of the City of London. Between 1660-1700, England's
dependence on profits from textile handling was transformed. New trends
were taking up in the economy, especially in the re-export trades;
about 30 per cent of goods handled came from the East or West Indies. (
) It should be understood, that the African Gold Coast, the
slave-producing area the English used, was named more than anything
else due to European fantasies about gold - and it was the only
gold-producing area to which England had access. ( ) Englishmen had
dreams of less autocratic royal government, but also dreams of gold
from Africa, and freebooting Spanish ships till they disgorged huge
fortunes in gold and silver - all dreams requiring aggression.
About 1630, an early arrival on Barbados, trying tobacco planting, was Henry Winthrop, a scapegrace second son of the founder of Massachusetts, John Winthrop, for 100 pounds a year. (One of Winthrop's motives for founding Massachusetts was to find better opportunities for his children; Winthrop had links in London with influential people such as some of the family of Emmenuel Downing, (about 1624, Joshua Downing was a Commissioner of the Navy), Lord Say and Sele, Lord Brooke; and one Winthrop son in 1660 entered London with General Monk. Monk held much sway over Caribbean developments). Winthrop's father soon became scathingly suspicious of his son's wretchedly poor tobaccos sent from Barbados. Winthrop Jnr at one point switched loyalty from Courteen to Carlisle, and became one of 12 magistrates on island; but ended back in England. ( ) An early Leeward sugar planter was Samuel Winthrop of the same New England family, arrived in the Caribee by 1647, aged 20, who settled at Antigua. He was ruined by the French in 1666.
Merchants Group 4: Influential English Whigs and the pirate Captain William Kidd:
Follows a brief list of "Influential Whigs" plus
Capt Kidd, backtracking to the figure of Sir William Courteen from
1625: Holdip. Richard Ligon, Colletons, Daniel Searle, Walrond, Prince
Rupert (lover is B?) Thomas Povey (possibly of a Bristol family) is a
London agent for Carlisle's Caribbean interests, plus Francis Lord
Willoughby of Parham per Charles Prince of Wales in 1647. Martin Noell,
London; Thomas Noell on Barbados. On Jamaica, Beckford, Freeman. As
English backers of Cromwell, Lambert, Desborough, Monk, Sir Anthony
Ashley Cooper (family of Shaftesbury), Thurloe (brother-in-law of
Noell). The Earl of Bridgewater who apparently had taken on the
Courteen debts. Possibly, Sir William Morice a kinsman of Monck.
Russells as planters on Nevis.
Sources: Lillian M. Penson,
The Colonial Agents of the British West Indies: A Study in Colonial
Administration Mainly in the Eighteenth Century. 1924. London. Frank
Cass and Co. reprint 1971. See Antonia Fraser, Cromwell: Our Chief Of
Men. London. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1973., variously. Richard S.
Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English
West Indies, 1624-1730. London. Jonathan Cape. 1973.
Bibliography below:
On genealogy proper:
GEC, The Complete Peerage. [England, Ireland and Scotland].
M. Athar Ali, The Passing of Empire: the Mughal Case, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 9. 3, 1975.
S. Arasaratnam, Trade and Political Dominion in South India 1750-1790, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1979., p. 25.
Karen Armstrong, A History of God: From Abraham to the Present: the 4000-year quest for God. London, Mandarin Paperback. 1994. [Regarding Islam].
Mujeeb Ashraf, Muslim Attitudes Towards British Rule and Western Culture in India. Delhi. Idarh-I Adabiyat-I-Delhi. 1982.
H. R. Fox Bourne, English Merchants: Memoirs in Illustration of the Progress of British Commerce. London. Chatto and Windus. 1886.
K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. CUP. 1989.
P. N. Chopra, B. N. Puri and M. N. Das, A Social, Cultural and Economic History of India. Macmillan India. 1974.
K. G. Davies, The Royal African Company. London. Longmans. 1960 edn. [First pub in 1957].
M. Edwardes, The Battle of Plassey and the conquest of Bengal. London. Batsford. 1963.
H. Furber, Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800. Minneapolis. Univ of Minnesota Press. c. 1976.
H. Furber, Bombay Presidency in the Mid-Eighteenth Century, Chapter 2, Asia Publishing House. nd?
Bamber Gascoigne, The Great Moghuls. London. Jonathan Cape. 1971. A. Das Gupta, Trade and Politics in 18th Century India, in D. S. Richards, (Ed), Islam and the Trade of Asia, Univ Pennsylvania Press. 1970., pp. 181-214.
Jan Hogendron and Marion Johnson, The Shell Money of the Slave Trade, London. CUP. 1986.
P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis, (Eds), The Cambridge History of Islam, CUP. 1970. Two Vols., variously.
Bernard Lewis (Ed), The World of Islam: Faith People Culture. London. Thames and Hudson. 1976.
P. J. Marshall, East India Fortunes: The British in Bengal in the 18th Century. 1974.
G. E. Mingay, Georgian London. London. Batsford. 1975.
Ramkrishna Mukherjee, The Rise and Fall of the East India Company: A Sociological Appraisal. Bombay. Popular Prakashan. 1973 edn.
Frank Perlin, Proto-Industrialization and Pre-Colonial South Asia, Past and Present, No. 98, Feb. 1983., pp. 30ff.
George Pratt, (Ed), Papers Relating to the Ships and Voyages of the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies, 1696-1707. Edinburgh. Scottish Historical Society. 1924.
John Prebble, The Darien Disaster. London. Secker and Warburg. 1988.
Sri Ram Sharma, The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors. Munshram Man Oharlala Pub. p.l. 1940-1948. (Revised edn).
Richard Sheridan, The British Credit Crisis of 1772 and the American Colonies., in The Journal of Economic History, 20, June 1960., pp. 161-182.
Percival Spear, (Ed), The Oxford History of India (by the late Vincent A. Smith), Third Edition, Delhi. OUP. 1858. (1974 impression).
Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History, Vols. V, VI. (Copy, Dixson Library, UNE). London. OUP. 1951 Impression.
Barbara Tuchman, The March Of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam. London. Abacus. 1985.
Pierre Vilar, A History of Gold and Money, 1450-1920. 1976.
Ian Bruce Watson, Foundation for Empire: English private trade in India, 1659-1760. New Delhi. Vikas Pub. House. 1980.
Ellis Archer Wasson, The House of Commons, 1660-1945: Parliamentary Families and the Political Elite. English Historical Review, July, 1991, pp. 635-651.
Charles Wilson, (pamphlet) Mercantilism, Historical Association, London. 1967 reprint.
Barclays, Tritton, and Bevan, 56, Lombard street
Barnard, Dimsdale, and Co. 50, Cornhill
Birch, Chambers,
and Hobbs, 160, New Bond street
Bond, Sons, and Pattisall,
Change Alley
Bosanquet, Pitt and Co. 73, Lombard street
Bouverie and Co. 35, Craven street, Strand
Brooks, Son, and
Dixon, 25, Chancery-lane
Brown, Langhorn, and Co. 23,
Bucklersbury
Chatteris, Whitmore, and Co. 24, Lombard
street
Child, and Co. 1, Fleet street
Cocks,
Biddulph, Ridge, and Co. 43, Charing cross
Coutts,
(Thomas,) and Co. 59, Strand
Curries, Raike, and Co. 29,
Cornhill
Curtis, (Sir William,) and Co. 15, Lombard street
Denison, J. 106, Fenchurch street
Dimsdale, (Hon. Baron,)
Barnard and Co. 50, Cornhill
Dorien, Magens, and Co. 22,
Finch Lane
Drummond and Co. 49, Charing-cross
Esdaile, (Sir James,) Esdaile, and Co. 21, Lombard-time
Everett and Co. 9. Mansion-House-street
Fry, (W. S.) and
Sons, 4, St. Mildred's-court
Fuller, (Richard and George,)
and Co. 84, Cornhill
Gill and Thomas, 42, Lombard-street
Glyn, (Sir R. Carr, bart.) Mills and Co. 12, Birchln Lane
Gosling and Sharp, 19, Fleet-street
Hammersleys, Greenwood,
Drew and Co. 76, Pall Mall
Hanbury and Co. 60,
Lombard-street
Hankeys and Co. 7, Fenchurch-street
Herries, Farquhar and Co. 16, St. James's-street
Hoare,
Henry and Co. 37, Fleet-street
Hoare, Barnett's, and Co.
62, Lombard-street
Hodsoll and Sir Walter Stirling, bart.
345, Strand
Hopkinson, C. and E. and Co. Waterloo Place
Jones,
Lloyd, Hulme, and Co. 43, Lothbury
Ladbrokes, Watson, and
Gillman, Bank Buildings
Lees, Satterthwaite, Brassey, and
Co. 71, Lombard-street
Lubbock, Sir J. W. and Co. 11,
Mansion-House-street
Marsh, Sibbald, Sir J. Stracey, and
Co. Berners'-street
Marten, Hale, and Call, 25, Old
Bond-street
Martins, Stone, and Martin, 68, Lombard-street
Masterman, Peters, Walker, Mildred, and Co. 2, White Hart-court,
Lombard-street
Merle, (Wm.) and Co. 2, Cox's-court, Little
Britain
Minet and Fector, 21, Austin Friars
Morland,
and Co. 57, Pall Mall
Nicholson and Co. 32, Abchurch Lane
Pares and Heygate, 25, Bridge-street, Blackfriara
Paxton,
Corkerill, and Co. Austin Friars (Cockerell)
Perring, (Sir
J. bart.) and Co. 72, Cornhill
Pole, (Sir Peter, bart.) and
Co. 1, Bartholomew Lane
Praeds, Mackworth, and Newcombe,
189, Fleet-street
Prescott, Grote, and Co. 62,
Threadneedle-street
Price and Co. 1, Mansion-house-street
Ransom and Co. 34, Pall Mall
Rogers, Towgood, and Co. 29,
Clement's Lane, Lombard-street
Sansom and Postlethwaite,
65, Lombard-street
Sikes, Snaith, and Co. 5,
Mansion-House-street
Smith, Payne and Co. George-street,
Mansion-House
Snow, Sandby, and Paul, 217, Strand
Spooner and Attwoods, 27, Gracechurch-street
Stephenson,
Remington, and Smith, 69, Lombard-street
Stevenson and Salt.
80, Lombard-street
Vere, Smart, Baron, and Co. 77, Lombard
street
Wentworth, Chalmer, and Co. 25, Threadneedle street
Weston, Pinhorn, and Co. 37, Borough
Williams, Son, Moffat,
and Co. 20, Birchin Lane
Willis, Pervical and Co. 76, Lombard
street
Wright, T. and Co. 5 Henrietta street, Covent Garden.